Understanding Vector Group of Transformer Part 1 PDF
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Understanding Vector Group of Transformer (part 1)
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Und e rs tand ing Ve c to r G ro up o f Trans fo rme r
Introduction
T hree phase transf ormer consists of three sets of primary windings, one f or each phase, and three sets of secondary windings wound on the same iron core. Separate single-phase transf ormers can be used and externally interconnected to yield the same results as a 3-phase unit. T he primary windings are connected in one of several ways. T he two most common conf igurations are the delta, in which the polarity end of one winding is connected to the non-polarity end of the next, and the star, in which all three non-polarities (or polarity) ends are connected together. T he secondary windings are connected similarly. T his means that a 3-phase transf ormer can have its primary and secondary windings connected the same (delta-delta or star-star), or dif f erently (delta-star or star-delta). Its important to remember that the secondary voltage wavef orms are in phase with the primary wavef orms when the primary and secondary windings are connected the same way. T his condition is called no phase shift.
But when the primary and secondary windings are connected dif f erently, the secondary voltage wavef orms will dif f er f rom the corresponding primary voltage wavef orms by 30 electrical degrees. T his is called a 30 degree phase shif t. When two transf ormers are connected in parallel, their phase shif ts must be identical; if not, a short circuit will occur when the transf ormers are energized.
Basic Idea of Winding
An ac voltage applied to a coil will induce a voltage in a second coil where the two are linked by a magnetic path. T he phase relationship of the two voltages depends upon which ways round the coils are connected. T he voltages will either be in-phase or displaced by 180 degree. When 3 coils are used in a 3 phase transf ormer winding a number of options exist. T he coil voltages can be in phase or displaced as above with the coils connected in star or delta and, in the case of a star winding, have the star point (neutral) brought out to an external terminal or not.
Six Ways t o wire St ar Winding:
Six Ways t o wire Delt a Winding:
Polarity
An AC voltage applied to a coil will induce a voltage in a second coil where the two are linked by a magnetic path. T he phase relationship of the two voltages depends upon which way round the coils are connected. T he voltages will either be inphase or displaced by 180 deg. When 3 coils are used in a 3 phase transf ormer winding a number of options exist. T he coil voltages can be in phase or displaced as above with the coils connected in star or delta and, in the case of a star winding, have the star point (neutral) brought out to an external terminal or not. When Pair of Coil of Transf ormer have same direction than voltage induced in both coil are in same direction f rom one end to other end. When two coil have opposite winding direction than Voltage induced in both coil are in opposite direction.
Winding connect ion designat ions
First Symbol: f or High Voltage : Always capital letters. D=Delta, S=Star, Z =Interconnected star, N=Neutral
Six Ways to wire Star Wind ing
N=Neutral Second Symbol: f or Low voltage : Always Small letters. d=Delta, s=Star, z=Interconnected star, n=Neutral. T hird Symbol: Phase displacement expressed as the clock hour number (1,6,11)
Example Dyn11
Transf ormer has a delta connected primary winding (D) a star connected secondary (y) with the star point brought out (n ) and a phase shif t of 30 deg leading (11). T he point of conf usion is occurring in notation in a step-up transf ormer. As the IEC60076-1 standard has stated, the notation is HV-LV in sequence. For example, a step-up transf ormer with a delta-connected primary, and starconnected secondary, is not written as dY11, but Yd11. T he 11 indicates the LV winding leads the HV by 30 degrees. Transf ormers built to ANSI standards usually do not have the vector group shown on their nameplate and instead a vector diagram is given to show the relationship between the primary and other windings.
Six Ways to wire De lta Wind ing
Vector Group of Transf ormer
T he three phase transf ormer windings can be connected several ways. Based on the windings connection, the vector group of the transf ormer is determined. T he transf ormer vector group is indicated on the Name Plate of transf ormer by the manuf acturer. T he vector group indicates the phase dif f erence between the primary and secondary sides, introduced due to that particular conf iguration of transf ormer windings connection. T he Determination of vector group of transf ormers is very important bef ore connecting two or more transf ormers in parallel. If two transf ormers of dif f erent vector groups are connected in parallel then phase dif f erence exist between the secondary of the transf ormers and large circulating current f lows between the two transf ormers which is very detrimental.
Ad d itive and s ub s trac tive p o larity o f trans fo rme r
Phase Displacement between HV and LV Windings
T he vector f or the high voltage winding is taken as the ref erence vector. Displacement of the vectors of other windings f rom the ref erence vector, with anticlockwise rotation, is represented by the use of clock hour f igure. IS: 2026 (Part 1V)-1977 gives 26 sets of connections star-star, star-delta, and star zigzag, delta-delta, delta star, delta-zigzag, zigzag star, zigzag-delta. Displacement of the low voltage winding vector varies f rom zero to -330 in steps of -30, depending on the method of connections. Hardly any power system adopts such a large variety of connections. Some of the commonly used connections with phase displacement of 0, -300, -180 and -330 (clock-hour setting 0, 1, 6 and 11). Symbol f or the high voltage winding comes f irst, f ollowed by the symbols of windings in diminishing sequence of voltage. For example a 220/66/11 kV Transf ormer connected star, star and delta and vectors of 66 and 11 kV windings having phase displacement of 0 and -330 with the ref erence (220 kV) vector will be represented As Yy0 Yd11. T he digits (0, 1, 11 etc) relate to the phase displacement between the HV and LV windings using a clock f ace notation. T he phasor representing the HV winding is taken as ref erence and set at 12 oclock. Phase rotation is always anti-clockwise. (International adopted).
Use the hour indicator as the indicating phase displacement angle. Because there are 12 hours on a clock, and a circle consists out of 360, each hour represents 30.T hus 1 = 30, 2 = 60, 3 = 90, 6 = 180 and 12 = 0 or 360. T he minute hand is set on 12 oclock and replaces the line to neutral voltage (sometimes imaginary) of the HV winding. T his position is always the ref erence point.
Example
Digit 0 =0 that the LV phasor is in phase with the HV phasor Digit 1 =30 lagging (LV lags HV with 30) because rotation is anti-clockwise. Digit 11 = 330 lagging or 30 leading (LV leads HV with 30) Digit 5 = 150 lagging (LV lags HV with 150) Digit 6 = 180 lagging (LV lags HV with 180) When transf ormers are operated in parallel it is important that any phase shif t is the same through each. Paralleling typically occurs when transf ormers are located at one site and connected to a common bus bar (banked) or located at dif f erent sites with the secondary terminals connected via distribution or transmission circuits consisting of cables and overhead lines. Phase Shif t (Deg) 0 30 lag 60 lag 120 lag 150 lag 180 lag 150 lead 120 lead 60 lead 30 lead Yd11 Yd5 Yy6 Yd7 Connection Yy0 Yd1 Dd0 Dy1 Dd2 Dd4 Dy5 Dd6 Dy7 Dd8 Dd10 Dy11 Dz0 Yz1 Dz2 Dz4 Yz5 Dz6 Yz7 Dz8 Dz10 Yz11
T he phase-bushings on a three phase transf ormer are marked either ABC, UVW or 123 (HV-side capital, LVside small letters). Two winding, three phase transf ormers can be divided into f our main categories Group Group I Group II Group III Group IV Oclock 0 oclock, 0 6 oclock, 180 1 oclock, -30 11 oclock, +30 TC delta/delta, star/star delta/delta, star/star star/delta, delta/star star/delta, delta/star
Minus indicates LV lagging HV, plus indicates LV leading HV
Clock Not at ion 0 (Phase Shif t 0) Clock
Clo c k No tatio n 0 (Phas e Shift 0)
Not at ion 1 (Phase Shif t -30) Clock
Clo c k No tatio n 1 (Phas e Shift -30)
Not at ion 2 (Phase Shif t -60)
Clock Not at ion 4 (Phase Displacement -120) Clock Not at ion 5 (Phase Displacement -150) Clock Not at ion 6 (Phase Shif t +180) Clock Not at ion 7 (Phase Shif t +150) Clock Not at ion 11 (Phase Shif t +30)
To be continued
Clo c k No tatio n 2 (Phas e Shift -60)
