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Fundamental of Non Directional Overcurrent PDF

This document discusses fundamentals of non-directional overcurrent and earth fault protection. It covers overcurrent protection principles including coordination, fuses, tripping methods, definite time and inverse time characteristics. It also discusses current setting, time multiplier setting, grading margins and coordination procedures. Specific examples are provided for low voltage protection coordination and transformer protection against phase-phase faults.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
1K views56 pages

Fundamental of Non Directional Overcurrent PDF

This document discusses fundamentals of non-directional overcurrent and earth fault protection. It covers overcurrent protection principles including coordination, fuses, tripping methods, definite time and inverse time characteristics. It also discusses current setting, time multiplier setting, grading margins and coordination procedures. Specific examples are provided for low voltage protection coordination and transformer protection against phase-phase faults.
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Fundamentals Of Non-Directional Overcurrent & Earth Fault Protection

Overcurrent Protection: Purpose of Protection

X Detect abnormal conditions X Isolate faulty part of the system X Speed Fast operation to minimise damage and danger X Discrimination Isolate only the faulty section X Dependability / reliability X Security / stability X Cost of protection / against cost of potential hazards

Overcurrent Protection Co-ordination

F1

F2

F3

X Co-ordinate protection so that relay nearest to fault operates first X Minimise system disruption due to the fault

Fuses

Overcurrent Protection Fuses


X Simple X Can provide very fast fault clearance <10ms for large current X Limit fault energy
Arcing Time Pre Arc Time Prospective Fault Current

Total Operating Time

Overcurrent Protection Fuses - disadvantages


X Problematic co-ordination
Fuse A Fuse B

IFA approx 2 x IFB X Limited sensitivity to earth faults X Single phasing X Fixed characteristic X Need replacing following fault clearance

Tripping Methods

Overcurrent Protection Direct Acting AC Trip

51

Trip Coil IF

X AC series trip common for electromechanical O/C relays

Overcurrent Protection Direct Acting AC Trip

IF '
+

51
-

Sensitive Trip Coil

IF

X Capacitor discharge trip used with static relays where no secure DC supply is available

Overcurrent Protection DC Shunt Trip


IF IF '

51

DC BATTERY

SHUNT TRIP COIL

X Requires secure DC auxiliary No trip if DC fails

Overcurrent Protection

Overcurrent Protection Principles

X Operating Speed Instantaneous Time delayed X Discrimination Current setting Time setting Current and time X Cost Generally cheapest form of protection relay

Overcurrent Protection Instantaneous Relays

50

IF2

50

IF1

X Current settings chosen so that relay closest to fault operates X Problem Relies on there being a difference in fault level between the two relay locations Cannot discriminate if IF1 = IF2

Overcurrent Protection Definite (Independent) Time Relays


TIME

TOP

IS (Relay Current Setting)

Applied Current

Overcurrent Protection Definite (Independent) Time Relays

51
0.9 sec

51
0.5 sec

X Operating time is independent of current X Relay closest to fault has shortest operating time X Problem Longest operating time is at the source where fault level is highest

Overcurrent Protection IDMT


TIME

IS (Relay Current Setting)

Applied Current

X Inverse Definite Minimum Time characteristic

Overcurrent Protection Disc Type O/C Relays

X Current setting via plug bridge X Time multiplier setting via disc movement X Single characteristic X Consider 2 ph & EF or 3 ph plus additional EF relay

Overcurrent Protection Static Relay

X Electronic, multi characteristic X Fine settings, wide range X Integral instantaneous elements

Overcurrent Protection Numerical Relay

I>1 I>2
Time

I>3 I>4
Current

X Multiple characteristics and stages X Current settings in primary or secondary values X Additional protection elements

Co-ordination

Overcurrent Protection Co-ordination Principle

R1

R2

IF1
T

IS2 IS1

Maximum Fault Level

X Relay closest to fault must operate first X Other relays must have adequate additional operating time to prevent them operating X Current setting chosen to allow FLC X Consider worst case conditions, operating modes and current flows

Overcurrent Protection Co-ordination Example


E D C B A

10

Operating time (s)

E
1

D C B

0.1

0.01

Current (A)

FLB

FLC

FLD

Overcurrent Protection IEC Characteristics


1000

X SI

0.14 (I0.02 -1) X VI t = 13.5 (I2 -1) X EI t = 80 (I2 -1) X LTI t = 120 (I - 1)

t =

100 Operating Time (s)

10
LTI SI

1
VI EI

0.1 1

10

100

Current (Multiples of Is)

Overcurrent Protection Operating Time Setting Terms Used


X Relay operating times can be calculated using relay characteristic charts X Published characteristcs are drawn against a multiple of current setting or Plug Setting Multiplier X Therefore characteristics can be used for any application regardless of actual relay current setting X e.g at 10x setting (or PSM of 10) SI curve op time is 3s
1000

Operating Time (s)

100

10

0.1 1

100 10 Current (Multiples of Is)

Overcurrent Protection Current Setting

X Set just above full load current allow 10% tolerance X Allow relay to reset if fault is cleared by downstream device consider pickup/drop off ratio (reset ratio) relay must fully reset with full load current flowing zPU/DO for static/numerical = 95% zPU/DO for EM relay = 90% X e.g for numerical relay, Is = 1.1 x IFL/0.95

Overcurrent Protection Current Setting


X Current grading ensure that if upstream relay has started downstream relay has also started

R1

R2

IF1

Set upstream device current setting greater than downstream relay e.g. IsR1 = 1.1 x IsR2

Overcurrent Protection Grading Margin


X Operating time difference between two devices to ensure that downstream device will clear fault before upstream device trips X Must include breaker opening time allowance for errors relay overshoot time safety margin
GRADING MARGIN

Overcurrent Protection Grading Margin between relays

R1

R2

X Traditional breaker op time relay overshoot allow. For errors safety margin Total X Calculate using formula

0.1 0.05 0.15 0.1 0.4s

Overcurrent Protection Grading Margin between relays


X Formula t = (2Er + Ect) t/100 + tcb + to + ts z Er = relay timing error z Ect = CT measurement error z t = op time of downstream relay z tcb = CB interupting time z to = relay overshoot time z ts = safety margin X Op time of Downstream Relay t = 0.5s 0.375s margin for EM relay, oil CB 0.24s margin for static relay, vacuum CB

Overcurrent Protection Grading Margin relay with fuse

X Grading Margin = 0.4Tf + 0.15s over whole characteristic X Assume fuse minimum operating time = 0.01s X Use EI or VI curve to grade with fuse X Current setting of relay should be 3-4 x rating of fuse to ensure co-ordination

Overcurrent Protection Grading Margin relay with upstream fuse

Tf Tr
I FMAX

X 1.175Tr

0.1 +
CB

0.1
Safety margin

0.6Tf
Allowance for fuse error (fast)

Allowance for CT and relay error

or X Tf = 2Tr + 0.33s

Overcurrent Protection Time Multiplier Setting

100

X Used to adjust the operating time of an inverse characteristic X Not a time setting but a multiplier X Calculate TMS to give desired operating time in accordance with the grading margin

Operating Time (s)

10

0.1 1 100 10 Current (Multiples of Is)

Overcurrent Protection Time Multiplier Setting - Calculation

X Calculate relay operating time required, Treq consider grading margin fault level X Calculate op time of inverse characteristic with TMS = 1, T1 X TMS = Treq /T1

Overcurrent Protection Co-ordination - Procedure

X Calculate required operating current X Calculate required grading margin X Calculate required operating time X Select characteristic X Calculate required TMS X Draw characteristic, check grading over whole curve Grading curves should be drawn to a common voltage base to aid comparison

Overcurrent Protection Co-ordination Example

200/5

100/5 I FMAX = 1400 Amp

B
Is = 5 Amp

A
Is = 5 Amp; TMS = 0.05, SI

X Grade relay B with relay A X Co-ordinate at max fault level seen by both relays = 1400A X Assume grading margin of 0.4s

Overcurrent Protection Co-ordination Example

200/5

100/5 I FMAX = 1400 Amp

B
Is = 5 Amp

A
Is = 5 Amp; TMS = 0.05, SI

X Relay B is set to 200A primary, 5A secondary X Relay A set to 100A If (1400A) = PSM of 14 relay A OP time = t = 0.14 x TMS = 0.14 x 0.05 = 0.13 (I0.02 -1) (140.02 -1) X Relay B Op time = 0.13 + grading margin = 0.13 + 0.4 = 0.53s X Relay A uses SI curve so relay B should also use SI curve

Overcurrent Protection Co-ordination Example


200/5 100/5 I FMAX = 1400 Amp

B Is = 5 Amp

Is = 5 Amp; TMS = 0.05, SI

X Relay B Op time = 0.13 + grading margin = 0.13 + 0.4 = 0.53s X Relay A uses SI curve so relay B should also use SI curve X Relay B set to 200A If (1400A) = PSM of 7 relay B OP time TMS = 1 = 0.14 x TMS = 0.14 = 3.52s (I0.02 -1) (70.02 -1) X Required TMS = Required Op time = 0.53 = 0.15 Op time TMS=1 3.52 X Set relay B to 200A, TMS = 0.15, SI

Overcurrent Protection LV Protection Co-ordination


11kV MCGG
4

CB 2 x 1.5MVA 11kV/433V 5.1%

350MVA

CTZ61

ACB ACB

CTZ61
2 1

(Open)

MCCB 27MVA

1 2 3 4 F

Relay 1 Relay 2 Relay 3 Relay 4 Fuse

Fuse Load

K 20MVA

Overcurrent Protection LV Protection Co-ordination


1000S 100S 10S 1.0S 0.1S 0.01S 0. 1kA 10kA 1000kA
Very inverse

TX damage

Overcurrent Protection LV Protection Co-ordination


11kV KCGG 142
4

CB 2 x 1.5MVA 11kV/433V 5.1%

350MVA

KCEG 142

ACB
2

(Open)

ACB
1 1 2 3 4 F

MCCB 27MVA

Relay 1 Relay 2 Relay 3 Relay 4 Fuse

Fuse Load

K 20MVA

Overcurrent Protection LV Protection Co-ordination


1000S
Long time inverse

100S 10S 1.0S 0.1S 0.01S 0. 1kA

TX damage

10kA

1000kA

Overcurrent Protection Blocked OC Schemes


Graded protection R3 R2 IF2 Block t > I > Start Blocked protection

R1

IF1
M

(Transient backfeed ?)

Delta/Star Transformers

Overcurrent Protection Transformer Protection - 2-1-1 Fault Current


Turns Ratio = 3 :1

X A phase-phase fault on one side of transformer produces 2-1-1 distribution on other side X Use an overcurrent element in each phase (cover the 2x phase) X 2 & EF relays can be used provided fault current > 4x setting

Iline Idelta 0.866 If3

Overcurrent Protection Transformer Protection - 2-1-1 Fault Current

Turns Ratio = 3 :1

X Istar = E-/2Xt = 3 E-n/2Xt X Istar = 0.866 E-n/Xt X Istar = 0.866 If3


Iline Idelta 0.866 If3

X Idelta = Istar/3 = If3 /2 X Iline = If3

Overcurrent Protection Transformer Protection - 2-1-1 Fault Current

51 HV

51 LV

X Grade HV relay with respect to 21-1 for - fault X Not only at max fault level 86.6%If3 If3

Use of High Sets

Overcurrent Protection Instantaneous Protection


X Fast clearance of faults ensure good operation factor, If >> Is (5 x ?) X Current setting must be co-ordinated to prevent overtripping X Used to provide fast tripping on HV side of transformers X Used on feeders with Auto Reclose, prevents transient faults becoming permanent AR ensures healthy feeders are re-energised X Consider operation due to DC offset - transient overreach

Overcurrent Protection Instantaneous OC on Transformer Feeders

HV2

HV1

LV

HV2 TIME HV1 LV

IF(LV)

IF(HV)

CURRENT

X Set HV inst 130% IfLV X Stable for inrush X No operation for LV fault X Fast operation for HV fault X Reduces op times required of upstream relays

1.3IF(LV)

Earthfault Protection

Overcurrent Protection Earth Fault Protection

X Earth fault current may be limited X Sensitivity and speed requirements may not be met by overcurrent relays Use dedicated EF protection relays X Connect to measure residual (zero sequence) current Can be set to values less than full load current X Co-ordinate as for OC elements May not be possible to provide co-ordination with fuses

Overcurrent Protection Earth Fault Relay Connection - 3 Wire System

E/F

OC

OC

OC

E/F

OC

OC

X Combined with OC relays

X Economise using 2x OC relays

Overcurrent Protection Earth Fault Relay Connection - 4 Wire System

E/F

OC

OC

OC

E/F

OC

OC

OC

X EF relay setting must be greater than normal neutral current

X Independent of neutral current but must use 3 OC relays for phase to neutral faults

Overcurrent Protection Earth Fault Relays Current Setting

X Solid earth 30% Ifull load adequate

X Resistance earth setting w.r.t earth fault level special considerations for impedance earthing - directional?

Overcurrent Protection Sensitive Earth Fault Relays


A B C

X Settings down to 0.2% possible E/F X Isolated/high impedance earth networks X For low settings cannot use residual connection, use dedicated CT X Advisable to use core balance CT X CT ratio related to earth fault current not line current X Relays tuned to system frequency to reject 3rd harmonic

Overcurrent Protection Core Balance CT Connections

NO OPERATION

OPERATION

X Need to take care with core balance CT and armoured cables X Sheath acts as earth return path X Must account for earth current path in connections - insulate cable gland

CABLE GLAND CABLE BOX

E/F

CABLE GLAND/SHEATH EARTH CONNECTION

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