BUSY BRAINS PVT. LTD.

C#.NET 4.0 Concepts

Preparation Guide
Jignesh patel

2013

BUSY BRAINS PVT. LTD. BY JIGNESH PATEL

C#.NET 4.0 Concepts

Contents Object Oriented Programming .......................................................................................................... 3 ASP.NET Framework ........................................................................................................................... 14 ASP.NET Assemblies............................................................................................................................ 21 .NET Programming Concepts ........................................................................................................... 25 ASP.NET ................................................................................................................................................... 30 Language-Integrated Query (LINQ).............................................................................................. 46 ADO.NET .................................................................................................................................................. 49 ASP.NET AJAX ........................................................................................................................................ 55 XML ............................................................................................................................................................ 61 Web Services ......................................................................................................................................... 65 WCF ............................................................................................................................................................. 69 Cloud computing ................................................................................................................................... 74

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C#.NET 4.0 Concepts

Object Oriented Programming 1. What is object-oriented programming (OOP)? OOP is a technique to develop logical modules, such as classes that contain properties, methods, fields, and events. An object is created in the program to represent a class. Therefore, an object encapsulates all the features, such as data and behavior that are associated to a class. OOP allows developers to develop modular programs and assemble them as software. Objects are used to access data and behaviors of different software modules, such as classes, namespaces, and sharable assemblies. .NET Framework supports only OOP languages, such as Visual Basic .NET, Visual C#, and Visual C++. 2. What is a class? Class is a template for an object. A class is simply a representation of a type of object. Class is a blueprint or the specification for the actual object. Example: Animal, Car, Chalk Template

A class describes all the attributes of objects, as well as the methods that implement the behavior of member objects. It is a comprehensive data type, which represents a blue print of objects. It is a template of object. A class can be defined as the primary building block of OOP. It also serves as a template that describes the properties, state, and behaviors common to a particular group of objects. A class contains data and behavior of an entity. For example, the aircraft class can contain data, such as model number, category, and color and behavior, such as duration of flight, speed, and number of passengers. A class inherits the data members and behaviors of other classes by extending from them. 3. What is an object? They are instance of classes. It is a basic unit of a system. An object is an entity that has attributes, behavior, and identity. Attributes and behavior of an object are defined by the class definition. Example: - Chalk, Every chalk is instance of chalk template which is having different attribute like size, color.

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C#.NET 4.0 Concepts

4. What is the relationship between a class and an object? A class acts as a blue-print that defines the properties, states, and behaviors that are common to a number of objects. An object is an instance of the class. For example, you have a class called Vehicle and Car is the object of that class. You can create any number of objects for the class named Vehicle, such as Van, Truck, and Auto. The new operator is used to create an object of a class. When an object of a class is instantiated, the system allocates memory for every data member that is present in the class. 5. Explain the basic features of OOPs. The following are the four basic features of OOP: Abstraction - Refers to the process of exposing only the relevant and essential data to the users without showing unnecessary information. Polymorphism - Allows you to use an entity in multiple forms. Encapsulation - Prevents the data from unwanted access by binding of code and data in a single unit called object. Inheritance - Promotes the reusability of code and eliminates the use of redundant code. It is the property through which a child class obtains all the features defined in its parent class. When a class inherits the common properties of another class, the class inheriting the properties is called a derived class and the class that allows inheritance of its common properties is called a base class. 6. What is the difference between arrays and collection? Array: 1. You need to specify the size of an array at the time of its declaration. It cannot be resized dynamically. 2. The members of an array should be of the same data type. Collection: 1. The size of a collection can be adjusted dynamically, as per the user's requirement. It does not have fixed size. 2. Collection can have elements of different types. 7. What are collections and generics? A collection can be defined as a group of related items that can be referred to as a single unit. The System.Collections namespace provides you with many classes and interfaces. Some of them are - ArrayList, List, Stack, ICollection, IEnumerable, and ---------By : Jignesh ([email protected])

C#.NET 4.0 Concepts

IDictionary. Generics provide the type-safety to your class at the compile time. While creating a data structure, you never need to specify the data type at the time of declaration. The System.Collections.Generic namespace contains all the generic collections. 8. How can you prevent your class to be inherited further? You can prevent a class from being inherited further by defining it with the sealed keyword. 9. What is the index value of the first element in an array? In an array, the index value of the first element is 0 (zero). 10. Can you specify the accessibility modifier for methods inside the interface? All the methods inside an interface are always public, by default. You cannot specify any other access modifier for them. 11. Is it possible for a class to inherit the constructor of its base class? No, a class cannot inherit the constructor of its base class. 12. How is method overriding different from method overloading? Overriding involves the creation of two or more methods with the same name and same signature in different classes (one of them should be parent class and other should be child). Overloading is a concept of using a method at different places with same name and different signatures within the same class. 13. What is the difference between a class and a structure? Class: 1. A class is a reference type. 2. While instantiating a class, CLR allocates memory for its instance in heap. 3. Classes support inheritance. 4. Variables of a class can be assigned as null. 5. Class can contain constructor/destructor. Structure: 1. A structure is a value type. 2. In structure, memory is allocated on stack. 3. Structures do not support inheritance. 4. Structure members cannot have null values. 5. Structure does not require constructor/destructor and members can be initialiazed automatically. 14. What are similarities between a class and a structure. Structures and classes are the two most important data structures that are used by programmers to build modular programs by using OOP languages, such as Visual Basic .NET, and Visual C#. The following are some of the similarities between a class and a structure: Access specifiers, such as public, private, and protected, are identically used in structures and classes to restrict the access of their data and methods outside their body. The access level for class members and struct members, including nested classes and structs, is private by default. Private nested types are not accessible from outside the containing type. Both can have constructors, methods, properties, fields, constants, enumerations, events, and event handlers. ---------By : Jignesh ([email protected])

C#.NET 4.0 Concepts

Both structures and classes can implement interfaces to use multipleinheritance in code. Both structures and classes can have constructors with parameter. Both structures and classes can have delegates and events. 15. What is a multicast delegate? Each delegate object holds reference to a single method. However, it is possible for a delegate object to hold references of and invoke multiple methods. Such delegate objects are called multicast delegates or combinable delegates. 16. Can you declare an overridden method to be static if the original method is not static? No. Two virtual methods must have the same signature. 17. Why is the virtual keyword used in code? The virtual keyword is used while defining a class to specify that the methods and the properties of that class can be overridden in derived classes. 18. Can you allow a class to be inherited, but prevent a method from being overridden in C#? Yes. Just declare the class public and make the method sealed. 19. Define enumeration? Enumeration is defined as a value type that consists of a set of named values. These values are constants and are called enumerators. An enumeration type is declared using the enum keyword. Each enumerator in an enumeration is associated with an underlying type that is set, by default, on the enumerator. The following is an example that creates an enumeration to store different varieties of fruits:

enum

Fruits

{Mango,

Apple,

orange,

Guava};

In the preceding example, an enumeration Fruits is created, where number 0 is associated with Mango, number 1 with Apple, number 2 with Orange, and number 3 with Guava. You can access the enumerators of an enumeration by these values. 20. In which namespace, all .NET collection classes are contained? The System.Collections namespace contains all the collection classes. 21. Is it a good practice to handle exceptions in code? Yes, you must handle exceptions in code so that you can deal with any unexpected situations that occur when a program is running. For example, dividing a number by zero or passing a string value to a variable that holds an integer value would result in an exception. 22. Explain the concept of constructor? Constructor is a special method of a class, which is called automatically when the instance of a class is created. It is created with the same name as the class and initializes all class members, whenever you access the class. The main features of a constructor are as follows: Constructors do not have any return type Constructors are always public It is not mandatory to declare a constructor; it is invoked automatically by .NET Framework. 23. Can you inherit private members of a class?

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C#.NET 4.0 Concepts

No, you cannot inherit private members of a class because private members are accessible only to that class and not outside that class. 24. Does .NET support multiple inheritance? .NET does not support multiple inheritance directly because in .NET, a class cannot inherit from more than one class. .NET supports multiple inheritance through interfaces. 25. How has exception handling changed in .NET Framework 4.0? In .NET 4.0, a new namespace, System.Runtime.ExceptionServices, has been introduced which contains the following classes for handling exceptions in a better and advanced manner: HandleProcessCorruptedStateExceptionsAttribute Class - Enables managed code to handle the corrupted state exceptions that occur in an operating system. These exceptions cannot be caught by specifying the try...catch block. To handle such exceptions, you can apply this attribute to the method that is assigned to handle these exceptions. FirstChanceExceptionEventArgs Class - Generates an event whenever a managed exception first occurs in your code, before the common language runtime begins searching for event handlers. 26. What is a delegate? A delegate is similar to a class that is used for storing the reference to a method and invoking that method at runtime, as required. A delegate can hold the reference of only those methods whose signatures are same as that of the delegate. Some of the examples of delegates are type-safe functions, pointers, or callbacks. 27. What is the syntax to inherit from a class in C#? When a class is derived from another class, then the members of the base class become the members of the derived class. The access modifier used while accessing members of the base class specifies the access status of the base class members inside the derived class. The syntax to inherit a class from another class in C# is as follows: class MyNewClass : MyBaseclass 28. State the features of an interface. An interface is a template that contains only the signature of methods. The signature of a method consists of the numbers of parameters, the type of parameter (value, reference, or output), and the order of parameters. An interface has no implementation on its own because it contains only the definition of methods without any method body. An interface is defined using the interface keyword. Moreover, you cannot instantiate an interface. The various features of an interface are as follows: An interface is used to implement multiple inheritance in code. This feature of an interface is quite different from that of abstract classes because a class cannot derive the features of more than one class but can easily implement multiple interfaces. It defines a specific set of methods and their arguments. Variables in interface must be declared as public, static, and final while methods must be public and abstract. A class implementing an interface must implement all of its methods. An interface can derive from more than one interface. ---------By : Jignesh ([email protected])

C#.NET 4.0 Concepts

29. Can you use the 'throws' clause to raise an exception? No, the throws clause cannot be used to raise an exception. The throw statement signals the occurrence of an exception during the execution of a program. When the program encounters a throw statement, the method terminates and returns the error to the calling method. 30. Define an array. An array is defined as a homogeneous collection of elements, stored at contiguous memory locations, which can be referred by the same variable name. All the elements of an array variable can be accessed by index values. An Index value specifies the position of a particular element in an array variable. 31. What are methods? Methods are the building blocks of a class, in which they are linked together to share and process data to produce the result. In other words, a method is a block of code that contains a series of statements and represents the behavior of a class. While declaring a method you need to specify the access specifier, the return value, the name of the method, and the method parameters. All these combined together is called the signature of the method. 32. What is a namespace? Namespace is considered as a container that contains functionally related group of classes and other types. 33. Do events have return type? No, events do not have return type. 34. What is the function of the Try-Catch-Finally block? The try block encloses those statements that can cause exception and the catch block handles the exception, if it occurs. Catch block contains the statements that have to be executed, when an exception occurs. The finally block always executes, irrespective of the fact whether or not an exception has occurred. The finally block is generally used to perform the cleanup process. If any exception occurs in the try block, the program control directly transfers to its corresponding catch block and later to the finally block. If no exception occurs inside the try block, then the program control transfers directly to the finally block. 35. How can you prevent a class from overriding in C# and Visual Basic? You can prevent a class from overriding in C# by using the sealed keyword; whereas, the NotInheritable keyword is used to prevent a class from overriding in Visual Basic. 36. What are abstract classes? What are the distinct characteristics of an abstract class? An abstract class is a class that cannot be instantiated and is always used as a base class. The following are the characteristics of an abstract class: You cannot instantiate an abstract class directly. This implies that you cannot create an object of the abstract class; it must be inherited. You can have abstract as well as non-abstract members in an abstract class. You must declare at least one abstract method in the abstract class. An abstract class is always public. An abstract class is declared using the abstract keyword.

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C#.NET 4.0 Concepts

The basic purpose of an abstract class is to provide a common definition of the base class that multiple derived classes can share. 37. Give a brief description of properties in C# and the advantages that are obtained by using them in programs. In C#, a property is a way to expose an internal data element of a class in a simple and intuitive manner. In other words, it is a simple extension of data fields. You can create a property by defining an externally available name and then writing the set and get property accessors. The get property accessor is used to return the property value. The set property accessor is used to assign a new value to the property. 38. Explain different types of inheritance. Inheritance in OOP is of four types: Single inheritance - Contains one base class and one derived class Hierarchical inheritance - Contains one base class and multiple derived classes of the same base class Multilevel inheritance - Contains a class derived from a derived class Multiple inheritance - Contains several base classes and a derived class All .NET languages supports single, hierarchical, and multilevel inheritance. They do not support multiple inheritance because in these languages, a derived class cannot have more than one base class. However, you can implement multiple inheritance in.NET through interfaces. 39. You have defined a destructor in a class that you have developed by using the C# programming language, but the destructor never executed. Why did the destructor not execute? The runtime environment automatically invokes the destructor of a class to release the resources that are occupied by variables and methods of an object. However, in C#, programmers cannot control the timing for invoking destructors, as Garbage Collector is only responsible for releasing the resources used by an object. Garbage Collector automatically gets information about unreferenced objects from .NET's runtime environment and then invokes the Finalize() method. Although, it is not preferable to force Garbage Collector to perform garbage collection and retrieve all inaccessible memory, programmers can use the Collect() method of the Garbage Collector class to forcefully execute Garbage Collector. 40. What is a hashtable? Hashtable is a data structure that implements the IDictionary interface. It is used to store multiple items and each of these items is associated with a unique string key. Each item can be accessed using the key associated with it. In short, hashtable is an object holding the key-value pairs. 41. Can users define their own exceptions in code? Yes, customized exceptions can be defined in code by deriving from the System.Exception class. 42. Is it possible to execute two catch blocks? You are allowed to include more than one catch block in your program; however, it is not possible to execute them in one go. Whenever, an exception occurs in your program, the correct catch block is executed and the control goes to the finally block. ---------By : Jignesh ([email protected])

C#.NET 4.0 Concepts

43. What do you mean by data encapsulation? Data encapsulation is a concept of binding data and code in single unit called object and hiding all the implementation details of a class from the user. It prevents unauthorized access of data and restricts the user to use the necessary data only. 44. What is the difference between procedural and object-oriented programming? Procedural programming is based upon the modular approach in which the larger programs are broken into procedures. Each procedure is a set of instructions that are executed one after another. On the other hand, OOP is based upon objects. An object consists of various elements, such as methods and variables. Access modifiers are not used in procedural programming, which implies that the entire data can be accessed freely anywhere in the program. In OOP, you can specify the scope of a particular data by using access modifiers - public, private, internal, protected, and protected internal. 45. Explain the concept of destructor? A destructor is a special method for a class and is invoked automatically when an object is finally destroyed. The name of the destructor is also same as that of the class but is followed by a prefix tilde (~). A destructor is used to free the dynamic allocated memory and release the resources. You can, however, implement a custom method that allows you to control object destruction by calling the destructor. The main features of a destructor are as follows: Destructors do not have any return type Similar to constructors, destructors are also always public Destructors cannot be overloaded. 46. Can you declare a private class in a namespace? The classes in a namespace are internal, by default. However, you can explicitly declare them as public only and not as private, protected, or protected internal. The nested classes can be declared as private, protected, or protected internal. 47. A structure in C# can implement one or more interfaces. Is it true or false? Yes, it is true. Like classes, in C#, structures can implement one or more interfaces. 48. What is a static Method? A static method can access only static fields. A static method cannot access non-static fields. A static method cannot be called using object of a class. A static method can be called using Class name. Static fields can be used using Class Name. 49. What are the different ways a method can be overloaded? The different ways to overload a method are given as follows: By changing the number of parameters used By changing the order of parameters By using different data types for the parameters 50. Differentiate between an abstract class and an interface. Abstract Class: 1. A class can extend only one abstract class 2. The members of abstract class can be private as well as protected. 3. Abstract classes should have subclasses ---------By : Jignesh ([email protected])

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C#.NET 4.0 Concepts

4. 5. 6. 7. Any class can extend an abstract class. Methods in abstract class can be abstract as well as concrete. There can be a constructor for abstract class. The class extending the abstract class may or may not implement any of its method. 8. An abstract class can implement methods. Interface 1. A class can implement several interfaces 2. An interface can only have public members. 3. Interfaces must have implementations by classes 4. Only an interface can extend another interface. 5. All methods in an interface should be abstract 6. Interface does not have constructor. 7. All methods of interface need to be implemented by a class implementing that interface. 8. Interfaces cannot contain body of any of its method. 51. What are queues and stacks? Stacks refer to a list in which all items are accessed and processed on the Last-InFirst-Out (LIFO) basis. In a stack, elements are inserted (push operation) and deleted (pop operation) from the same end called top. Queues refer to a list in which insertion and deletion of an item is done on the FirstIn-First-Out (FIFO) basis. The items in a queue are inserted from the one end, called the rear end, and are deleted from the other end, called the front end of the queue. 52. Define an event. Whenever an action takes place in a class, that class provides a notification to other classes or objects that are assigned to perform particular tasks. These notifications are called events. For example, when a button is clicked, the class generates an event called Click. An event can be declared with the help of the event keyword. 53. What are structures? Structure is a heterogeneous collection of elements referenced by the same name. A structure is declared using the struct keyword. The following is an example that creates a structure to store an employee's information: struct emp { fixed int empID[15]; fixed char name[30]; fixed char addr[50]; fixed char dept[15]; fixed char desig[15]; } The preceding example defines a structure emp and the members of this structure specify the information of an employee. 54. When do you really need to create an abstract class? We define abstract classes when we define a template that needs to be followed by all the derived classes. ---------By : Jignesh ([email protected])

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C#.NET 4.0 Concepts

Static constructors are introduced with C# to initialize the static data of a class. CLR calls the static constructor before the first instance is created. The static constructor has the following features: No access specifier is required to define it. You cannot pass parameters in static constructor. A class can have only one static constructor. It can access only static members of the class. It is invoked only once, when the program execution begins

55. What is Association? Association is a (*a*) relationship between two classes. It allows one object instance to cause another to perform an action on its behalf. Association is the more general term that define the relationship between two classes, where as the aggregation and composition are relatively special. public class StudentRegistrar { public StudentRegistrar (); { new RecordManager().Initialize(); } } In this case we can say that there is an association between StudentRegistrar and RecordManager or there is a directional association from StudentRegistrar to RecordManager or StudentRegistrar use a (*Use*) RecordManager. Since a direction is explicitly specified, in this case the controller class is the StudentRegistrar.

To some beginners, association is a confusing concept. The troubles created not only by the association alone, but with two other OOP concepts, that is association, aggregation and composition. Every one understands association, before aggregation and composition are described. The aggregation or composition cannot be separately understood. If you understand the aggregation alone it will crack the definition given for association, and if you try to understand the composition alone it will always threaten the definition given for aggregation, all three concepts are closely related, hence must study together, by comparing one definition to another. Lets explore all three and see whether we can understand the differences between these useful concepts. 56. What is the difference between Association, Aggregation and Composition? Association is a (*a*) relationship between two classes, where one class use another. But aggregation describes a special type of an association. Aggregation is the (*the*) relationship between two classes. When object of one class has an (*has*) object of another, if second is a part of first (containment relationship)

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C#.NET 4.0 Concepts

then we called that there is an aggregation between two classes. Unlike association, aggregation always insists a direction. public class University { private Chancellor universityChancellor = new Chancellor(); }

In this case I can say that University aggregate Chancellor or University has an (*has-a*) Chancellor. But even without a Chancellor a University can exists. But the Faculties cannot exist without the University, the life time of a Faculty (or Faculties) attached with the life time of the University . If University is disposed the Faculties will not exist. In that case we called that University is composed of Faculties. So that composition can be recognized as a special type of an aggregation.

Same way, as another example, you can say that, there is a composite relationship in-between a KeyValuePairCollection and a KeyValuePair. The two mutually depend on each other. .Net and Java uses the Composite relation to define their Collections. I have seen Composition is being used in many other ways too. However the more important factor, that most people forget is the life time factor. The life time of the two classes that has bond with a composite relation mutually depend on each other. If you take the .net Collection to understand this, there you have the Collection Element define inside (it is an inner part, hence called it is composed of) the Collection, farcing the Element to get disposed with the Collection. If not, as an example, if you define the Collection and its Element to be independent, then the relationship would be more of a type Aggregation, than a Composition. So the point is, if you want to bind two classes with Composite relation, more accurate way is to have a one define inside the other class (making it a protected or private class). This way you are allowing the outer class to fulfill its purpose, while tying the lifetime of the inner class with the outer class. So in summary, we can say that aggregation is a special kind of an association and composition is a special kind of an aggregation. (Association->Aggregation>Composition)

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C#.NET 4.0 Concepts

ASP.NET Framework 1. What is .NET Framework? .NET Framework is a complete environment that allows developers to develop, run, and deploy the following applications: Console applications Windows Forms applications Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF) applications Web applications (ASP.NET applications) Web services Windows services Service-oriented applications using Windows Communication Foundation (WCF) Workflow-enabled applications using Windows Workflow Foundation (WF) .NET Framework also enables a developer to create sharable components to be used in distributed computing architecture. NET Framework supports the objectoriented programming model for multiple languages, such as Visual Basic, Visual C#, and Visual C++. .NET Framework supports multiple programming languages in a manner that allows language interoperability. This implies that each language can use the code written in some other language. 2. What are the main components of .NET Framework? .NET Framework provides enormous advantages to software developers in comparison to the advantages provided by other platforms. Microsoft has united various modern as well as existing technologies of software development in .NET Framework. These technologies are used by developers to develop highly efficient applications for modern as well as future business needs. The following are the key components of .NET Framework: .NET Framework Class Library Common Language Runtime Dynamic Language Runtimes (DLR) ---------By : Jignesh ([email protected])

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C#.NET 4.0 Concepts

Application Domains Runtime Host Common Type System Metadata and Self-Describing Components Cross-Language Interoperability .NET Framework Security Profiling Side-by-Side Execution 3. List the new features added in .NET Framework 4.0. The following are the new features of .NET Framework 4.0: Improved Application Compatibility and Deployment Support Dynamic Language Runtime Managed Extensibility Framework Parallel Programming framework Improved Security Model Networking Improvements Improved Core ASP.NET Services Improvements in WPF 4 Improved Entity Framework (EF) Integration between WCF and WF 4. What is an IL? Intermediate Language is also known as MSIL (Microsoft Intermediate Language) or CIL (Common Intermediate Language). All .NET source code is compiled to IL. IL is then converted to machine code at the point where the software is installed, or at run-time by a Just-In-Time (JIT) compiler. 5. What is Manifest? Assembly metadata is stored in Manifest. Manifest contains all the metadata needed to do the following things Version of assembly. Security identity. Scope of the assembly. Resolve references to resources and classes.

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The assembly manifest can be stored in a PE file either (an .exe or) .dll with Microsoft intermediate language (MSIL code with Microsoft intermediate language (MSIL) code or in a stand-alone PE file, that contains only assembly manifest information. 6. What are code contracts? Code contracts help you to express the code assumptions and statements stating the behavior of your code in a language-neutral way. The contracts are included in the form of pre-conditions, post-conditions and object-invariants. The contracts help you to improve-testing by enabling run-time checking, static contract verification, and documentation generation. The System.Diagnostics.Contracts namespace contains static classes that are used to express contracts in your code. 7. Name the classes that are introduced in the System.Numerics namespace. ---------By : Jignesh ([email protected])

C#.NET 4.0 Concepts

The following two new classes are introduced in the System.Numerics namespace: BigInteger - Refers to a non-primitive integral type, which is used to hold a value of any size. It has no lower and upper limit, making it possible for you to perform arithmetic calculations with very large numbers, even with the numbers which cannot hold by double or long. Complex - Represents complex numbers and enables different arithmetic operations with complex numbers. A number represented in the form a + bi, where a is the real part, and b is the imaginary part, is a complex number. 8. What is managed extensibility framework? Managed extensibility framework (MEF) is a new library that is introduced as a part of .NET 4.0 and Silverlight 4. It helps in extending your application by providing greater reuse of applications and components. MEF provides a way for host application to consume external extensions without any configuration requirement. 9. Explain memory-mapped files. Memory-mapped files (MMFs) allow you map the content of a file to the logical address of an application. These files enable the multiple processes running on the same machine to share data with each Other. The MemoryMappedFile.CreateFromFile() method is used to obtain a MemoryMappedFile object that represents a persisted memory-mapped file from a file on disk. These files are included in the System.IO.MemoryMappedFiles namespace. This namespace contains four classes and three enumerations to help you access and secure your file mappings. 10. What is Common Type System (CTS)? CTS is the component of CLR through which .NET Framework provides support for multiple languages because it contains a type system that is common across all the languages. Two CTS-compliant languages do not require type conversion when calling the code written in one language from within the code written in another language. CTS provide a base set of data types for all the languages supported by.NET Framework. This means that the size of integer and long variables is same across all .NET-compliant programming languages. However, each language uses aliases for the base data types provided by CTS. For example, CTS uses the data type system. int32 to represent a 4 byte integer value; however, Visual Basic uses the alias integer for the same; whereas, C# uses the alias int. This is done for the sake of clarity and simplicity. 11. Give a brief introduction on side-by-side execution. Can two applications, one using private assembly and the other using the shared assembly be stated as side-by-side executables? Side-by-side execution enables you to run multiple versions of an application or component and CLR on the same computer at the same time. As versioning is applicable only to shared assemblies and not to private assemblies, two applications, one using a private assembly and other using a shared assembly, cannot be stated as side-by-side executables. 12. Which method do you use to enforce garbage collection in .NET? The System.GC.Collect() method. 13. State the differences between the Dispose() and Finalize(). CLR uses the Dispose and Finalize methods to perform garbage collection of runtime objects of .NET applications. ---------By : Jignesh ([email protected])

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The Finalize method is called automatically by the runtime. CLR has a garbage collector (GC), which periodically checks for objects in heap that are no longer referenced by any object or program. It calls the Finalize method to free the memory used by such objects. The Dispose method is called by the programmer. Dispose is another method to release the memory used by an object. The Dispose method needs to be explicitly called in code to dereference an object from the heap. The Dispose method can be invoked only by the classes that implement the IDisposable interface. 14. What is code access security (CAS)? Code access security (CAS) is part of the .NET security model that prevents unauthorized access of resources and operations, and restricts the code to perform particular tasks. 15. Differentiate between managed and unmanaged code? Managed code is the code that is executed directly by the CLR instead of the operating system. The code compiler first compiles the managed code to intermediate language (IL) code, also called as MSIL code. This code doesn't depend on machine configurations and can be executed on different machines. Unmanaged code is the code that is executed directly by the operating system outside the CLR environment. It is directly compiled to native machine code which depends on the machine configuration. In the managed code, since the execution of the code is governed by CLR, the runtime provides different services, such as garbage collection, type checking, exception handling, and security support. These services help provide uniformity in platform and language-independent behavior of managed code applications. In the unmanaged code, the allocation of memory, type safety, and security is required to be taken care of by the developer. If the unmanaged code is not properly handled, it may result in memory leak. Examples of unmanaged code are ActiveX components and Win32 APIs that execute beyond the scope of native CLR. 16. What are tuples? Tuple is a fixed-size collection that can have elements of either same or different data types. Similar to arrays, a user must have to specify the size of a tuple at the time of declaration. Tuples are allowed to hold up from 1 to 8 elements and if there are more than 8 elements, then the 8th element can be defined as another tuple. Tuples can be specified as parameter or return type of a method. 17. How can you turn-on and turn-off CAS? YOU can use the Code Access Security Tool (Caspol.exe) to turn security on and off. To turn off security, type the following command at the command prompt: caspol -security off To turn on security, type the following command at the command prompt: caspol -security on In the .NET Framework 4.0, for using Caspol.exe, you first need to set the <LegacyCasPolicy> element to true. 18. What is garbage collection? Explain the difference between garbage collections in .NET 4.0 and earlier versions. Garbage collection prevents memory leaks during execution of programs. Garbage collector is a low-priority process that manages the allocation and deallocation of memory for your application. It checks for the unreferenced variables and objects. ---------By : Jignesh ([email protected])

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If GC finds any object that is no longer used by the application, it frees up the memory from that object. GC has changed a bit with the introduction of .NET 4.0. In .NET 4.0, the GC.Collect() method contains the following overloaded methods: GC.Collect(int) GC.Collect(int, GCCollectionMode) Another new feature introduced in .NET is to notify you when the GC.Collect() method is invoked and completed successfully by using different methods. The .NET 4.0 supports a new background garbage collection that replaces the concurrent garbage collection used in earlier versions. This concurrent GC allocates memory while running and uses current segment (which is 16 MB on a workstation) for that. After that, all threads are suspended. In case of background GC, a separate ephemeral GC - gen0 and gen1 can be started, while the full GC - gen0, 1, and 2 is already running. 19. How does CAS works? There are two key concepts of CAS security policy- code groups and permissions. A code group contains assemblies in it in a manner that each .NET assembly is related to a particular code group and some permissions are granted to each code group. For example, using the default security policy, a control downloaded from a Web site belongs to the Zone, Internet code group, which adheres to the permissions defined by the named permission set. (Normally, the named permission set represents a very restrictive range of permissions.) Assembly execution involves the following steps: 1. Evidences are gathered about assembly. 2. Depending on the gathered evidences, the assembly is assigned to a code group. 3. Security rights are allocated to the assembly, depending on the code group. 4. Assembly runs as per the rights assigned to it. 20. What is Difference between NameSpace and Assembly? Following are the differences between namespace and assembly: Assembly is physical grouping of logical units, Namespace, logically groups classes. Namespace can span multiple assembly. 21. Mention the execution process for managed code. A piece of managed code is executed as follows: Choosing a language compiler Compiling the code to MSIL Compiling MSIL to native code Executing the code. 22. Is there a way to suppress the finalize process inside the garbage collector forcibly in .NET? Use the GC.SuppressFinalize() method to suppress the finalize process inside the garbage collector forcibly in .NET. 23. How can you instantiate a tuple? The following are two ways to instantiate a tuple: Using the new operator. For example, Tuple<String, int> t = new Tuple<String, int> ("Hellow", 2); Using the Create factory method available in the Tuple class. For example, ---------By : Jignesh ([email protected])

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Tuple<int, int, int> t = Tuple.Create<int, int, int> (2, 4, 5); 24. Which is the root namespace for fundamental types in .NET Framework? System.Object is the root namespace for fundamental types in .NET Framework. 25. What are the improvements made in CAS in .NET 4.0? The CAS mechanism in .NET is used to control and configure the ability of managed code. Earlier, as this policy was applicable for only native applications, the security guarantee was limited. Therefore, developers used to look for alternating solutions, such as operating system-level solutions. This problem was solved in .NET Framework 4 by turning off the machine-wide security. The shared and hosted Web applications can now run more securely. The security policy in .NET Framework 4 has been simplified using the transparency model. This model allows you to run the Web applications without concerning about the CAS policies. As a result of security policy changes in .NET Framework 4.0, you may encounter compilation warnings and runtime exceptions, if your try to use the obsolete CAS policy types and members either implicitly or explicitly. However, you can avoid the warnings and errors by using the <NetFx40_LegacySecurityPolicy> configuration element in the runtime settings schema to opt into the obsolete CAS policy behavior. 26. What is Microsoft Intermediate Language (MSIL)? The .NET Framework is shipped with compilers of all .NET programming languages to develop programs. There are separate compilers for the Visual Basic, C#, and Visual C++ programming languages in .NET Framework. Each .NET compiler produces an intermediate code after compiling the source code. The intermediate code is common for all languages and is understandable only to .NET environment. This intermediate code is known as MSIL. 27. What is lazy initialization? Lazy initialization is a process by which an object is not initialized until it is first called in your code. The .NET 4.0 introduces a new wrapper class, System.Lazy<T>, for executing the lazy initialization in your application. Lazy initialization helps you to reduce the wastage of resources and memory requirements to improve performance. It also supports thread-safety. 28. How many types of generations are there in a garbage collector? Memory management in the CLR is divided into three generations that are build up by grouping memory segments. Generations enhance the garbage collection performance. The following are the three types of generations found in a garbage collector: Generation 0 - When an object is initialized, it is said to be in generation 0. Generation 1 - The objects that are under garbage collection process are considered to be in generation 1. Generation 2 - Whenever new objects are created and added to the memory, they are added to generation 0 and the old objects in generation 1 are considered to be in generation 2. 29. Explain covariance and contra-variance in .NET Framework 4.0. Give an example for each. In .NET 4.0, the CLR supports covariance and contravariance of types in generic interfaces and delegates. Covariance enables you to cast a generic type to its base

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types, that is, you can assign a instance of type IEnumerable<Tl> to a variable of type IEnumerable<T2> where, T1 derives from T2. For example, IEnumerable<string> str1= new List<string> (); IEnumerable<object> str2= str1; Contravariance allows you to assign a variable of Action<base> to a variable of type Action<derived>. For example, IComparer<object> obj1 = GetComparer() IComparer<string> obj2 = obj1; .NET framework 4.0 uses some language keywords (out and in) to annotate covariance and contra-variance. Out is used for covariance, while in is used for contra-variance. Variance can be applied only to reference types, generic interfaces, and generic delegates. These cannot be applied to value types and generic types. 30. How do you instantiate a complex number? The following are the different ways to assign a value to a complex number: By passing two Double values to its constructor. The first value represents the real, and the second value represents imaginary part of a complex number. For example, Complex c1 = new Complex(5, 8); /* It represents (5, 8) */ By assigning a Byte, SByte, Intl6, UIntl6, Int32, UInt32, Int64, UInt64, Single, or Double value to a Complex object. The assigned value represents the real part of the complex number, and its imaginary part becomes 0. For example, Complex c2 = 15.3; /* It represents (15.3, 0) */ By casting a Decimal or BigInteger value to a Complex object. For example, Complex c3 = (Complex) 14.7; /* It represents (14.7, 0) */ Assigning the value returned by an operator For example, Complex c4 = c1 + c2; /* It represents (20.3, 8) */ to a Complex variable.

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31. What is Common Language Specification (CLS)? CLS is a set of basic rules, which must be followed by each .NET language to be a .NET- compliant language. It enables interoperability between two .NET-compliant languages. CLS is a subset of CTS; therefore, the languages supported by CLS can use each other's class libraries similar to their own. Application programming interfaces (APIs), which are designed by following the rules defined in CLS can be used by all .NET-compliant languages. 32. What is the role of the JIT compiler in .NET Framework? The JIT compiler is an important element of CLR, which loads MSIL on target machines for execution. The MSIL is stored in .NET assemblies after the developer has compiled the code written in any .NET-compliant programming language, such as Visual Basic and C#. JIT compiler translates the MSIL code of an assembly and uses the CPU architecture of the target machine to execute a .NET application. It also stores the resulting native code so that it is accessible for subsequent calls. If a code executing on a target machine calls a non-native method, the JIT compiler converts the MSIL of that method into native code. JIT compiler also enforces type-safety in runtime ---------By : Jignesh ([email protected])

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environment of .NET Framework. It checks for the values that are passed to parameters of any method. For example, the JIT compiler detects any event, if a user tries to assign a 32-bit value to a parameter that can only accept 8-bit value. 33. What is difference between System.String and System.StringBuilder classes? String and StringBuilder classes are used to store string values but the difference in them is that String is immutable (read only) by nature, because a value once assigned to a String object cannot be changed after its creation. When the value in the String object is modified, a new object is created, in memory, with a new value assigned to the String object. On the other hand, the StringBuilder class is mutable, as it occupies the same space even if you change the value. The StringBuilder class is more efficient where you have to perform a large amount of string manipulation. 34. Describe the roles of CLR in .NET Framework. CLR provides an environment to execute .NET applications on target machines. CLR is also a common runtime environment for all .NET code irrespective of their programming language, as the compilers of respective language in .NET Framework convert every source code into a common language known as MSIL or IL (Intermediate Language). CLR also provides various services to execute processes, such as memory management service and security services. CLR performs various tasks to manage the execution process of .NET applications. The responsibilities of CLR are listed as follows: Automatic memory management Garbage Collection Code Access Security Code verification JIT compilation of .NET code 35. What is the difference between int and int32. There is no difference between int and int32. System.Int32 is a .NET Class and int is an alias name for System.Int32. ASP.NET Assemblies 1. What is an assembly? Assemblies are the basic building blocks required for any application to function in the .NET realm. They are partially compiled code libraries that form the fundamental unit of deployment, versioning, activation scoping, reuse, and security. Typically, assemblies provide a collection of types and resources that work together to form a logical unit of functionality. They are the smallest deployable units of code in .NET. Compared to the executable files assemblies are far more reliable, more secure, and easy to manage. An assembly contains a lot more than the Microsoft Intermediate Language (MSIL) code that is compiled and run by the Common Language Runtime (CLR). In other words, you can say that an assembly is a set of one or more modules and classes compiled in MSIL, and metadata that describes the assembly itself, as well as the functionalities of the assembly classes.

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2. Name the different components of an assembly. An assembly is a logical unit that is made up of the following four different types of components: Assembly manifest MSIL source code Type metadata Resources 3. What are the different types of assemblies? Explain them in detail. The following are the two types of assemblies: Private Assembly - Refers to the assembly that is used by a single application. Private assemblies are kept in a local folder in which the client application has been installed. Public or Shared Assembly - Refers to the assembly that is allowed to be shared by multiple applications. A shared assembly must reside in Global Assembly Cache (GAC) with a strong name assigned to it. For example, imagine that you have created a DLL containing information about your business logic. This DLL can be used by your client application. In order to run the client application, the DLL must be included in the same folder in which the client application has been installed. This makes the assembly private to your application. Now suppose that the DLL needs to be reused in different applications. Therefore, instead of copying the DLL in every client application folder, it can be placed in the global assembly cache using the GAC tool. These assemblies are called shared assemblies. 4. Can one DLL file contain the compiled code of more than one .NET language? No, a DLL file can contain the compiled code of only one programming language. 5. What is the maximum number of classes that can be contained in a DLL file? There is no limit to the maximum number of classes that can be contained in a DLL file. 6. What is a satellite assembly? Satellite assemblies are assemblies that are used to deploy language and culture specific resources for an application. In an application, a separate product ID is assigned to each language and a satellite assembly is installed in a language specific sub-directory. 7. Is versioning applicable to private assemblies? No, versioning is not applicable to private assemblies as these assemblies reside in their individual folders. Versioning can be applied to GAC only. 8. What is metadata? An assembly metadata describes every data type and member defined in the code. It stores the description of an assembly, such as name, version, culture, public key of an assembly along with the types exported, other assemblies dependent on this assembly, and security permissions needed to run the application. In addition, it stores the description of types, such as the name, visibility, base class, interfaces implemented, and members, such as methods, fields, properties, events, and nested types. It also stores attributes. Metadata is stored in binary format. Therefore, metadata of an assembly is sharable among applications that execute on various platforms. It ---------By : Jignesh ([email protected])

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can also be exported to other applications to give information about the services and various features of an application. 9. What is Assembly Manifest? Assemblies maintain all their information in a special unit called the manifest. Every assembly has a manifest. The followings are the contents of an Assembly Manifest: Assembly name - Represents a text string that specifies the assembly's name. Version number - Represents a major and minor version number, as well as a revision and build number. The CL.R makes use of these numbers to enforce version policy. Culture - Represents information of the culture or language, which the assembly supports. An assembly is a container of only resources containing culture- or language-specific information. Strong name information - Represents the public key from the publisher, if a strong name is assigned to an assembly. List of all files in the assembly - Represents a hash of each file contained in the assembly and a file name. Type reference information - Represents the information used at the runtime to map a type reference to the file that contains its declaration and implementation. Information on referenced assemblies - Represents a list of other assemblies that are statically referenced by the assembly. Each reference includes the names of dependent assemblies, assembly metadata (version, culture, operating system, and so on), and public key, if the assembly is strong named. 10. What is the value of the Copy Local property when you add an assembly in the GAC? False. 11. What is Native Image Generator? The Native Image Generator (Ngen.exe) is a tool that creates a native image from an assembly and stores that image to native image cache on the computer. Whenever, an assembly is run, this native image is automatically used to compile the original assembly. In this way, this tool improves the performance of the managed application by loading and executing an assembly faster. Note that native images are files that consist of compiled processor-specific machine code. The Ngen.exe tool installs these files on to the local computer. 12. Name the MSIL Disassembler utility that parses any .NET Framework assembly and shows the information in human readable format The Ildasm.exe utility. 13. What is the significance of the Strong Name tool? The Strong Name utility (sn.exe) helps in creating unique public-private key pair files that are called strong name files and signing assemblies with them. It also allows key management, signature generation, and signature verification. 14. How can different versions of private assemblies be used in the same application without a re-build? ---------By : Jignesh ([email protected])

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You can use different versions of private assemblies in the same application without a re-build by specifying the assembly version in the AssemblyInfo.cs or AssemblyInfo.vb file. 15. What is Global Assembly Cache (GAC) ? GAC is a central repository (cache) in a system in which assemblies are registered to share among various applications that execute on local or remote machines. .NET Framework provides the GAC tool (gacutil.exe utility), which is used to view and change the content of GAC of a system. Adding new assemblies to GAC and removing assemblies from GAC are some of the tasks that can be performed by using the gacutil.exe utility. GAC can contain multiple versions of the same .NET assembly. CLR checks GAC for a requested assembly before using information of configuration files. The gacutil.exe /i <assembly name> - is the command that is used to install an assembly in GAC. Users use the Command Prompt of Visual Studio to install an assembly in GAC by using this command. You can see all the assemblies installed in the GAC using the GAC viewer, which is located at the <WinDrive>:<WinDir>\assembly directory, where <WinDir> is windows in Windows XP or windows in Windows Vista or WinNT in Windows 2000. Apart from the list of assemblies, the assembly viewer also shows relevant information, such as the global assembly name, version, culture, and the public key token. 16. Where is the information regarding the version of the assembly stored? Information for the version of assembly is stored inside the assembly manifest. 17. Discuss the concept of strong names. Whenever, an assembly is deployed in GAC to make it shared, a strong name needs to be assigned to it for its unique identification. A strong name contains an assembly's complete identity - the assembly name, version number, and culture information of an assembly. A public key and a digital signature, generated over the assembly, are also contained in a strong name. A strong name makes an assembly identical in GAC. 18. What is the difference between .EXE and .DLL files? EXE 1. It is an executable file, which can be run independently. 2. EXE is an out-process component, which means that it runs in a separate process. 3. It cannot be reused in an application. 4. It has a main function. DLL 1. It is Dynamic Link Library that is used as a part of EXE or other DLLs. It cannot be run independently. 2. It runs in the application process memory, so it is called as in-process component. 3. It can be reused in an application. 4. It does not have a main function. 19. Which utility allows you to reference an assembly in an application? An assembly can be referenced by using the gacutil.exe utility with the /r option. The /r option requires a reference type, a reference ID, and a description. ---------By : Jignesh ([email protected])

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20. The AssemblyInfo.cs file stores the assembly configuration information and other information, such as the assembly name, version, company name, and trademark information. (True/False). True.

.NET Programming Concepts 1. Define variable and constant. A variable can be defined as a meaningful name that is given to a data storage location in the computer memory that contains a value. Every variable associated with a data type determines what type of value can be stored in the variable, for example an integer, such as 100, a decimal, such as 30.05, or a character, such as 'A'. You can declare variables by using the following syntax: <Data_type> <variable_name> ; A constant is similar to a variable except that the value, which you assign to a constant, cannot be changed, as in case of a variable. Constants must be initialized at the same time they are declared. You can declare constants by using the following syntax: const int interestRate = 10; 2. What is a data type? How many types of data types are there in .NET ? A data type is a data storage format that can contain a specific type or range of values. Whenever you declare variables, each variable must be assigned a specific data type. Some common data types include integers, floating point, characters, and strings. The following are the two types of data types available in .NET: Value type - Refers to the data type that contains the data. In other words, the exact value or the data is directly stored in this data type. It means that when you assign a value type variable to another variable, then it copies the value rather than copying the reference of that variable. When you create a value type variable, a single space in memory is allocated to store the value (stack memory). Primitive data types, such as int, float, and char are examples of value type variables. Reference type - Refers to a data type that can access data by reference. Reference is a value or an address that accesses a particular data by address, which is stored elsewhere in memory (heap memory). You can say that reference is the physical address of data, where the data is stored in memory or in the storage device. Some built-in reference types variables in .Net are string, array, and object. 3. Mention the two major categories that distinctly classify the variables of C# programs. Variables that are defined in a C# program belong to two major categories: value type and reference type. The variables that are based on value type contain a value that is either allocated on a stack or allocated in-line in a structure. The variables that are based on reference types store the memory address of a variable, which in turn stores the value and are allocated on the heap. The variables ---------By : Jignesh ([email protected])

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that are based on value types have their own copy of data and therefore operations done on one variable do not affect other variables. The reference-type variables reflect the changes made in the referring variables. Predict the output of the following code segment: int x = 42; int y = 12; int w; object o; o = x; w = y * (int)o; Console.WriteLine(w); /* The output of the code is 504. */ 4. Which statement is used to replace multiple if-else statements in code. In Visual Basic, the Select-Case statement is used to replace multiple If - Else statements and in C#, the switch-case statement is used to replace multiple ifelse statements. 5. What is the syntax to declare a namespace in .NET? In .NET, the namespace keyword is used to declare a namespace in the code. The syntax for declaring a namespace in C# is: namespace UserNameSpace; The syntax for declaring a namespace in VB is: Namespace UserNameSpace 6. What is the difference between constants and read-only variables that are used in programs? Constants perform the same tasks as read-only variables with some differences. The differences between constants and read-only are Constants: 1. Constants are dealt with at compile-time. 2. Constants supports value-type variables. 3. Constants should be used when it is very unlikely that the value will ever change. Read-only: 1. Read-only variables are evaluated at runtime. 2. Read-only variables can hold reference type variables. 3. Read-only variables should be used when run-time calculation is required. 7. Differentiate between the while and for loop in C#. The while and for loops are used to execute those units of code that need to be repeatedly executed, unless the result of the specified condition evaluates to false. The only difference between the two is in their syntax. The for loop is distinguished by setting an explicit loop variable. 8. What is an identifier? Identifiers are northing but names given to various entities uniquely identified in a program. The name of identifiers must differ in spelling or casing. For example, MyProg and myProg are two different identifiers. Programming languages, such as C# and Visual Basic, strictly restrict the programmers from using any keyword as

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identifiers. Programmers cannot develop a class whose name is public, because, public is a keyword used to specify the accessibility of data in programs. 9. What does a break statement do in the switch statement? The switch statement is a selection control statement that is used to handle multiple choices and transfer control to the case statements within its body. The following code snippet shows an example of the use of the switch statement in C#: switch(choice) { case 1: console.WriteLine("First"); break; case 2: console.WriteLine("Second"); break; default: console.WriteLine("Wrong choice"); break; } In switch statements, the break statement is used at the end of a case statement. The break statement is mandatory in C# and it avoids the fall through of one case statement to another. 10. Explain keywords with example. Keywords are those words that are reserved to be used for a specific task. These words cannot be used as identifiers. You cannot use a keyword to define the name of a variable or method. Keywords are used in programs to use the features of object-oriented programming. For example, the abstract keyword is used to implement abstraction and the inherits keyword is used to implement inheritance by deriving subclasses in C# and Visual Basic, respectively. The new keyword is universally used in C# and Visual Basic to implement encapsulation by creating objects. 11. Briefly explain the characteristics of value-type variables that are supported in the C# programming language. The variables that are based on value types directly contain values. The characteristics of value-type variables that are supported in C# programming language are as follows: All value-type variables derive implicitly from the System.ValueType class You cannot derive any new type from a value type Value types have an implicit default constructor that initializes the default value of that type The value type consists of two main categories: o Structs - Summarizes small groups of related variables. o Enumerations - Consists of a set of named constants. 12. Give the syntax of using the while loop in a C# program. The syntax of using the while loop in C# is: while(condition) //condition { ---------By : Jignesh ([email protected])

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//statements } You can find an example of using the while loop in C#: int i = 0; while(i < 5) { Console.WriteLine("{0} ", i); i++; } The output of the preceding code is: 0 1 2 3 4 . 13. What is a parameter? Explain the new types of parameters introduced in C# 4.0. A parameter is a special kind of variable, which is used in a function to provide a piece of information or input to a caller function. These inputs are called arguments. In C#, the different types of parameters are as follows: Value type - Refers that you do not need to provide any keyword with a parameter. Reference type - Refers that you need to mention the ref keyword with a parameter. Output type - Refers that you need to mention the out keyword with a parameter. Optional parameter - Refers to the new parameter introduced in C# 4.0. It allows you to neglect the parameters that have some predefined default values. The example of optional parameter is as follows: public int Sum(int a, int b, int c = 0, int d = 0); /* c and d is optional */ Sum(10, 20); //10 + 20 + 0 + 0 Sum(10, 20, 30); //10 + 20 + 30 + 0 Sum(10, 20, 30, 40); //10 + 20 + 30 + 40 Named parameter - Refers to the new parameter introduced in C# 4.0. Now you can provide arguments by name rather than position. The example of the named parameter is as follows: public void CreateAccount(string name, string address = "unknown", int age = 0); CreateAccount("Sara", age: 30); CreateAccount(address: "India", name: "Sara"); 14. Briefly explain the characteristics of reference-type variables that are supported in the C# programming language. The variables that are based on reference types store references to the actual data. The keywords that are used to declare reference types are: 1. Class - Refers to the primary building block for the programs, which is used to encapsulate variables and methods into a single unit. 2. Interface - Contains only the signatures of methods, properties, events, or indexers. 3. Delegate - Refers to a reference type that is used to encapsulate a named or anonymous method. 15. What are the different types of literals?

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A literal is a textual representation of a particular value of a type. The different types of literals in Visual Basic are: Boolean Literals - Refers to the True and False literals that map to the true and false state, respectively. Integer Literals - Refers to literals that can be decimal (base 10), hexadecimal (base 16), or octal (base 8). Floating-Point Literals - Refers to an integer literal followed by an optional decimal point By default, a floating-point literal is of type Double. String Literals - Refers to a sequence of zero or more Unicode characters beginning and ending with an ASCII double-quote character. Character Literals - Represents a single Unicode character of the Char type. Date Literals - Represents time expressed as a value of the Date type. Nothing - Refers to a literal that does not have a type and is convertible to all types in the type system. The different types of literals in C# are: Boolean literals - Refers to the True and False literals that map to the true and false states, respectively. Integer literals - Refers to literals that are used to write values of types int, uint, long, and ulong. Real literals - Refers to literals that are used to write values of types float, double, and decimal. Character literals - Represents a single character that usually consists of a character in quotes, such as 'a'. String literals - Refers to string literals, which can be of two types in C#: o A regular string literal consists of zero or more characters enclosed in double quotes, such as "hello". o A verbatim string literal consists of the @ character followed by a double-quote character, such as @"hello". The Null literal - Represents the null-type. 16. What is the main difference between sub-procedure and function? The sub-procedure is a block of multiple visual basic statements within Sub and End Sub statements. It is used to perform certain tasks, such as changing properties of objects, receiving or processing data, and displaying an output. You can define a sub-procedure anywhere in a program, such as in modules, structures, and classes. We can also provide arguments in a sub-procedure; however, it does not return a new value. The function is also a set of statements within the Function and End Function statements. It is similar to sub-procedure and performs the same task. The main difference between a function and a sub-procedure is that sub-procedures do not return a value while functions do. 17. Determine the output of the code snippet. int a = 29; a--; a -= ++a; Console.WriteLine("The value of a is: {0}", a); /* The output of the code is -1. */ 18. Differentiate between Boxing and Unboxing.

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When a value type is converted to an object type, the process is known as boxing; whereas, when an object type is converted to a value type, the process is known as unboxing. Boxing and unboxing enable value types to be treated as objects. Boxing a value type packages it inside an instance of the Object reference type. This allows the value type to be stored on the garbage collected heap. Unboxing extracts the value type from the object. In this example, the integer variable i is boxed and assigned to object obj. Example: int i = 123; object obj = i; /* Thi line boxes i. */ /* The object obj can then be unboxed and assigned to integer variable i: */ i = (int)obj; // unboxing 19. Give the syntax of using the for loop in C# code? The syntax of using the for loop in C# code is given as follows: for(initializer; condition; loop expression) { //statements } In the preceding syntax, initializer is the initial value of the variable, condition is the expression that is checked before the execution of the for loop, and loop expression either increments or decrements the loop counter. The example of using the for loop in C# is shown in the following code snippet: for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++) Console.WriteLine("Hello"); In the preceding code snippet, the word Hello will be displayed for five times in the output window.

ASP.NET 1. What is ASP? Active Server Pages (ASP), also known as Classic ASP, is a Microsoft's server-side technology, which helps in creating dynamic and user-friendly Web pages. It uses different scripting languages to create dynamic Web pages, which can be run on any type of browser. The Web pages are built by using either VBScript or JavaScript and these Web pages have access to the same services as Windows application, including ADO (ActiveX Data Objects) for database access, SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) for e-mail, and the entire COM (Component Object Model) structure used in the Windows environment. ASP is implemented through a dynamic-link library (asp.dll) that is called by the IIS server when a Web page is requested from the server. 2. What is ASP.NET? ASP.NET is a specification developed by Microsoft to create dynamic Web applications, Web sites, and Web services. It is a part of .NET Framework. You can

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create ASP.NET applications in most of the .NET compatible languages, such as Visual Basic, C#, and J#. The ASP.NET compiles the Web pages and provides much better performance than scripting languages, such as VBScript. The Web Forms support to create powerful forms-based Web pages. You can use ASP.NET Web server controls to create interactive Web applications. With the help of Web server controls, you can easily create a Web application. 3. What is the basic difference between ASP and ASP.NET? The basic difference between ASP and ASP.NET is that ASP is interpreted; whereas, ASP.NET is compiled. This implies that since ASP uses VBScript; therefore, when an ASP page is executed, it is interpreted. On the other hand, ASP.NET uses .NET languages, such as C# and VB.NET, which are compiled to Microsoft Intermediate Language (MSIL). 4. In which event are the controls fully loaded? Page load event guarantees that all controls are fully loaded. Controls are also accessed in Page_Init events but you will see that view state is not fully loaded during this event 5. How can we identify that the Page is Post Back? Page object has an "IsPostBack" property, which can be checked to know that is the page posted back. 6. What is the lifespan for items stored in ViewState? The items stored in ViewState live until the lifetime of the current page expires including the postbacks to the same page. 7. How information about the user's locale can be accessed? The information regarding a user's locale can be accessed by using the System.Web.UI.Page.Culture property. 8. What is the difference between SQL notification and SQL invalidation? The SQL cache notification generates notifications when the data of a database changes, on which your cache item depends. The SQL cache invalidation makes a cached item invalid when the data stored in a SQL server database changes. 9. Which is the parent class of the Web server control? The System.Web.Ul.Control class is the parent class for all Web server controls. 10. Can you set which type of comparison you want to perform by the CompareValidator control? Yes, by setting the Operator property of the CompareValidator control. 11. What is the behavior of a Web browser when it receives an invalid element? The behavior of a Web browser when it receives an invalid element depends on the browser that you use to browse your application. Most of the browsers ignore the invalid element; whereas, some of them display the invalid elements on the page. 12. What are the advantages of the code-behind feature? The code-behind feature of ASP.NET offers a number of advantages: Makes code easy to understand and debug by separating application logic from HTML tags Provides the isolation of effort between graphic designers and software engineers Removes the problems of browser incompatibility by providing code files to exist on the Web server and supporting Web pages to be compiled on demand. ---------By : Jignesh ([email protected])

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13. How do you sign out from forms authentication? The FormsAuthentication.Signout() method is used to sign out from the forms authentication. 14. What is AutoPostBack? If you want a control to postback automatically when an event is raised, you need to set the AutoPostBack property of the control to True. 15. What is the function of the ViewState property? The ASP.NET 4.0 introduced a new property called ViewStateMode for the Control class. Now you can enable the view state to an individual control even if the view state for an ASP.NET page is disabled. 16. Why do you use the App_Code folder in ASP.NET? The App_Code folder is automatically present in the project. It stores the files, such as classes, typed data set, text files, and reports. If this folder is not available in the application, you can add this folder. One of the important features of the App_Code folder is that only one dll is created for the complete folder, irrespective of how many files it contains. 17. Define a multilingual Web site. A multilingual Web site serves content in a number of languages. It contains multiple copies for its content and other resources, such as date and time, in different languages. 18. What is an ASP.NET Web Form? ASP.NET Web forms are designed to use controls and features that are almost as powerful as the ones used with Windows forms, and so they are called as Web forms. The Web form uses a server-side object model that allows you to create functional controls, which are executed on the server and are rendered as HTML on the client. The attribute, runat="server", associated with a server control indicates that the Web form must be processed on the server. 19. What is the difference between a default skin and a named skin? The default skin is applied to all the Web server controls in a Web form, which are of similar type, and it does not provide a Skin ID attribute. The named skin provides a Skin ID attribute and users have to set the Skin ID property to apply it. 20. What is IIS? Why is it used? Internet Information Services (IIS) is created by Microsoft to provide Internetbased services to ASP.NET Web applications. It makes your computer to work as a Web server and provides the functionality to develop and deploy Web applications on the server. IIS handles the request and response cycle on the Web server. It also offers the services of SMTP and FrontPage server extensions. The SMTP is used to send emails and use FrontPage server extensions to get the dynamic features of IIS, such as form handler. 21. What is Query String? What are its advantages and limitations? The Query String helps in sending the page information to the server. The Query String has the following advantages: Every browser works with Query Strings. It does not require server resources and so does not exert any kind of burden on the server. The following are the limitations of Query String:

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Information must be within the limit because URL does not support many characters. Information is clearly visible to the user, which leads to security threats. 22. What is actually returned from server to the browser when a browser requests an .aspx file and the file is displayed? When a browser requests an .aspx file then the server returns a response, which is rendered into a HTML string. 23. How can you display all validation messages in one control? The ValidationSummary control displays all validation messages in one control. 24. Which two new properties are added in ASP.NET 4.0 Page class? The two new properties added in the Page class are MetaKeyword and MetaDescription. 25. What is tracing? Where is it used? Tracing displays the details about how the code was executed. It refers to collecting information about the application while it is running. Tracing information can help you to troubleshoot an application. It enables you to record information in various log files about the errors that might occur at run time. You can analyze these log files to find the cause of the errors. In .NET, we have objects called Trace Listeners. A listener is an object that gets the trace output and stores it to different places, such as a window, a file on your locale drive, or a SQL Server. The System.Diagnostics namespace contains the predefined interfaces, classes, and structures that are used for tracing. It supplies two classes, Trace and Debug, which allow you to write errors and logs related to the application execution. Trace listeners are objects that collect the output of tracing processes. 26. What is the difference between authentication and authorization? Authentication verifies the identity of a user and authorization is a process where you can check whether or not the identity has access rights to the system. In other words, you can say that authentication is a procedure of getting some credentials from the users and verify the user's identity against those credentials. Authorization is a procedure of granting access of particular resources to an authenticated user. You should note that authentication always takes place before authorization. 27. How can you register a custom server control to a Web page? You can register a custom server control to a Web page using the @Register directive. 28. Which ASP.NET objects encapsulate the state of the client and the browser? The Session object encapsulates the state of the client and browser. 29. Differentiate globalization and localization. The globalization is a technique to identify the specific part of a Web application that is different for different languages and make separate that portion from the core of the Web application. The localization is a procedure of configuring a Web application to be supported for a specific language or locale. 30. What is ViewState? The ViewState is a feature used by ASP.NET Web page to store the value of a page and its controls just before posting the page. Once the page is posted, the first task by the page processing is to restore the ViewState to get the values of the controls. 31. Which method is used to force all the validation controls to run?

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The Page.Validate() method is used to force all the validation controls to run and to perform validation. 32. Which method has been introduced in ASP.NET 4.0 to redirect a page permanently? The RedirectPermanent() method added in ASP.NET 4.0 to redirect a page permanently. The following code snippet is an example of the RedirectPermanent() method: RedirectPermanent("/path/Aboutus.aspx"); 33. How can you send an email message from an ASP.NET Web page? You can use the System.Net.Mail.MailMessage and the System.Net.Mail.SmtpMail classes to send an email in your Web pages. In order to send an email through your mail server, you need to create an object of the SmtpClient class and set the server name, port, and credentials. 34. What is the difference between the Response.Write() and Response.Output.Write() methods? The Response.Write() method allows you to write the normal output; whereas, the Response.Output.Write() method allows you to write the formatted output. 35. What does the Orientation property do in a Menu control? Orientation property of the Menu control sets the horizontal or vertical display of a menu on a Web page. By default, the orientation is vertical. 36. Differentiate between client-side and server-side validations in Web pages. Client-side validations take place at the client end with the help of JavaScript and VBScript before the Web page is sent to the server. On the other hand, server-side validations take place at the server end. 37. How does a content page differ from a master page? A content page does not have complete HTML source code; whereas a master page has complete HTML source code inside its source file. 38. Suppose you want an ASP.NET function (client side) executed on the MouseOver event of a button. Where do you add an event handler? The event handler is added to the Add() method of the Attributes property. 39. What is the default timeout for a Cookie? The default time duration for a Cookie is 30 minutes. 40. What are HTTP handlers in ASP.NET? HTTP handlers, as the name suggests, are used to handle user requests for Web application resources. They are the backbone of the request-response model of Web applications. There is a specific event handler to handle the request for each user request type and send back the corresponding response object. Each user requests to the IIS Web server flows through the HTTP pipeline, which refers to a series of components (HTTP modules and HTTP handlers) to process the request. HTTP modules act as filters to process the request as it passes through the HTTP pipeline. The request, after passing through the HTTP modules, is assigned to an HTTP handler that determines the response of the server to the user request. The response then passes through the HTTP modules once again and is then sent back to the user. You can define HTTP handlers in the <httpHandlers> element of a configuration file. The <add> element tag is used to add new handlers and the <remove> element

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tag is used to remove existing handlers. To create an HTTP handler, you need to define a class that implements the IHttpHandler interface. 41. What are the events that happen when a client requests an ASP.NET page from IIS server? The following events happen when a client requests an ASP.NET page from the IIS server: 1. User requests for an application resource. 2. The integrated request-processing pipeline receives the first user request. 3. Response objects are created for each user request. 4. An object of the HttpApplication class is created and allocated to the Request object. 5. The HttpApplication class processes the user request. 42. Explain file-based dependency and key-based dependency. In file-based dependency, you have to depend on a file that is saved in a disk. In key-based dependency, you have to depend on another cached item. 43. How can you implement the postback property of an ASP.NET control? You need to set the AutoPostBack property to True to implement the PostBack property of controls. 44. Explain how Cookies work. Give an example of Cookie abuse. The server tells the browser to put some files in a cookie, and the client then sends all the cookies for the domain in each request. An example of cookie abuse is large cookies affecting the network traffic. 45. Explain login controls. Login controls are built-in controls in ASP.Net for providing a login solution to ASP.NET application. The login controls use the membership system to authenticate a user credentials for a Web site. There are many controls in login controls. ChangePassword control - Allows users to change their password. CreateUserWizard control - Provides an interface to the user to register for that Web site. Login control - Provides an interface for user authentication. It consists of a set of controls, such as TextBox, Label, Button, CheckBox, HyperLink. LoginView control - Displays appropriate information to different users according to the user's status. LoginStatus control - Shows a login link to users, who are not authenticated and logout link, who are authenticated LoginName control - Displays a user name, if the user logs in. PasswordRecovery control - Allows users to get back the password through an e-mail, if they forget. 46. What is the use of PlaceHolder control? Can we see it at runtime? The PlaceHolder control acts as a container for those controls that are dynamically generated at runtime. We cannot see it at runtime because it does not produce any visible output. It used only as a container. 47. What setting must be added in the configuration file to deny a particular user from accessing the secured resources? To deny a particular user form accessing the secured resources, the web.config file must contain the following code: <authorization > ---------By : Jignesh ([email protected])

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<deny users="username" /> </authorization> 48. What are the event handlers that can be included in the Global.asax file? The Global.asax file contains some of the following important event handlers: Application_Error Application_Start Application_End Session_Start Session_End 49. What is the difference between page-level caching and fragment caching? In the page-level caching, an entire Web page is cached; whereas, in the fragment caching, a part of the Web page, such as a user control added to the Web page, is cached. 50. Make a list of all templates of the Repeater control. The Repeater control contains the following templates: ItemTemplate AlternatingltemTemplate SeparatorTemplate HeaderTemplate FooterTemplate 51. Describe the complete lifecycle of a Web page. When we execute a Web page, it passes from the following stages, which are collectively known as Web page lifecycle: Page request - During this stage, ASP.NET makes sure the page either parsed or compiled and a cached version of the page can be sent in response Start - During this stage sets the Request and Response page properties and the page check the page request is either a postback or a new request Page Initialization - During this stage, the page initialize and the control's Unique Id property are set Load - During this stage, if the request is postback, the control properties are loaded without loading the view state and control state otherwise loads the view state Validation - During this stage, the controls are validated Postback event handling - During this stage, if the request is a postback, handles the event Rendering - During this stage, the page invokes the Render method to each control for return the output Unload - During this stage, when the page is completely rendered and sent to the client, the page is unloaded. 52. How can you assign page specific attributes in an ASP.NET application? The @Page directive is responsible for this. 53. Which method is used to post a Web page to another Web page? The Respose.Redirect method is used to post a page to another page, as shown in the following code snippet: Response.Redirect("DestinationPageName.aspx"); 54. What is a Cookie? Where is it used in ASP.NET?

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Cookie is a lightweight executable program, which the server posts to client machines. Cookies store the identity of a user at the first visit of the Web site and validate them later on the next visits for their authenticity. The values of a cookie can be transferred between the user's request and the server's response. 55. What are Custom User Controls in ASP.NET? The custom user controls are the controls that are defined by developers. These controls are a mixture of custom behavior and predefined behavior. These controls work similar to other Web server controls. 56. What does the .WebPart file do? The .WebPart file explains the settings of a Web Parts control that can be included to a specified zone on a Web page. 57. How can you enable impersonation in the web.config file? To enable impersonation in the web.confing file, you need to include the <identity> element in the web.config file and set the impersonate attribute to true as shown in the following code snippet: <identity impersonate = "true" /> 58. How can you identify that the page is PostBack? The Page object uses the IsPostBack property to check whether the page is posted back or not. If the page is postback, this property is set to true. 59. In which database is the information, such as membership, role management, profile, and Web parts personalization, stored? The aspnetdb database stores all information. 60. What is State Management? How many ways are there to maintain a state in .NET? State management is used to store information requests. The state management is used to trace the information or data that affect the state of the applications. There are two ways to maintain a state in .NET, Client-Based state management and Server-Based state management. The following techniques can be used to implement the Client-Based state management: View State Hidden Fields Cookies Query Strings Control State The following techniques can be used to implement Server-Based state management: Application State Session State Profile Properties 61. What do you understand by aggregate dependency? Aggregate dependency allows multiple dependencies to be aggregated for content that depends on more than one resource. In such type of dependency, you need to depend on the sum of all the defined dependencies to remove a data item from the cache. 62. How can you ensure that no one has tampered with ViewState in a Web page?

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To ensure that no one has tampered with ViewState in a Web page, set the EnableViewStateMac property to True. 63. What is the difference between adding items into cache through the Add() method and through the Insert() method? Both methods work in a similar way except that the Cache.Add() function returns an object that represents the item you added in the cache. The Cache.Insert() function can replace an existing item in the cache, which is not possible using the Cache.Add() method. 64. Explain the cookie less session and its working. ASP.NET manages the session state in the same process that processes the request and does not create a cookie. It is known as a cookie less session. If cookies are not available, a session is tracked by adding a session identifier to the URL. The cookie less session is enabled using the following code snippet: <sessionState cookieless="true" /> 65. What is a round trip? The trip of a Web page from the client to the server and then back to the client is known as a round trip. 66. What are the major built-in objects in ASP.NET? The major built-in objects in ASP.NET are as follows: Application Request Response Server Session Context Trace 67. Where should the data validations be performed-at the client side or at the server side and why? Data validations should be done primarily at the client side and the server-side validation should be avoided because it makes server task overloaded. If the clientside validation is not available, you can use server-side validation. When a user sends a request to the server, the validation controls are invoked to check the user input one by one. 68. Why do we need nested master pages in a Web site? When we have several hierarchical levels in a Web site, then we use nested master pages in the Web site. 69. How can you dynamically add user controls to a page? User controls can be dynamically loaded by adding a Web User Control page in the application and adding the control on this page. 70. What is the appSettings Section in the web.config file? The web.config file sets the configuration for a Web project. The appSettings block in configuration file sets the user-defined values for the whole application. For example, in the following code snippet, the specified ConnectionString section is used throughout the project for database connection: <configuration> <appSettings> <add key="ConnectionString" value="server=indiabixserver; pwd=dbpassword; database=indiabix" /> ---------By : Jignesh ([email protected])

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</appSettings> 71. What type of code, client-side or server-side, is found in a code-behind file of a Web page? A code-behind file contains the server-side code, which means that the code contained in a code-behind file is executed at the server. 72. To which class a Web form belongs to in the .NET Framework class hierarchy? A Web form belongs to the System.Web.UI.Page class. 73. What does the "EnableViewState" property do? Why do we want it On or Off? The EnableViewState property enables the ViewState property on the page. It is set to On to allow the page to save the users input between postback requests of a Web page; that is, between the Request and corresponding Response objects. When this property is set to Off, the page does not store the users input during postback. 74. Which event determines that all the controls are completely loaded into memory? The Page_Load event determines that all the controls on the page are fully loaded. You can also access the controls in the Page_Init event; however, the ViewState property does not load completely during this event. 75. What is the function of the CustomValidator control? It provides the customize validation code to perform both client-side and serverside validation. 76. What is Role-based security? In the Role-based security, you can assign a role to every user and grant the privilege according to that role. A role is a group of principal that restricts a user's privileges. Therefore, all the organization and applications use role-based security model to determine whether a user has enough privileges to perform a requested task. 77. Which data type does the RangeValidator control support? The data types supported by the RangeValidator control are Integer, Double, String, Currency, and Date. 78. What are the HTML server controls in ASP.NET? HTML server controls are similar to the standard HTML elements, which are normally used in HTML pages. They expose properties and events that can be used programmatically. To make these controls programmatically accessible, you need to specify that the HTML controls act as a server control by adding the runat="server" attribute. 79. Why a SiteMapPath control is referred to as breadcrumb or eyebrow navigation control? The SiteMapPath control displays a hierarchical path to the root Web page of the Web site. Therefore, it is known as the breadcrumb or eyebrow navigation control. 80. Where is the ViewState information stored? The ViewState information is stored in the HTML hidden fields. 81. Which namespaces are necessary to create a localized application? The System.Globalization and System.Resources namespaces are essential to develop a localized application.

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82. What is the difference between an HtmlInputCheckBox control and an HtmlInputRadioButton control? You can select more than one HtmlInputCheckBox control from a group of HtmlInputCheckBox controls; whereas, you can select only a single HtmllnputRadioButton control from a group of HtmlInputRadioButton controls. 83. What is the difference between HTML and Web server controls? HTML controls are client-side controls; therefore, all the validations for HTML controls are performed at the client side. On the other hand, Web server controls are server-side controls; therefore, all the validations for Web server controls are performed at the server side. 84. Explain the AdRotator Control. The AdRotator is an ASP.NET control that is used to provide advertisements to Web pages. The AdRotator control associates with one or many advertisements, which randomly displays one by one at a time when the Web page is refreshed. The AdRotator control advertisements are associated with links; therefore, when you click on an advertisement, it redirects you to other pages. The AdRotator control is associated with a data source, which is normally an xml file or a database table. A data source contains all the information, such as advertisement graphics reference, link, and alternate text. Therefore, when you use the AdRotator control, you should first create a data source and then associate it with the AdRotator control. 85. What do you understand by the culture? The culture denotes a combination of a language and optionally a region or a country. The contents of a Web page of a multilingual Web site are changed according to the culture defined in the operating system of the user accessing the Web page. 86. What is the difference between absolute expiration and sliding-time expiration? The absolute expiration expires a cached item after the provided expiration time. The sliding time does not expire the cached items because it increments the specified time. 87. What is the code-behind feature in ASP.NET? The code-behind feature of ASP.NET enables you to divide an ASP.NET page into two files - one consisting of the presentation data, and the second, which is also called the code-behind file, consisting of all the business logic. The presentation data contains the interface elements, such as HTML controls and Web server controls, and the code-behind contains the event-handling process to handle the events that are fired by these controls. The file that contains the presentation data has the .aspx extension. The code behind file has either the .cs extension (if you are using the programming language C#) or the .vb (if you are using the programming language Visual Basic .NET) extension. 88. How can you check if all the validation controls on a Web page are valid and proper? You can determine that all the validation controls on a Web page are properly working by writing code in the source file of the Web page using a scripting language, such as VBScript or JavaScript. To do this task, you have to loop across validators collection of pages and check the IsValid property of each validation control on the Web page to check whether or not the validation test is successful. ---------By : Jignesh ([email protected])

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89. Explain the validation controls. How many validation controls in ASP.NET 4.0? Validation controls are responsible to validate the data of an input control. Whenever you provide any input to an application, it performs the validation and displays an error message to user, in case the validation fails. ASP.NET 4.0 contains the following six types of validation controls: CompareValidator - Performs a comparison between the values contained in two controls. CustomValidator - Writes your own method to perform extra validation. RangeValidator- Checks value according to the range of value. RegularExpressionValidator - Ensures that input is according to the specified pattern or not. RequiredFieldValidator - Checks either a control is empty or not. ValidationSummary - Displays a summary of all validation error in a central location. 90. What is difference between a Label control and a Literal control? The Label control's final html code has an HTML tag; whereas, the Literal control's final html code contains only text, which is not surrounded by any HTML tag. 91. How many types of Cookies are available in ASP.NET? There are two types of Cookies available in ASP.NET: Session Cookie - Resides on the client machine for a single session until the user does not log out. Persistent Cookie - Resides on a user's machine for a period specified for its expiry, such as 10 days, one month, and never. The user can set this period manually. 92. What is the use of the Global.asax file? The Global.asax file executes application-level events and sets application-level variables. 93. What are the Culture and UICulture values? The Culture value determines the functions, such as Date and Currency, which are used to format data and numbers in a Web page. The UICulture value determines the resources, such as strings or images, which are loaded for a Web page in a Web application. 94. What is the difference between ASP session and ASP.NET session? ASP does not support cookie-less sessions; whereas, ASP.NET does. In addition, the ASP.NET session can span across multiple servers. 95. Which control will you use to ensure that the values in two different controls match? You should use the CompareValidator control to ensure that the values in two different controls match. 96. What is the difference between a page theme and a global theme? A page theme is stored inside a subfolder of the App_Themes folder of a project and applied to individual Web pages of that project. Global themes are stored inside the Themes folder on a Web server and apply to all the Web applications on the Web server. 97. What do you mean by a neutral culture? When you specify a language but do not specify the associated country through a culture, the culture is called as a neutral culture. ---------By : Jignesh ([email protected])

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98. What is the use of the <sessionState> tag in the web.config file? The <sessionState> tag is used to configure the session state features. To change the default timeout, which is 20 minutes, you have to add the following code snippet to the web.config file of an application: <sessionState timeout="40"/> 99. Can you post and access view state in another application? Yes, you can post and access a view state in other applications. However, while posting a view state in another application, the PreviousPage property returns null. 100. Which method do you use to kill explicitly a users session? The Session.Abandon() method kills the user session explicitly. 101. Which class is inherited when an ASP.NET server control is added to a Web form? The System.Web.UI.WebControls class is inherited when an ASP.NET server control is added to a Web form. 102. What events are fired when a page loads? The following events fire when a page loads: Init() - Fires when the page is initializing. LoadViewState() - Fires when the view state is loading. LoadPostData() - Fires when the postback data is processing. Load() - Fires when the page is loading. PreRender() - Fires at the brief moment before the page is displayed to the user as HTML. Unload() - Fires when the page is destroying the instances of server controls. 103. Write three common properties of all validation controls. Three common properties of validation controls are as follows: ControlToValidate - Provides a control to validate ErrorMessage - Displays an error message IsValid - Specifies if the control's validation has succeeded or not Text - Displays a text for validation control before validation 104. What are navigation controls? How many navigation controls are there in ASP.NET 4.0? Navigation controls help you to navigate in a Web application easily. These controls store all the links in a hierarchical or drop-down structure; thereby facilitating easy navigation in a Web application. There are three navigation controls in ASP.Net 4.0. SiteMapPath Menu TreeView 105. What happens if an ASP.NET server control with event-handling routines is missing from its definition? The compilation of the application fails. 106. What are server-side comments? Server-side comments are included in an ASP.NET page for the purpose of documentations as shown in the following code snippet: <%--This is an example of server-side comments --%> The server-side comments begin with <%-- and end with --%>. 107. How can we provide the WebParts control functionality to a server control?

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We can provide the WebParts controls functionality to a server control by setting the CreateWebPart property of WebPartManger. 108. How do you prevent a validation control from validating data at the client end? You can prohibit a validation control to validate data at the client side by setting the EnableClientScript property to False. 109. What is cross-page posting in ASP.NET? The Server.Transfer() method is used to post data from one page to another. In this case, the URL remains the same. However, in cross page posting, data is collected from different Web pages and is displayed on a single page. To do so, you need to set the PostBackUrl property of the control, which specifies the target page. In the target page, you can access the PreviousPage property. For this, you need to use the @PreviousPageType directive. You can access the controls of previous page by using the FindControl() method. 110. Which ASP.NET configuration options are supported in the ASP.NET implementation on the shared Web hosting platform? There are many ASP.NET configuration choices, which are not able to configure at the site, application, or child directory level on the shared hosting environment. Some options can produce security, performance, and stability problem to the server and therefore cannot be changed. The following settings are the only ones that can be changed in the web.config file(s) of your Web site: browserCaps clientTarget pages customErrors globalization authorization authentication webControls webServices 111. Explain the Application and Session objects in ASP.NET. Application state is used to store data corresponding to all the variables of an ASP.NET Web application. The data in an application state is stored once and read several times. Application state uses the HttpApplicationState class to store and share the data throughout the application. You can access the information stored in an application state by using the HttpApplication class property. Data stored in the application state is accessible to all the pages of the application and is the same for all the users accessing the application. The HttpApplicationState class provides a lock method, which you can use to ensure that only one user is able to access and modify the data of an application at any instant of time. Each client accessing a Web application maintains a distinct session with the Web server, and there is also some specific information associated with each of these sessions. Session state is defined in the <sessionState> element of the web.config file. It also stores the data specific to a user session in session variables. Different session variables are created for each user session. In addition, session variables can be accessed from any page of the application. When a user accesses a page, a

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session ID for the user is created. The session ID is transferred between the server and the client over the HTTP protocol using cookies. 112. How will you differentiate a submaster page from a top-level master page? Similar to a content page, a submaster page also does not have complete HTML source code; whereas, a top-level master page has complete HTML source code inside its source file. 113. What are Web server controls in ASP.NET? The ASP.NET Web server controls are objects on the ASP.NET pages that run when the Web page is requested. Many Web server controls, such as button and text box, are similar to the HTML controls. In addition to the HTML controls, there are many controls, which include complex behavior, such as the controls used to connect to data sources and display data. 114. What is the difference between a HyperLink control and a LinkButton control? A HyperLink control does not have the Click and Command events; whereas, the LinkButton control has these events, which can be handled in the code-behind file of the Web page. 115. What are the various ways of authentication techniques in ASP.NET? There are various techniques in ASP.NET to authenticate a user. You can use one of the following ways of authentication to select a built-in authentication provider: Windows Authentication - This mode works as the default authentication technique. It can work with any form of Microsoft Internet Information Services (IIS) authentication, such as Basic, Integrated Windows authentication (NTLM/Kerberos), Digest, and certificates. The syntax of Windows authentication mode is given as follows: <authentication mode="windows" /> Forms Authentication - You can specify this mode as a default authentication mode by using the following code snippet: <authentication mode="Forms"/> Passport - This mode works with Microsoft Passport authentication, as shown in the following code snippet: <authentication mode = "Passport"/> 116. What are the different ways to send data across pages in ASP.NET? The following two ways are used to send data across pages in ASP.NET: Session Public properties 117. What does the WebpartListUserControlPath property of a DeclarativeCatalogPart control do? The WebpartListUserControlPath property sets the route of the user defined control to a DeclarativeCatalogPart control. 118. What do you mean by the Web Part controls in ASP.NET? The Web Part controls are the integrated controls, which are used to create a Web site. These controls allow the users to change the content, outlook, and state of Web pages in a Web browser. 119. What type of the CatalogPart control enables users to restore the Web Parts that have been removed earlier by the user? The PageCatalogPart control.

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120. What is the use of web.config? What is the difference between machine.config and web.config? ASP.NET configuration files are XML-based text files for application-level settings and are saved with the name web.config. These files are present in multiple directories on an ASP.NET Web application server. The web.config file sets the configuration settings to the directory it is placed in and to all the virtual sub folders under it. The settings in sub directories can optionally override or change the settings specified in the base directory. The difference between the web.config and machine.config files is given as follows: <WinDir>\Microsoft.NET\Framework\<version>\config\machine.config provides default configuration settings for the entire machine. ASP.NET configures IIS to prohibit the browser directly from accessing the web.config files to make sure that their values cannot be public. Attempts to access those files cause ASP.NET to return the 403: Access Forbidden error. ASP.NET uses these web.config configuration files at runtime to compute hierarchically a sole collection of settings for every URL target request. These settings compute only once and cached across further requests. ASP.NET automatically checks for changing file settings and do not validate the cache if any of the configuration changes made. 121. Explain the concept of states in ASP.NET. State is quite an innovative concept in Web development because it eliminates the drawback of losing state data due to reloading of a Web page. By using states in a Web application, you can preserve the state of the application either at the server or client end. The state of a Web application helps you to store the runtime changes that have been made to the Web application. For example, as already described earlier, a change in the data source of the Web application might be initiated by a user when he/she selects and saves some products in the shopping cart. If you are not using states, these changes are discarded and are not saved. You may think that the whole concept of storing states is optional. However, under certain circumstances, using states with applications is imperative. For example, it is necessary to store states for Web applications, such as an e-commerce shopping site or an Intranet site of a company, to keep track of the requests of the users for the items they have selected on the shopping site or the days requested for vacation on the Intranet site. 122. Can we validate a DropDownList by RequiredFieldValidator? Yes, we can validate a DropDownList by RequiredFieldValidator. To perform this validation, we have to set the InitialValue property of RequiredFieldValidator control. 123. List the features of the Chart control. The following are the features of the Chart control: Bounds a chart with any data source. Simple manipulation of chart data, such as copying, merging, grouping, sorting, searching, and filtering. Support many statistical and financial formulas for data analysis. Provide advanced chart outlook, such as 2-D, 3-D, lighting, and perspective. Support events and customizations. Includes interactivity with Microsoft AJAX.

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Supports AJAX Content Delivery Network (CDN).

Language-Integrated Query (LINQ) 1. What is Language Integrated Query (LINQ)? LINQ is a programming model that is the composition of general-purpose standard query operators that allow you to work with data, regardless of the data source in any .NET based programming language. It is the name given to a set of technologies based on the integration of query capabilities into any .NET language. 2. What are LINQ query expressions? A LINQ query, also known as a query expression, consists of a combination of query clauses that identify the data sources for the query. It includes instructions for sorting, filtering, grouping, or joining to apply to the source data. The LINQ query expressions syntax is similar to the SQL syntax. It specifies what information should be retrieved from the data source. 3. Write the basic steps to execute a LINQ query. The following are the three basic steps to execute a LINQ query: Obtain the data source (The data source can be either an SQL database or an XML file) Create a query Execute the query 4. Write the basic syntax of a LINQ query in Visual Basic as well as in C#. In Visual Basic, the basic syntax of a LINQ query starts with the From clause and ends with the Select or Group By clause. In addition, you can use the Where, Order By, and Order By Descending clauses to perform additional functions, such as filtering data and generating the data in a specific order. In C#, the basic syntax of a LINQ query starts with the From clause and ends with the Select or group by clause. In addition, you can use the where, orderby, and Orderby descending clauses to perform additional functions, such as filtering data and generating the data in a specific order. 5. In which statement the LINQ query is executed? A LINQ query is executed in the For Each statement in Visual Basic and in the foreach statement in C#. 6. In LINQ, lambda expressions underlie many of the standard query operators. Is it True or False? It is true. 7. What is PLINQ? PLINQ stands for Parallel Language Integrated Query. It is the parallel implementation of LINQ, in which a query can be executed by using multiple processors. PLINQ ensures the scalability of software on parallel processors in the execution environment. It is used where data grows rapidly, such as in telecom industry or where data is heterogeneous. PLINQ also supports all the operators of LINQ. In addition, you can query 'collections by using PLINQ. It can also run several LINQ queries simultaneously and

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makes use of the processors on the system. Apart from this, PLINQ uses parallel execution, which helps in running the queries quickly. Parallel execution provides a major performance improvement to PLINQ over certain types of legacy code, which takes too much time to execute. 8. What are the different Visual Basic features that support LINQ? Visual Basic includes the following features that support LINQ: Anonymous types - Enables you to create a new type based on a query result. Implicitly typed variables - Enables the compiler to infer and assign a type when you declare and initialize a variable. Extension method - Enables you to extend an existing type with your own methods without modifying the type itself. 9. What is the function of the DISTINCT clause in a LINQ query? The DISTINCT clause returns the result set without the duplicate values. 10. What is the DataContext class and how is it related to LINQ? After you add a LINQ to SQL Classes item to a project and open the O/R Designer, the empty design surface represents an empty DataContext class ready to be configured. The DataContext class is a LINQ to SQL class that acts as a conduit between a SQL Server database and the LINQ to SQL entity classes mapped to that database. This class contains the connection string information and the methods for connecting to a database and manipulating the data in the database. It is configured with connection information provided by the first item that is dragged onto the design surface. 11. What is the difference between the Take and Skip clauses? The Take clause returns a specified number of elements. For example, you can use the Take clause to return two values from an array of numbers. The Skip clause skips the specified number of elements in the query and returns the rest. For example, you can use the Skip clause to skip the first four strings in an array of strings and return the remaining array of string. 12. What is Object Relational Designer (0/R Designer)? The 0/R Designer provides a visual design surface to create LINQ to SQL entity classes and associations (relationships) that are based on objects in a database. 13. Which interface implements the standard query operators in LINQ? The standard query operators implement the IEnumerable<T> or the IQueryable<T> interface in C# and the IEnumerable(Of T) or the IQueryable(Of T) interface in Visual Basic. 14. What are standard query operators in LINQ? The standard query operators in LINQ are the extension methods that form the LINQ pattern. These operators form an API that enables querying of any .NET array or collection. It operates on sequences and allows you to perform operations, such as determining if a value exists in the sequence and performing an aggregated function, such as a summation over a sequence. 15. On what parameter does the GroupBy clause group the data? The GroupBy clause groups the elements that share a common attribute. 16. What is a LinqDataSource control? The LinqDataSource control enables you to use LINQ. in an ASP.NET Web page by setting the properties in the markup text. You can use the control retrieve or modify data. It is similar to the SqIDataSource and ObjectDataSource controls in ---------By : Jignesh ([email protected])

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the sense that it can be used to declaratively bind other ASP.NET controls on a page to a data source. The difference is that instead of binding directly to a database or to a generic class, the LinqDataSource control is designed to bind a LINQ enabled data model. 17. How can you open the O/R Designer? You can open the O/R Designer by adding a new LINQ to SQL Classes item to a project. 18. The standard query operators are themselves a set of extension methods that provide the LINQ query functionality for any type that implements the IEnumerable<T> interface in Visual Basic. Is it True or False? False, as it implements the IEnumerable(T) interface in Visual Basic and the IEnumerable<T> interface is implemented in C#. 19. What are lambda expressions in LINQ? A lambda expression is a function without a name that calculates and returns a single value. All lambda expressions use the lambda operator =>, which read as goes to. The left side of the lambda operator specifies the input parameters and the right side holds the expression or statement block. 20. Before you query a DataSet object by using LINQ to DataSet, you must first populate the dataset How can you do this? You can load the data into the dataset by using different methods, such as: Using the DataAdapter class Using LINQ to SQL 21. What are the different implementations of LINQ? The different implementations of LINQ are: LINQ to SQL - Refers to a component of.NET Framework version 3.5 that provides a run-time infrastructure to manage relational data as objects. LINQ to DataSet - Refers to a component that makes it easier and faster to query over data cached in a DataSet object. LINQ to XML - Provides an in-memory XML programming interface. LINQ to Objects - Refers to the use of LINQ queries with any IEnumerable or IEnumerable(T) collection directly, without the use of an intermediate LINQ provider or API, such as LINQ to SQL or LINQ to XML. 22. Which command-line tool generates code and mapping for the LINQ to SQL component of .NET Framework? The SqlMetal.exe command-line tool generates code and map the LINQ to SQL component. 23. Name the control that exposes the LINQ features to Web developers through the ASP.NET data-source control architecture. The LinqDataSource control exposes the LINQ features to Web developers through the ASP.NET data-source control architecture. 24. What is the difference between the Select clause and SelectMany() method in LINQ? Both the Select clause and SelectMany() method are used to produce a result value from a source of values. The difference lies in the result set. The Select clause is used to produce one result value for every source value. The result value is a collection that has the same number of elements from the query. In contrast, the

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SelectMany() method produces a single result that contains a concatenated collection from the query. 25. Which extension method do you need to run a parallel query in PLINQ? The AsParallel extension method is required to run a parallel query in PLINQ.

ADO.NET 1. What is the full form of ADO? The full form of ADO is ActiveX Data Object. 2. Explain ADO.NET in brief. ADO.NET is a very important feature of .NET Framework, which is used to work with data that is stored in structured data sources, such as databases and XML files. The following are some of the important features of ADO.NET: Contains a number of classes that provide you with various methods and attributes to manage the communication between your application and data source. Enables you to access different data sources, such as Microsoft SQL Server, and XML, as per your requirements. Provides a rich set of features, such as connection and commands that can be used to develop robust and highly efficient data services in .NET applications. Provides various data providers that are specific to databases produced by various vendors. For example, ADO.NET has a separate provider to access data from Oracle databases; whereas, another provider is used to access data from SQL databases. 3. What are major difference between classic ADO and ADO.NET? Following are some major differences between both In ADO we have recordset and in ADO.NET we have dataset. In recordset we can only have one table. If we want to accommodate more than one tables. We need to do inner join and fill the recordset. Dataset can have multiple tables. All data persist in XML as compared to classic ADO where data persisted in Binary format also. 4. What are the two fundamental objects in ADO.NET? DataReader and DataSet are the two fundamental objects in ADO.NET. 5. What are the benefits of using of ADO.NET in .NET 4.0. The following are the benefits of using ADO.NET in .NET 4.0 are as follows: Language-Integrated Query (LINQ) - Adds native data-querying capabilities to .NET languages by using a syntax similar to that of SQL. This means that LINQ simplifies querying by eliminating the need to use a separate query language. LINQ is an innovative technology that was introduced in .NET Framework 3.5. LINQ to DataSet - Allows you to implement LINQ queries for disconnected data stored in a dataset. LINQ to DataSet enables you to query data that is cached in a DataSet object. DataSet objects allow you to use a copy of the ---------By : Jignesh ([email protected])

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data stored in the tables of a database, without actually getting connected to the database. LINQ to SQL - Allows you to create queries for data stored in SQL server database in your .NET application. You can use the LINQ to SQL technology to translate a query into a SQL query and then use it to retrieve or manipulate data contained in tables of an SQL Server database. LINQ to SQL supports all the key functions that you like to perform while working with SQL, that is, you can insert, update, and delete information from a table. SqlClient Support for SQL Server 2008 - Specifies that with the starting of .NET Framework version 3.5 Service Pack (SP) 1, .NET Framework Data Provider for SQL Server (System.Data.SqlClient namespace) includes all the new features that make it fully compatible with SQL Server 2008 Database Engine. ADO.NET Data Platform - Specifies that with the release of .NET Framework 3.5 Service Pack (SP) 1, an Entity Framework 3.5 was introduced that provides a set of Entity Data Model (EDM) functions. These functions are supported by all the data providers; thereby, reducing the amount of coding and maintenance in your application. In .NET Framework 4.0, many new functions, such as string, aggregate, mathematical, and date/time functions have been added. 6. Which namespaces are required to enable the use of databases in ASP.NET pages? The following namespaces are required to enable the use of databases in ASP.NET pages: The System.Data namespace. The System.Data.OleDb namespace (to use any data provider, such as Access, Oracle, or SQL) The System.Data.SQLClient namespace (specifically to use SQL as the data provider) 7. Explain the DataAdapter.Update() and DataSetAcceptChanges() methods. The DataAdapter.Update() method calls any of the DML statements, such as the UPDATE, INSERT, or DELETE statements, as the case may be to update, insert, or delete a row in a DataSet. The DataSet.Acceptchanges() method reflects all the changes made to the row since the last time the AcceptChanges() method was called. 8. What is the meaning of object pooling? Object pooling is a concept of storing a pool (group) of objects in memory that can be reused later as needed. Whenever, a new object is required to create, an object from the pool can be allocated for this request; thereby, minimizing the object creation. A pool can also refer to a group of connections and threads. Pooling, therefore, helps in minimizing the use of system resources, improves system scalability, and performance. 9. Which properties are used to bind a DataGridView control? The DataSource property and the DataMember property are used to bind a DataGridView control. 10. What property must be set and what method must be called in your code to bind the data from some data source to the Repeater control? ---------By : Jignesh ([email protected])

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You must set the DataSource property and call the DataBind() method. 11. Mention the namespace that is used to include .NET Data Provider for SQL server in .NET code. The System.Data.SqlClient namespace. 12. What is the difference between OLEDB Provider and SqlClient? With respect to usage, there is no difference between OLEDB Provider and SqlClient. The difference lies in their performance. SqlClient is explicitly used to connect your application to SQL server directly, OLEDB Provider is generic for various databases, such as Oracle and Access including SQL Server. Therefore, there will be an overhead which leads to performance degradation. 13. Name the two properties of the GridView control that have to be specified to turn on sorting and paging. The properties of the GridView control that need to be specified to turn on sorting and paging are as follows: The AllowSorting property of the Gridview control indicates whether sorting is enabled or not. You should set the AllowSorting property to True to enable sorting. The AllowPaging property of the Gridview control indicates whether paging is enabled or not. You should set the AllowPaging property to True to enable paging. 14. Mention different types of data providers available in .NET Framework. .NET Framework Data Provider for SQL Server - Provides access to Microsoft SQL Server 7.0 or later version. It uses the System.Data.SqlClient namespace. .NET Framework Data Provider for OLE DB - Provides access to databases exposed by using OLE DB. It uses the System.Data.OleDb namespace. .NET Framework Data Provider for ODBC - Provides access to databases exposed by using ODBC. It uses the System.Data.Odbc namespace. .NET Framework Data Provider for Oracle - Provides access to Oracle database 8.1.7 or later versions. It uses the System.Data.OracleClient namespace. 15. Which architecture does Datasets follow? Datasets follow the disconnected data architecture. 16. What is the role of the DataSet object in ADO.NET? One of the major component of ADO.NET is the DataSet object, which always remains disconnected from the database and reduces the load on the database. 17. What is a DataReader object? The DataReader object helps in retrieving the data from a database in a forwardonly, read-only mode. The base class for all the DataReader objects is the DbDataReader class. The DataReader object is returned as a result of calling the ExecuteReader() method of the Command object. The DataReader object enables faster retrieval of data from databases and enhances the performance of .NET applications by providing rapid data access speed. However, it is less preferred as compared to the DataAdapter object because the DataReader object needs an Open connection till it completes reading all the rows of the specified table. An Open connection to read data from large tables consumes most of the system ---------By : Jignesh ([email protected])

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resources. When multiple client applications simultaneously access a database by using the DataReader object, the performance of data retrieval and other related processes is substantially reduced. In such a case, the database might refuse connections to other .NET applications until other clients free the resources. 18. How can you identify whether or not any changes are made to the DataSet object since it was last loaded? The DataSet object provides the following two methods to track down the changes: The GetChanges() method - Returns the DataSet object, which is changed since it was loaded or since the AcceptChanges() method was executed. The HasChanges() method - Indicates if any changes occurred since the DataSet object was loaded or after a call to the AcceptChanges() method was made. If you want to revert all changes since the DataSet object was loaded, use the RejectChanges() method. 19. Which property is used to check whether a DataReader is closed or opened? The IsClosed property is used to check whether a DataReader is closed or opened. This property returns a true value if a Data Reader is closed, otherwise a false value is returned. 20. Name the method that needs to be invoked on the DataAdapter control to fill the generated DataSet with data? The Fill() method is used to fill the dataset with data. 21. What is the use of the Connection object? The Connection object is used to connect your application to a specific data source by providing the required authentication information in connection string. The connection object is used according to the type of the data source. For example, the OleDbConnection object is used with an OLE-DB provider and the SqlConnection object is used with an MS SQL Server. 22. What is the use of the CommandBuilder class? The CommandBuilder class is used to automatically update a database according to the changes made in a DataSet. This class automatically registers itself as an event listener to the RowUpdating event. Whenever data inside a row changes, the object of the CommandBuilder class automatically generates an SQL statement and uses the SelectCommand property to commit the changes made in DataSet. OLEDB provider in .NET Framework has the OleDbCommandBuiider class; whereas, the SQL provider has the SqlCommandBuilder class. 23. Explain the architecture of ADO.NET in brief. AD0.NET consists of two fundamental components: The DataSet, which is disconnected from the data source and does not need to know where the data that it holds is retrieved from. The .net data provider, which allows you to connect your application to the data source and execute the SQL commands against it. The data provider contains the Connection, Command, DataReader, and DataAdapter objects. The Connection object provides connectivity to the database. The Command object provides access to database commands to retrieve and manipulate data in a database. The DataReader object retrieves data from the database in the readonly and forward-only mode. The DataAdapter object uses ---------By : Jignesh ([email protected])

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Command objects to execute SQL commands. The DataAdapter object loads the DataSet object with data and also updates changes that you have made to the data in the DataSet object back to the database. 24. Describe the disconnected architecture of ADO.NET's data access model. ADO.NET maintains a disconnected database access model, which means, the application never remains connected constantly to the data source. Any changes and operations done on the data are saved in a local copy (dataset) that acts as a data source. Whenever, the connection to the server is re-established, these changes are sent back to the server, in which these changes are saved in the actual database or data source. 25. What are the usages of the Command object in ADO.NET? The following are the usages of the Command object in AD0.NET: The Command object in AD0.NET executes a command against the database and retrieves a DataReader or DataSet object. It also executes the INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE command against the database. All the command objects are derived from the DbCommand class. The command object is represented by two classes: SqlCommand and OleDbCommand. The Command object provides three methods to execute commands on the database: o The ExecuteNonQuery() method executes the commands and does not return any value. o The ExecuteScalar() method returns a single value from a database query. o The ExecuteReader() method returns a result set by using the DataReader object. 26. What are the pre-requisites for connection pooling? The prerequisites for connection pooling are as follows: There must be multiple processes to share the same connection describing the same parameters and security settings. The connection string must be identical. 27. What is connection pooling? Connection pooling refers to the task of grouping database connections in cache to make them reusable because opening new connections every time to a database is a time-consuming process. Therefore, connection pooling enables you to reuse already existing and active database connections, whenever required, and increasing the performance of your application. You can enable or disable connection pooling in your application by setting the pooling property to either true or false in connection string. By default, it is enabled in an application. 28. What are the various methods provided by the DataSet object to generate XML? The various methods provided by the DataSet object to generate XML are: ReadXml() - Reads XML document into a DataSet object. GetXml() - Returns a string containing an XML document. ---------By : Jignesh ([email protected])

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WriteXml() - Writes an XML data to disk. 29. Out of Windows authentication and SQL Server authentication, which authentication technique is considered as a trusted authentication method? The Windows authentication technique is considered as a trusted authentication method because the username and password are checked with the Windows credentials stored in the Active Directory. The SQL Server Authentication technique is not trusted as all the values are verified by SQL Server only. 30. How would you connect to a database by using .NET? The connection class is used to connect a .NET application with a database. 31. Which adapter should you use, if you want to get the data from an Access database? OleDbDataAdapter is used to get the data from an Access database. 32. Which object is used to add a relationship between two DataTable objects? The DataRelation object is used to add relationship between two DataTable objects. 33. What are different types of authentication techniques that are used in connection strings to connect .NET applications with Microsoft SQL Server? .NET applications can use two different techniques to authenticate and connect with SQL Server. These techniques are as follows: The Windows Authentication option The SQL Server Authentication option 34. Explain the new features in ADO.NET Entity Framework 4.0. ADO.NET Entity Framework 4.0 is introduced in .NET Framework 4.0 and includes the following new features: Persistence Ignorance - Facilitates you to define your own Plain Old CLR Objects (POCO) which are independent of any specific persistence technology. Deferred or Lazy Loading - Specifies that related entities can be loaded automatically whenever required. You can enable lazy loading in your application by setting the DeferredLoadingEnabled property to true. Self-Tracking Entities - Refers to the entities that are able to track their own changes. These changes can be passed across process boundaries and saved to the database. Model-First Development - Allows you to create your own EDM and then generate relational model (database) from that EDM with matching tables and relations. Built-in Functions - Enables you to use built-in SQL Server functions directly in your queries. Model-Defined Functions - Enables you to use the functions that are defined in conceptual schema definition language (CSDL). 35. What is the difference between the Clone() and Copy() methods of the DataSet class? The Clone() method copies only the structure of a DataSet. The copied structure includes all the relation, constraint, and DataTable schemas used by the DataSet. The Clone() method does not copy the data, which is stored in the DataSet. The Copy() method copies the structure as well as the data stored in the DataSet. 36. What is the use of DataView?

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User-defined view of a table is contained in a DataView. A complete table or a small section of table depending on some criteria can be presented by an object of the DataView class. You can use this class to sort and find data within DataTable. The DataView class has the following methods: Find() - Finds a row in a DataView by using sort key value. FindRows() - Uses the sort key value to match it with the columns of DataRowView objects. It returns an array of all the corresponding objects of DataRowView whose columns match with the sort key value. AddNew() - Adds a new row to the DataView object. Delete() - Deletes the specified row from the DataView object according to the specified index. 37. What are the parameters that control most of connection pooling behaviors? The parameters that control most of connection pooling behaviors are as follows: Connect Timeout Max Pool Size Min Pool Size Pooling 38. How can you add or remove rows from the DataTable object of DataSet? The DataRowCollection class defines the collection of rows for the DataTable object in a DataSet. The DataTable class provides the NewRow() method to add a new DataRow to DataTable. The NewRow method creates a new row, which implements the same schema as applied to the DataTable. The following are the methods provided by the DataRowCollection object: Add() - Adds a new row to DataRowCollection. Remove()- Removes a DataRow object from DataRowCollection. RemoveAt() - Removes a row whose location is specified by an index number. 39. Explain in brief DataAdapter class in ADO.NET. The DataAdapter class retrieves data from the database, stores data in a dataset, and reflects the changes made in the dataset to the database. The DataAdapter class acts as an intermediary for all the communication between the database and the DataSet object. The DataAdapter Class is used to fill a DataTable or DataSet Object with data from the database using the Fill() method. The DataAdapter class applies the changes made in dataset to the database by calling the Update() method. The DataAdapter class provides four properties that represent the database command: SelectCommand, InsertCommand, DeleteCommand, and UpdateCommand. ASP.NET AJAX 1. What is ASP.NET AJAX?

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ASP.NET AJAX, mostly called AJAX, is a set of extensions of ASP.NET. It is developed by Microsoft to implement AJAX functionalities in Web applications. ASP.NET AJAX provides a set of components that enable the developers to develop applications that can update only a specified portion of data without refreshing the entire page. The ASP.NET AJAX works with the AJAX Library that uses objectoriented programming (OOP) to develop rich Web applications that communicate with the server using asynchronous postback. 2. What is the difference between synchronous postback and asynchronous postback? The difference between synchronous and asynchronous postback is as follows: Asynchronous postback renders only the required part of the page; whereas, synchronous postback renders the entire page for any postback. Asynchronous postback executes only one postback at a time, that is, if you have two buttons doing asynchronous postback, the actions will be performed one by one; whereas, synchronous postback executes all the actions at once. Asynchronous postback only modifies the update panel that raises the postback; whereas, synchronous postback modifies the entire page. 3. What technologies are being used in AJAX? AJAX uses four technologies, which are as follows: JavaScript XMLHttpRequest Document Object Model (DOM) Extensible HTML (XHTML) and Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) 4. Why do we use the XMLHttpRequest object in AJAX? The XMLHttpRequest object is used by JavaScript to transfer XML and other text data between client and server. The XMLHttpRequest object allows a client-side script to perform an HTTP request. AJAX applications use the XMLHttpRequest object so that the browser can communicate to the server without requiring a postback of the entire page. In earlier versions of Internet Explorer, MSXML ActiveX component is liable to provide this functionality; whereas, Internet Explorer 7 and other browsers, such as Mozilla Firefox, XMLHttpRequest is not liable to. 5. How can we get the state of the requested process? XMLHttpRequest get the current state of the request operation by using the readyState property. This property checks the state of the object to determine if any action should be taken. The readyState property uses numeric values to represent the state. 6. What are the different controls of ASP.NET AJAX? ASP.NET AJAX includes the following controls: ScriptManager ScriptManagerProxy UpdatePanel UpdateProgress Timer 7. What are the new features included in the Microsoft AJAX library? The Microsoft AJAX library is a client-based JavaScript library that is compatible with all modern browsers and offers a lot of functionality as compared to

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JavaScript. This library is released with new features and fully supports ASP.NET 4.0'. The new features included in the Microsoft AJAX library are as follows: Imperative syntax - Supports simple imperative syntax that is used to create and manage controls. Script loader - Retrieves all scripts that are needed by one or more client component or control automatically and executes the scripts in the order in which they are received. Client data access - Supports to access client data and display by client data control and client template. Client datacontext - Supports read and write permission to data from a database. The AdoNetDataContext class - Enables you to easily interact with an ADO.NET Data Services service. jQuery integration - Helps to access the elements in your Web pages, work with client-side events, enable visual effects, and make it easier to use AJAX in your applications. 8. Explain the Step property of the NumericUpDownExtender control. The Step property sets the steps for numeric increment and decrement. The default value is 1. 9. What are the new features of ASP.NET AJAX 4.0? ASP.NET 4.0 AJAX includes several new features that provide more functionality to a user. These features are as follows: Support for live data binding. Support for client-side template rendering. Support for declarative instantiation of client components. Support for using the observer pattern on JavaScript objects and arrays. Support for invoking ADO.NET data services and data contexts. Support for the DataView control. 10. Why do we use the UpdateProgress control in AJAX? The UpdateProgress control is somewhat related to the UpdatePanel control. The UpdateProgress control enables you to design a user-friendly interface when a Web page consists of a number of UpdatePanel controls for partial-page rendering. The UpdateProgress control makes you aware of the status information about the partial-page updates in the UpdatePanel control. 11. What is JSON? JSON is an abbreviation of JavaScript Object Notation. It is a safe and reliable data interchange format in JavaScript, which is easy to understand not only for the users but also for the machines. 12. How many validation controls are available in ASP.NET AJAX 4.0? The following validation controls are available in ASP.NET AJAX 4.0: FilteredTextBoxExtender - Enables you to apply filtering to a text box. MaskedEditExtender and MaskedEditValidator - Restricts a user to enter only a certain pattern of characters in the TextBox by applying a mask to the input. ValidatorCalloutExtender - Attaches to the ASP.NET validators so that the error messages are not displayed as a simple text but as a balloon-style ToolTip.

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NoBot - Prevents the spam/bot from filling the input forms automatically and uses the Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart (CAPTCHA), which is a type of challenge-response test to ensure that the response is not generated by the computer. PasswordStrengthExtender - Measures the strength of the password text entered within the text box by validating with the different strength specified parameters 13. Explain the limitations of AJAX. The following are the limitations of AJAX: It is difficult to bookmark a particular state of the application. Function provided in the code-behind file do not work because the dynamic pages cannot register themselves on browsers history engine automatically. If JavaScript is disabled, then AJAX is not able to perform any work. Response time may be slow because different controls of a page are loaded at different time. 14. What are the differences between AJAX and JavaScript? The differences between AJAX and JavaScript are given as follows: AJAX sends request to the server and does not wait for the response. It performs other operations on the page during that time. JavaScript make a request to the server and waits for response. AJAX does not require the page to refresh for downloading the whole page while JavaScript manages and controls a Web page after being downloaded. AJAX minimizes the overload on the server since the script needs to request once while JavaScript posts a request that updates the script every time. 15. Explain the UpdatePanel control. The UpdatePanel control specifies the portions of a Web page that can be updated together. As the UpdatePanel control refreshes only a selected part of the Web page instead of refreshing the entire page with a postback, you get more flexibility to create rich and client-centric Web applications. Refreshing a selected part of the Web page is referred as partial-page update. You can add one or more UpdatePanel control in the Web page, which automatically participates in partial-page update without custom client script. The UpdatePanel control uses the UpdatePanel class to support the partial-page rendering. 16. What does the DynamicPopulateExtender control do? The DynamicPopulateExtender control populates the contents of a control dynamically. It enables you to send an asynchronous call to the server that dynamically populates the contents of a control. The DynamicPopulateExtender control replaces the contents of a control with the result of a Web service or page method call. 17. What does the MinimumPrefixLength property of the AutoCompleteExtender control do? The MinimumPrefixLength property sets the minimum number of characters that must be entered before getting suggestions from the Web service. 18. What is the importance of client-side libraries? Client-side libraries contain built-in code to make asynchronous calls over XMLHTTP. These libraries automatically handle browser compatibility issues. These libraries are based on a programming model similar to ASP.NET. 19. Can we call server-side code from JavaScript?

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Yes, page methods and Web services are the two techniques to call the server-side code from JavaScript. 20. What are the components of the ASP.NET AJAX architecture? You can divide the ASP.NET AJAX architecture into two components - AJAX client architecture and AJAX server architecture. 21. Describe AJAX Control Extender Toolkit. AJAX Control Toolkit is a set of extenders that are used to extend the functionalities of the ASP.NET controls. The extenders use a block of JavaScript code to add new and enhanced capabilities to the ASP.NET controls. AJAX Control Toolkit is a free download available on the Microsoft site. You need to install this toolkit on your system before using extenders. 22. Explain the need of the Timer control in AJAX. The Timer control is used with an UpdatePanel control to allow partial-page updates at a specified interval. It is mostly used when a periodically partial-page update for one or more UpdatePanel controls is required without refreshing the entire page. The Timer control is a server control that sets a JavaScript component in the Web page. The interval property of the Timer control specifies time in milliseconds. Similar to the UpdatePanel control, the Timer control also requires an instance of the ScriptManager control in the Web page. When the Timer control initiates a postback, the Tick event is raised on the server for which you can provide an event handler to perform the actions when the page is submitted to the server. The Tick event occurs when the time specified in the interval property has elapsed and the page is posted on the server. You can add one or more Timer controls on a Web page. Usually the entire page requires only a single Timer control; however, you can use multiple Timer controls, if the UpdatePanel controls are being updated at different intervals. 23. List the different states of XMLHttpRequest with their description. The different states of the XMLHttpRequest object are as follows: Uninitialized - Refers to the state when the object has not been initialized. Open - Refers to the state when the object has been created; however, the send function has not been invoked. Sent -Refers to the state when the send function is invoked; however, the status and headers are not available. Receiving - Refers to the state when the process is receiving data. Loaded - Refers to the state when the procedure is completed and the entire data is available. 24. Can we nest the UpdatePanel controls? Yes, we can nest the UpdatePanel control. 25. What is the role of the ScriptManagerProxy control? A Web page cannot contain more than one ScriptManager control. You can use the ScriptManagerProxy control to add scripts to other pages; however to perform such an operation, you need to work with a master page that contains the ScriptManager control. If you have only few pages that need to register to a script or a Web service, then you should remove these pages from the ScriptManager control and add them as individual pages by using the ScriptManagerProxy control. If you include the scripts on the master page by the ScriptManager control, then the items get downloaded on each page that extends the master page, even if they are not necessary. ---------By : Jignesh ([email protected])

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26. What is the work of the ConformOnFormSubmit property in the ConfirmButtonExtender control? The ConformOnFormSubmit property determines whether or not the confirm dialog box should wait when the form is submitted for display. 27. What is the syntax to create AJAX objects? AJAX uses the following syntax to create an object: var myobject = new AjaxObject("page path"); The page path is the URL of the Web page containing the object that you want to call. The URL must be of the same domain as the Web page. 28. Is there any difference between HTML and XHTML? Extensible HTML (XHTML) is a markup language that provides the mixture expressions of HTML and XML. XHTML is a flexible markup language that enables automated processing by standard XML tools, which was difficult in HTML. 29. What are the requirements to run ASP.NET AJAX applications on a server? AJAX is a built-in functionality of .NET Framework 4.0. Therefore, you can run an AJAX application by just installing Microsoft Visual Studio 2010. However, to use extenders in your applications, you are required to install AJAX Control Toolkit and copy the AjaxControlToolkit.dll file to the Bin directory of your application. 30. Describe the situations in which AJAX should not be used. You should not use AJAX if: You want the page to show in a search engine, such as Google, because WebCrawler does not execute JavaScript code. The browser does not support JavaScript. You want to create a secure application. 31. What is the use of the ScriptManager control in AJAX? The ScriptManager control is a core control that performs a key role in implementing the ASP.NET AJAX functionality. It helps to use JavaScript for the Microsoft AJAX Library. It should be noted that AJAX Library on a Web page can only be used if the Web page contains the ScriptManager control. This control makes use of the ScriptManager class to maintain the AJAX script libraries and script files. It allows for partial page rendering, Web service calls, and use of ASP.NET AJAX Client Library by rendering the AJAX Library scripts to the browser. 32. How can you find out that an AJAX request has been completed? You can find out that an AJAX request has been completed by using the readyState property. If the value of this property equals to four, it means that the request has been completed and the data is available. 33. Is it possible to use multiple ScriptManager controls on a Web page? No, it is not possible. 34. What are the new controls introduced in ASP.NET AJAX Control Toolkit? The following controls are introduced with the new version of AJAX Control Toolkit: SeaDragonExtender control - Refers to the control that is used to deeply zoom the images. You can zoom in or out the image or the particular portion of the image by using the mouse. You can also create a menu over the Seadragon control. This control is helpful when you want to analyze the image closely.

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AsyncFileUploadExtender control - Refers to the control that provides the facility to upload and save the files on the server asynchronously. You can check the outcome either at the server or client side. 35. Briefly describe ASP.NET AJAX Framework. ASP.NET AJAX Framework provides a platform where developers can develop such type of applications that use the AJAX concept. The AJAX provides the collection of technologies to create dynamic pages at the client side. The JavaScript requests are responsible to retrieve data from the server or send data to the server. Even some processing at server also requires handling requests, such as searching and storing of data. These tasks are achieved more easily using the AJAX Framework. AJAX Framework is completely devoted to process requests. The objective of the AJAX engine is to reduce the delays that the user notices while performing a postback to the server. AJAX Framework allows JavaScript functions to send requests to server at the client side. On the other side, it allows the server to process the client's request, searches data, and responds the result to the browser. 36. Is the AjaxControlToolkit.dll file installed in the Global Assembly Cache? No, you have to copy this file to the Bin folder of your application. 37. What are the different ways to pass parameters to the server? We can pass parameters to the server using either the GET or POST method. The following code snippets show the example of both the methods: Get: XmlHttpObject.Open("GET", "file1.txt", true); Post: XmlHttpObject.Open("POST", "file2.txt", true); 38. What are the extender controls? The extender controls uses a block of JavaScript code to add new and enhanced capabilities to ASP.NET. The developers can use a set of sample extender controls through a separate download - AJAX Control Toolkit (ACT). 39. Describe the AccordionExtender control. The AccordionExtender control is similar to the CollapsiblePanelExtender control. It allows you to group multiple collapsible panels in a single control. At the same time, it also manages the collapsed and expanded state of each panel; therefore, expanding one panel at a time. In other words, the AccordionExtender control does not support expanding two or more panels simultaneously. Instead, the header templates of all the panels are always visible so that you can click on any of them to display the hidden contents. By default, the AccordionExtender control opens with one panel as expanded.

XML 1. What is Extensible Markup Language (XML). XML is a simple and flexible markup language in the text format. Nowadays, it is widely used to exchange a large variety of data over the Internet. XML consists of data as text in well-defined customized layouts by using self-defining tags. These user-defined tags are user friendly because they contain the name given by the user and make the information easily understandable to a user. These user-friendly features made XML to be widely used as a standard data-interchange format. The

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World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) frequently develops new standard for XML usage by different software vendors and solution providers. XML plays a very significant role with respect to .NET Framework 4.0. .NET Framework 4.0 provides us with a namespace called System.Xml, which includes classes that are used to work with XML. 2. What is the version information in XML? "Version" tag shows which version of XML is used. 3. If XML does not have closing tag will it work? No, every tag in XML, which is opened, should have a closing tag. 4. Is XML case sensitive? Yes, XML is case sensitive. 5. Explain the difference between XML and HTML. XML describes data while HTML describes how the data should be displayed. Therefore, HTML is about displaying information while XML is about describing information. XML supports user-defined tags while HTML provides pre-defined tags. XML is a case-sensitive language while HTML language is not case-sensitive. In XML, all tags must be closed; while in HTML, it is not necessary to close each tag. 6. What is XML DOM? The DOM stands for Document Object Model, which describes the logical formation of documents and provides the way to access and manipulate a document. It supplies an Application Programming Interface (API) to XML documents. It is built around the object-oriented design; therefore, it is known as DOM. The DOM model considers an XML document as a composition of objects and every object consists of properties and behaviors that can be manipulated by the DOM methods. The DOM allows creating and building XML documents, navigating the structure of documents, and managing the elements and their data. You can use the DOM methods and objects with any language, such as C#, VB, JavaScript, and VBScript. 7. Which namespaces in .NET are used for XML? The System.xml.dll is the real physical file, which contains the XML implementation. Some of the other namespaces that allow .NET to use XML are as follows: System.Xml System.Xml.Schema System.Xml.XPath System.Xml.Xsl 8. Explain different types of XML Application Programming Interface (API). The following are two main types of XML parsers: Tree-based API - Compiles an XML document into a tree structure and loads it into memory. You can traverse and change the tree structure. The DOM is an example of a tree-based API. Event-based API - Provides the report to an application about the parsing events by a set of built-in callback functions. An example of the event-based API is SAX. 9. Explain the XmlReader class. The XmlReader class is used to read XML data in a fast, forward-only, and noncached manner. To work with XmlReader class in .NET, you need to import the following ---------By : Jignesh ([email protected])

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namespace: In C#: using System.Xml; In VB: Imports System.Xml 10. Describe the XmlWriter class. The XmlWriter class is used to write XML to a stream, a file, or a Textwriter object. This class works in a forward-only, non-cached manner. You can configure the XmlWriter object up to a large extent. With this object, you can specify a few things, such as whether to indent content or not, the amount to indent, what quote character to use in attribute values, and whether or not namespaces are supported. 11. What is XPath? XPath stands for XML Path. It is a language used to access different parts of an XML document, such as elements and attributes. 12. What is an XML attribute? An XML attribute contains additional information regarding that particular element. The XML attributes use the name-value pair. For example, the element student has an attribute called id and the value of this attribute is set to s01, as shown in the following code snippet: <Student ID="s01"> ... </Student> 13. The XML elements cannot be empty. Is it true? No, it is not true. 14. Describe the role that XSL can play while dynamically generating HTML pages from a relational database. The SQLXML 3.0 and advanced versions provide the facility of mapping the SQL queries output with XSLT templates. It uses XSLT to present the records that are retrieved from databases on Web pages (HTML pages). An application can use XSLT to modify the output that is retrieved from data sources and display the output by XSL templates. The XSLT displays data without affecting the database query and the code of application. 15. What are the advantages of DOM? The following are the advantages of DOM: DOM stores the entire XML document into memory before processing. Therefore, the XML structure can be easily modified and values can be added, changed, and removed. DOM enables to traverse the XML structure in any direction. It means that you can access any node of the XML structure by traversing through the XML structure. 16. Give an example of a DOM-enabled XML parser. The XML parser is MSXML, which is fully DOM-enabled. 17. What is an XML schema? An XML schema provides the definition of an XML document. This implies that an XML schema defines the following in an XML document: The elements that can appear in an XML document. The attributes that can appear in an XML document. The elements that are child elements. ---------By : Jignesh ([email protected])

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The order of child elements. The number of child elements. Whether an element is empty or it includes some text. The data types for elements and attributes. 18. State the advantages of XML schemas over DTD. Microsoft developed a language known as the XML Schema Definition (XSD) to describe the schema to an XML document. The following are the advantages of XML schemas over DTDs: XSD keeps much better control over types of data than the DTD. DTD does not allow creating customized data types while the XSD provides full support to create customized data types. XSD allows you to specify restrictions on data. It means that you can define the type of data that should be stored in an element, for example numbers or alphabets. The XSD is quite easy to learn and to understand because its syntax is same as that of the XML document. 19. Using XSLT, how would you extract the value of a specific attribute from an element in an XML document? The components necessary for the above mentioned operation are as follows: The template element - Matches the correct XML element. The value-of element - Selects the attribute value. The optional apply-templates element - Allows continuous processing of the document 20. Which classes are supported to make an XML DOM? The following are the different classes in the System.Xml namespace that make up the XML DOM: The XmlNode class The XmlDocument Class The XmlElement Class The XmlAttribute Class The XmlText class The XmlComment class The XmlNodeList Class 21. Which class is used to encode and decode XML names and contains different methods to convert between CLR types and XSD types. The XmlConvert Class. 22. What is the DTD? The DTD is Document Type Definition that describes the formation of the content of an XML document. The DTD manages the data to store in a consistent format. It defines the XML elements and attributes about how they should be present in XML documents and what relation they should have with other elements and attributes. The DTD also allows you to mention whether an XML element is optional or not. If the XML documents are not according to the DTD rules, they are not considered valid. 23. Is it true that the XML's goal is to replace HTML? No, it is not true. Both are necessary in their respective fields. 24. What is XSLT?

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XSLT is Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations that is a part of XML, which is a mechanism to transform an XML document into another XML or HTML document. 25. Describe the rules and regulations that must be followed while creating a well-formed XML document. The following are the rules and regulations that are necessary to follow while creating a well-formed XML document: Every start tag must end with an end tag. A root element should be included for enclosing other child elements. XML tags are case-sensitive; therefore, start and end tags must be of same spelling and the casing should also be the same. XML's empty tags are necessary to close with a forward slash (/). XML's attributes values are necessary to enclose within double quotation marks. XML tags must be properly nested. It means starting tags should be closed in the reverse order in which they present. 26. What are the naming conventions required for XML elements tags? The following are the naming conventions that need to be followed for XML elements tags: Element names should contain only characters, numbers, hyphens, and periods. Element names cannot not begin with a number or punctuation character. Element names must not start with the word xml (or XML, or Xml). Element names cannot consist spaces. Element names can be used any words except xml, XML, or Xml because no words are reserved in XML. 27. The XML preserves white spaces. Is it true? Yes, it is true. 28. Explain the XML elements. The elements are the central units of an XML document that explain and identify data. The elements are represented by the tags. You can also make your own tags, which make XML a user-friendly language. By creating custom meaningful elements, you can improve readability of the document. XML elements can be nested and the nested elements are known as child elements.

Web Services
1. What are Windows services? Windows services, previously known as NT services, are applications that are installed on the system as system services. In other words, Windows services are applications that run in the background with the Windows operating system. The primary use of Windows services is to reduce the consumption of memory required for performing backend operations. Let's take an example to understand this easily. Suppose you want to perform a variety of functions, such as monitor the performance of your computer or application, check the status of an application, and manage various devices, such as printers. ---------By : Jignesh ([email protected])

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In such a case, you can use Windows services to reduce memory consumption. In addition, Windows services can run on your system even if you have not logged on to your computer. In addition, these services do not have any user interface. 2. Can you share a process between Windows services? Yes, you can share a process between Windows services. 3. In .NET, which is the parent class to create all Windows services? The ServiceBase class is the parent class to create all Windows services. 4. Which class in .NET is used to install a Windows service? The ServiceInstaller class, also known as the project installer class, is used to install a Windows service. 5. While installing a Windows service, an EventLogInstaller class is automatically created to install the event log related to the particular service. Is it true? Yes, it is true. 6. Which property of the ServiceBase class can be used to specify whether a service can be paused and resumed? The CanPauseAndContinue property provides such type of service. 7. Describe the services that UDDI provides to Web applications. UDDI provides the following types of services to a Web application: XML Schema for business descriptions - Includes information about the service publisher (contact name, address, and so on) and specifications on the Web service Web registry of Web services - Includes business, service, and binding information for the Web service 8. Write the file extension for a Web service. A Web service file extension is .asm file. For example, service1.asmx is a Web service file. 9. Which method is used to uninstall the Windows services? The Uninstall() method is used to uninstall the Windows services. 10. What is the use of the mustUnderstand attribute in the Header element of a SOAP message? The mustUnderstand attribute indicates that a header entry is either required or optional for the recipient to process further. 11. Explain the WSDL. WSDL is a short form for Web Services Description Language, which is used to describe a Web service in terms of the messages that it creates and accepts. The WSDL document is an XML file that contains the interface schema for the Web service. It identifies the methods that are used during the exchange between a Web service consumer and a Web service provider. The following are the elements contained in the WSDL document: Types - Describe the variations of data types that are used to exchange messages between the user and the provider. Message - Describes the actual message or method call. portType - Describes the set of operations and each related message. binding - Describes the protocol details. service - Used to make groups a set of related ports together. 12. What advantage UDDI has over DISCO? ---------By : Jignesh ([email protected])

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The UDDI directory has an advantage over a DISCO file, as it provides a single location where a client can find the Web services offered by different organizations. 13. How can you ensure that only authorized users access your Web service? You should use the <authorization> element to ensure that only authorized users access your Web service. This element allows or denies access to your Web service according to their role. 14. Describe the EventLog class. The EventLog class is used to access the Windows event logs from Windows services. Using EventLog, you can also customize Windows event logs that record information about important software and hardware events, such as the events of the .NET controls, keyboard, or other hardware devices. The EventLog class allows you to read or write to event logs, delete logs, and create as well as delete event sources. You can use the EventLog class to create event logs while creating an event source. An event source can be used to write to only one event log at a particular time. However, it is possible to associate one event log to multiple sources. 15. How can you prevent your Web services from unauthorized access? The following are the ways to prevent your Web service from unauthorized access: Using encryption and message-based security. Using authentication and access controls for the Web service. 16. Explain the concept of Web services in brief. A Web service may be defined as an independent and self-sustained unit of a software application that is hosted on the Web and implement specific functionalities to execute the business logic. A Web service provides so many functionalities, such as generating pay slips for employees, computing tax, broadcasting weather report, and providing updated news. The Web service allows application to share information or exchange data with other applications across different operating systems and hardware. Therefore, the work of a Web service is to unite software by exchanging data irrespective of their operating systems, supported hardware, and programming language used in their development. The Web services transfer data in the XML format and use Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) to communicate. It is an XML based protocol. The Web services use Web Services Description Language (WSDL) and Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration (UDDI) to describe itself. 17. What advantages have Web services over Component Object Model (COM) and Distributed Component Object Model (DCOM)? The advantages of Web services over COM and DCOM are as follows: Web services are simple to use and can be implemented on varied platforms. Web services are loosely coupled; as a result, their interfaces and methods can be extended. Web services do not carry any state information with them so that multiple requests can be processed simultaneously. 18. Mention the namespace that you must import in code to build a Web service. System.Web.Services is the elementary namespace, which must be imported to develop code of a Web service. 19. What does the portType element of a WSDL document contain? ---------By : Jignesh ([email protected])

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The portType element contains the operations exposed by the Web service, and the messages involved in the communication between the Web service and its consumers. 20. What is DISCO? DISCO is a technology developed by Microsoft to publish and discover Web services. It discovers URLs of all XML Web services located on a Web server and creates a list of these Web services in a file called as a DISCO file. 21. Which two methods are used to discover the URL of Web services? The two methods to discover the URL of Web services are Web service discovery tool (Disco.exe) and UDDI. 22. Which step is necessary to perform before a Web service can be consumed? It is necessary to build a proxy class by using the wsdl.exe utility before a Web service can be consumed. 23. Which property of the WebMethod attribute allows you to maintain the state of objects across sessions in a Web method? The WebMethod attribute's EnableSession property enables you to enable session state for a Web method. 24. Write the names of public properties defined in the WebService class. There are many properties defined in the WebServices class: Application - Obtains the application object for the current HTTP request Context - Obtains the HttpContext object for the current request, which encapsulates all HTTP-specific context used by the HTTP server to process Web requests Server - Obtains the HttpServerUtility object for the current request Session - Obtains the HttpSessionState object for the current request SoapVersion - Obtains the version of the SOAP protocol used to make the SOAP request to a Web service User - Obtains the Server User Object. This property can be used to authenticate whether a user is authorized to execute the request. 25. What do you understand by SOAP encoding? The Serialization of the types, such as integers and strings, inside a SOAP message is called encoding. The SOAP objects use XML elements and attributes to serialized data, for example, encodingStyle is an attribute of the Envelop element, which is used to specify the encoding rules for a SOAP object. 26. What is the use of a .disco file? A client application uses a .disco file to locate or discover the documents that contain the description of a Web service. The .disco file contains links to other resources, which describe essential features, such as capabilities of a Web service. The links contained in a .disco file can refer to other discovery documents or XSD schemas. The description about the services and capabilities of a Web service is written in Web services Description Language (WSDL). A .disco file can also contain the information about other XML Web services that reside on the same or a different Web server. 27. Mention the name of the directory where it is necessary to locate the proxy file to use a Web service. The proxy file must be stored in the /bin directory. This directory is situated under the root directory of the application. ---------By : Jignesh ([email protected])

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28. Does a Web service have state? The Web services do not have any technique to maintain state. However, it can access ASP.NET objects, such as application and session if they extend from the WebService base class. 29. Which namespace must be included in a code that enables a XML Web service to write events in an event log file? The System.Diagnostics is the namespace, which must be included in a code to enable a Web service for writing events in an event log file. 30. Which tool installs the DLL on your local computer and installs the Windows service in a transactional manner? The Installutil.exe tool.

WCF
1. What is the difference between WCF and ASMX Web Services? Simple and basic difference is that ASMX or ASP.NET web service is designed to send and receive messages using SOAP over HTTP only. While WCF can exchange messages using any format (SOAP is default) over any transport protocol (HTTP, TCP/IP, MSMQ, NamedPipes etc). ASMX is simple but limited in many ways as compared to WCF. 1. ASMX web services can be hosted only in IIS while WCF service has all the following hosting options: a. IIS b. WAS (Windows Process Activation Services) c. Console Application d. Windows NT Services e. WCF provided Host 2. ASMX web services support is limited to HTTP while WCF supports HTTP, TCP, MSMQ, NamedPipes. 3. ASMX Security is limited. Normally authentication and authorization is done using IIS and ASP.NET security configuration and transport layer security.For message layer security, WSE can be used. WCF provides a consistent security programming model for any protocol and it supports many of the same capabilities as IIS and WS-* security protocols, additionally, it provides support for claim-based authorization that provides finer-grained control over resources than role-based security.WCF security is consistent regardless of the host that is used to implement WCF service. 4. Another major difference is that ASMX web services uses XmlSerializer for serialization while WCF uses DataContractSerializer which is far better in performance than XmlSerializer. Key Issues with XmlSerializer in serializing .NET types to xml are: a. Only public fields or properties of the .NET types can be translated to Xml. b. Only the classes that implement IEnumerable can be translated. c. Classes that implement IDictionary, such as Hashtable cannot be serialized.

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2. What are WCF Service Endpoints? Explain. For Windows Communication Foundation services to be consumed, its necessary that it must be exposed; Clients need information about service to communicate with it. This is where service endpoints play their role. A WCF service endpoint has three basic elements i.e. Address, Binding and Contract. Address: It defines "WHERE". Address is the URL that identifies the location of the service. Binding: It defines "HOW". Binding defines how the service can be accessed. Contract: It defines "WHAT". Contract identifies what is exposed by the service. 3. What are the possible ways of hosting a WCF service? Explain. For a Windows Communication Foundation service to host, we need at least a managed process, a ServiceHost instance and an Endpoint configured. Possible approaches for hosting a service are: 1. Hosting in a Managed Application/ Self Hosting a. Console Application b. Windows Application c. Windows Service 2. Hosting on Web Server a. IIS 6.0 (ASP.NET Application supports only HTTP) b. Windows Process Activation Service (WAS) i.e. IIS 7.0 supports HTTP, TCP, NamedPipes, MSMQ. 4. How we can achieve Operation Overloading while exposing WCF Services? By default, WSDL doesnt support operation overloading. Overloading behavior can be achieved by using "Name" property of OperationContract attribute. [ServiceContract] interface IMyCalculator { [OperationContract(Name = "SumInt")] int Sum(int arg1,int arg2); [OperationContract(Name = "SumDouble")] double Sum(double arg1,double arg2);

} When the proxy will be generated for these operations, it will have 2 methods with different names i.e. SumInt and SumDouble. 5. What Message Exchange Patterns (MEPs) supported by WCF? Explain each of them briefly. 1. Request/Response 2. One Way 3. Duplex

Request/Response

Its the default pattern. In this pattern, a response message will always be generated to consumer when the operation is called, even with the void return type. In this scenario, response will have empty SOAP body. One Way

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In some cases, we are interested to send a message to service in order to execute certain business functionality but not interested in receiving anything back. OneWay MEP will work in such scenarios. If we want queued message delivery, OneWay is the only available option. Duplex The Duplex MEP is basically a two-way message channel. In some cases, we want to send a message to service to initiate some longer-running processing and require a notification back from service in order to confirm that the requested process has been completed. 6. What is DataContractSerializer and How its different from XmlSerializer? Serialization is the process of converting an object instance to a portable and transferable format. So, whenever we are talking about web services, serialization is very important. Windows Communication Foundation has DataContractSerializer that is new in .NET 3.0 and uses opt-in approach as compared to XmlSerializer that uses opt-out. Optin means specify whatever we want to serialize while Opt-out means you dont have to specify each and every property to serialize, specify only those you dont want to serialize. DataContractSerializer is about 10% faster than XmlSerializer but it has almost no control over how the object will be serialized. If we wanted to have more control over how object should be serialized that XmlSerializer is a better choice. 7. How we can use MessageContract partially with DataContract for a service operation in WCF? MessageContract must be used all or none. If we are using MessageContract into an operation signature, then we must use MessageContract as the only parameter type and as the return type of the operation. 8. Which standard binding could be used for a service that was designed to replace an existing ASMX web service? The basicHttpBinding standard binding is designed to expose a service as if it is an ASMX/ASP.NET web service. This will enable us to support existing clients as applications are upgrade to WCF. 9. Please explain briefly different Instance Modes in WCF? WCF will bind an incoming message request to a particular service instance, so the available modes are: Per Call: instance created for each call, most efficient in term of memory but need to maintain session. Per Session: Instance created for a complete session of a user. Session is maintained. Single: Only one instance created for all clients/users and shared among all.Least efficient in terms of memory. 10. Please explain different modes of security in WCF? Or Explain the difference between Transport and Message Level Security. In Windows Communication Foundation, we can configure to use security at different levels a. Transport Level security means providing security at the transport layer itself. When dealing with security at Transport level, we are concerned about integrity,

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privacy and authentication of message as it travels along the physical wire. It depends on the binding being used that how WCF makes it secure because most of the bindings have built-in security. Collapse | Copy Code <netTcpBinding> <binding name="netTcpTransportBinding"> <security mode="Transport"> <Transport clientCredentialType="Windows" /> </security> </binding> </netTcpBinding> b. Message Level Security For Tranport level security, we actually ensure the transport that is being used should be secured but in message level security, we actually secure the message. We encrypt the message before transporting it. Collapse | Copy Code <wsHttpBinding> <binding name="wsHttpMessageBinding"> <security mode="Message"> <Message clientCredentialType="UserName" /> </security> </binding> </wsHttpBinding> It totally depends upon the requirements but we can use a mixed security mode also as follows: Collapse | Copy Code <basicHttpBinding> <binding name="basicHttp"> <security mode="TransportWithMessageCredential"> <Transport /> <Message clientCredentialType="UserName" /> </security> </binding> </basicHttpBinding>

11. What is the use of ServiceBehavior attribute in WCF ? ServiceBehaviour attribute is used to specify the InstanceContextMode for the WCF Service class (This can be used to maintained a state of the service or a client too) There are three instance Context Mode in the WFC PerSession : This is used to create a new instance for a service and the same instance is used for all method for a particular client. (eg: State can be maintained per session by declaring a variable)

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PerCall : This is used to create a new instance for every call from the client whether same client or different. (eg: No state can be maintained as every time a new instance of the service is created) Single : This is used to create only one instance of the service and the same instance is used for all the client request. (eg: Global state can be maintained but this will be applicable for all clients) 12. What is a SOA Service? SOA is Service Oriented Architecture. SOA service is the encapsulation of a high level business concept. A SOA service is composed of three parts. 1. A service class implementing the service to be provided. 2. An environment to host the service. 3. One or more endpoints to which clients will connect.

Cloud computing 1. What is cloud computing? The cloud computing is the computing which is completely based on the Internet. It can also be defined as the next stage in the evolution of the Internet. The cloud computing uses the cloud (Internet) that provides the way to deliver the services whenever and wherever the user of the cloud needs. Companies use the cloud computing to fulfill the needs of their customers, partners, and providers. The cloud computing includes vendors, partners, and business leaders as the three major contributors. The vendors are the one who provide applications and their related technology, infrastructure, hardware, and integration. The partners are those who offer cloud services demand and provide support service to the customers. The business leaders are the ones who use or evaluate the cloud service provided by the partners. The cloud computing enables the companies to treat their resources as a pool and not as independent resources. 2. What is a cloud? A cloud is a combination of hardware, networks, storage, services, and interfaces that helps in delivering computing as a service. It has broadly three users which are end user, business management user, and cloud service provider. The end user is the one who uses the services provided by the cloud. The business management user in the cloud takes the responsibility of the data and the services provided by the cloud. The cloud service provider is the one who takes care or is responsible for the maintenance of the IT assets of the cloud. The cloud acts as a common center for its users to fulfill their computing needs. 3. What are the basic characteristics of cloud computing? The four basic characteristics of cloud computing are given as follows: Elasticity and scalability. Self-service provisioning and automatic de-provisioning. Standardized interfaces. Billing self-service based usage model. 4. What is a Cloud Service? ---------By : Jignesh ([email protected])

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A cloud service is a service that is used to build cloud applications. This service provides the facility of using the cloud application without installing it on the computer. It reduces the maintenance and support of the application as compared to those applications that are not developed using the cloud service. The different kinds of users can use the application from the cloud service, which may be public or private application. 5. What are main features of cloud services? Some important features of the cloud service are given as follows: Accessing and managing the commercial software. Centralizing the activities of management of software in the Web environment. Developing applications that are capable of managing several clients. Centralizing the updating feature of software that eliminates the need of downloading the upgrades. 6. How many types of deployment models are used in cloud? There are 4 types of deployment models used in cloud: 1. Public cloud 2. Private cloud 3. Community cloud 4. Hybrid cloud 7. What is the AppFabric component? The AppFabric component is used to create access control and distribute messages across clouds and enterprises. It has a service-oriented architecture, and can be considered as the backbone of the Windows Azure platform. It provides connectivity and messaging among distributed applications. It also has the capabilities of integrating the applications and the business processes between cloud services and also between cloud services and global applications. The AppFabric component provides a development environment that is integrated with Visual Studio 2010.The Windows Communication Foundation (WCF) services built in VS 2010 can be published on cloud from the Visual Studio design environment. The two important services of AppFabric are as follows: Access Control Service (ACS) - Allows rules-driven and claims-based access control for distributed applications. These claims-based rules and authorization roles can be defined in the cloud for accessing on-premise and cloud services. The claim can be a user or application attribute, which the service application expects, such as e-mail address, phone number, password, and role, for appropriate access control. When any application wants to use the Web service, it sends the required claims to ACS for requesting a token. ACS converts the input claims into output claims by following the rules of mapping. These rules are created during the configuration of ACS. The ACS issues a token containing the output claims for the consumer application. This application uses this token in the request header and sends to the Web service. This service validates the claims in the token and gives suitable access to the user. Service bus - Provides messaging between cross-enterprise and cross-cloud scenarios. It provides publish/subscribe, point-to-point, and queues message patterns for exchange of messages across distributed applications in the ---------By : Jignesh ([email protected])

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cloud. It integrates with the Access Control service to establish secure relay and communication. 8. Why does an organization need to manage the workloads? The workload can be defined as an independent service or a set of code that can be executed. It can be everything from a data-intensive workload to storage or a transaction processing workload and does not rely upon the outside elements. The workload can be considered as a small or complete application. The organization manages workloads because of the following reasons: To know how their applications are running. To know what functions they are performing. To know the charges of the individual department according to the use of the service. 9. Which services are provided by Window Azure operating system? Windows Azure provides three core services which are given as follows: Compute Storage Management 10. Explain hybrid and community cloud. The hybrid cloud consists of multiple service providers. This model integrates various cloud services for Hybrid Web hosting. It is basically a combination of private and public cloud features. It is used by the company when a company has requirements for both the private and public clouds. Consider an example when an organization wants to implement the SaaS (Software as a Service) application throughout the company. The implementation requires security that can be provided by the private cloud used inside the firewall. The additional security can be provided by the VPN on requirement. Now, the organization has both the private and public cloud features. The community cloud provides a number of benefits, such as privacy and security. This model, which is quite expensive, is used when the organizations having common goals and requirements are ready to share the benefits of the cloud service. 11. Explain public and private cloud. The public cloud (or external cloud) is freely available for access. You can use a public cloud to collect data of the purchasing of items from a Web site on the Internet. You can also use public cloud for the reasons, which are given as follows: Helps when an application is to be used by a large number of people, such as an e-mail application, on the Internet. Helps when you want to test the application and also needs to develop the application code. Helps when you want to implement the security for the application. Helps when you want to increase the computing capacity. Helps when you are working on the projects in collaboration. Helps when you are developing the project on an ad-hoc basis by using PaaS. The private cloud allows the usage of services by a single client on a private network. The benefits of this model are data security, corporate governance, and reliability concerns. The private cloud is used by the organization when it has a huge, well-run data center having a lot of spare capacity. It is also used when an ---------By : Jignesh ([email protected])

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organization is providing IT services to its clients and the data of organization is highly important. It is best suited when the requirements are critical. The characteristics of this model are given as follows: Provides capability to internal users and allows provision of services. Automates the tasks of management and provides the billing of consumption of a particular service. Offers a well-managed environment. Enables the optimization of computational resources, such as servers. Manages the workload of the hardware. Offers self-service based provisioning of hardware resources and software. 12. Give a brief introduction of Windows Azure operating system. The Windows Azure operating system is used for running cloud services on the Windows Azure platform, as it includes necessary features for hosting your services in the cloud. It also provides runtime environment that consists of Web server, computational services, basic storage, queues, management services, and load balancers. The operating system provides development. Fabric for development and testing of services before their deployment on the Windows Azure in the cloud. 13. What are the advantages of cloud services? Some of the advantages of cloud service are given as follows: Helps in the utilization of investment in the corporate sector; and therefore, is cost saving. Helps in the developing scalable and robust applications. Previously, the scaling took months, but now, scaling takes less time. Helps in saving time in terms of deployment and maintenance.

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