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4.3-Euler's Equation PDF

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904 views6 pages

4.3-Euler's Equation PDF

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Ronald Cario Seguin
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Euler's Equation

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4.3 Euler's Equation


In Chapter 3 the hydrostatic equations were derived by equating the sum of the forces on a fluid element equal to zero. The same ideas are applied in this section to a moving fluid by equating the sum of the forces acting on a fluid element to the element's acceleration, according to Newton's second law. The resulting equation is Euler's equation, which can be used to predict pressure variation in moving fluids. Consider the cylindrical element in Fig. 4.11a oriented in an arbitrary direction with cross-sectional area A in a flowing fluid. The element is oriented at an angle with respect to the horizontal plane (the x-y plane) as shown in Fig. 4.11b. The element has been isolated from the flow field and can be treated as a free body where the presence of the surrounding fluid is replaced by pressure forces acting on the element. Assume that the viscous forces are zero.

Figure 4.11 Free-body diagram for fluid element accelerating the -direction. (a) Fluid element. (b) Orientation of element in coordinate system. Here the element is being accelerated in the -direction. Note that the coordinate axis z is vertically upward and that the pressure varies along the length of the element. Applying Newton's second law in the -direction results in (4.6) The mass of the fluid element is The net force due to pressure in the -direction is

Any pressure forces acting on the side of the cylindrical element will not contribute to a force in the -direction. The force due to gravity is the component of weight in the -direction where the minus sign occurs because the component of weight is in the negative -direction. From the diagram in Fig. 4.11b showing the relationship for angle with respect to , and z, one notes that sin = z/, so the force due to gravity can be expressed as

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Euler's Equation

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The weight of the element is W = A. Substituting the mass of the element and the forces on the element into Eq. (4.6) yields

Dividing through by A results in

Taking the limit as approaches zero (element shrinks to a point) leads to the differential equation for acceleration in the -direction, (4.7) For an incompressible flow, is constant and Eq. (4.7) reduces to (4.8)

Equation (4.8) is Euler's equation for motion of a fluid. It shows that the acceleration is equal to the change in piezometric pressure with distance, and the minus sign means that the acceleration is in the direction of decreasing piezometric pressure. In a static body of fluid, Euler's equation reduces to the hydrostatic differential equation, Eq. (3.5). In a static fluid, there are no viscous stresses, which is a condition required in the derivation of Euler's equation. Also there is no motion, so the acceleration is zero in all directions. Thus, Euler's equation reduces to /(p + z) = 0, which yields Eq. (3.4). Euler's equation can be applied to find the pressure distribution across streamlines in rectilinear flow. Consider the flow with parallel streamlines adjacent a wall shown in Fig. 4.12. In the direction normal to the wall, the n direction, the acceleration is zero. Applying Euler's equation in the n direction gives /n(p + z) = 0, so the piezometric pressure is constant in the normal direction.*

Figure 4.12

ormal direction to parallel stream surfaces.

The application of Euler's equation to find the pressure required to accelerate a column of liquid is illustrated in Example 4.2.

EXAMPLE 4.2 APPLICATIO OF EULER'S EQUATIO TO ACCELERATIO OF A FLUID

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Euler's Equation

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A column water in a vertical tube is being accelerated by a piston in the vertical direction at 100 m/s2. The depth of the water column is 10 cm. Find the gage pressure on the piston. The water density is 103 kg/m3.

Problem Definition
Situation: A column of water is being accelerated by a piston. Find: The gage pressure on the piston. Sketch:

Assumptions: 1. Acceleration is constant. 2. Viscous effects are unimportant. 3. Water is incompressible. Properties: = 103 kg/m3

Plan
1. Apply Euler's equation, Eq. (4.8), in the z-direction. 2. Integrate equation and apply limits at sections 1 and 2. 3. Set pressure equal to zero (gage pressure) at cross-section 2 (atmosphere). 4. Calculate the pressure on piston (cross-section 1).

Solution
1. Because the acceleration is constant there is no dependence on time so the partial derivative in Euler's equation can be replaced by an ordinary derivative. Euler's equation in z-direction:

2. Integration between sections 1 and 2:

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Euler's Equation

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3. Substitution of limits: 4. Evaluation of pressure:

Example 4.3 shows how to apply Euler's equation for predicting pressures in a decelerating tank of liquid.

EXAMPLE 4.3 PRESSURE I OF LIQUID

A DECELERATI G TA K

The tank on a trailer truck is filled completely with gasoline, which has a specific weight of 42 lbf/ft3 (6.60 kN/m3). The truck is decelerating at a rate of 10 ft/s2 (3.05 m/s2). (a) If the tank on the trailer is 20 ft (6.1 m) long and if the pressure at the top rear end of the tank is atmospheric, what is the pressure at the top front? (b) If the tank is 6 ft (1.83 m) high, what is the maximum pressure in the tank? Sketch:

Problem Definition
Situation: Decelerating tank of gasoline with pressure equal to zero gage at top rear end. Find: 1. Pressure (psfg and kPa, gage) at top front of tank. 2. Maximum pressure (psfg and kPa, gage) in tank. Assumptions: 1. Deceleration is constant. 2. Gasoline is incompressible.

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Euler's Equation

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Properties: = 42 lbf/ft3 (6.60 kN/m3)

Plan
1. Apply Euler's equation, Eq. (4.8), along top of tank. Elevation, z, is constant. 2. Evaluate pressure at top front. 3. Maximum pressure will be at front bottom. Apply Euler's equation from top to bottom at front of tank. 4. Using result from step 2, evaluate pressure at front bottom.

Solution
1. Euler's equation along the top of the tank

Integration from back 1 to front 2

2. Evaluation of p2 with p1 = 0

In SI units

3. Euler's equation in vertical direction

4. For vertical direction, az = 0. Integration from top of tank 2 to bottom 3:

In SI units

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Euler's Equation

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Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

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