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MTH 324 (Complex Analysis) Lecture # 23 (Power Series) : Whenever

This lecture discusses complex sequences and power series. Key points include: - A complex sequence converges if the limit of its terms exists as n approaches infinity. - A power series is a series with terms consisting of coefficients multiplied by powers of a variable z. - Every power series has a circle of convergence, within which it converges absolutely. Outside the circle it may converge conditionally or diverge. - Common tests like the ratio test can determine if a power series converges absolutely within its circle of convergence.

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Tauseef Ahmad
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109 views

MTH 324 (Complex Analysis) Lecture # 23 (Power Series) : Whenever

This lecture discusses complex sequences and power series. Key points include: - A complex sequence converges if the limit of its terms exists as n approaches infinity. - A power series is a series with terms consisting of coefficients multiplied by powers of a variable z. - Every power series has a circle of convergence, within which it converges absolutely. Outside the circle it may converge conditionally or diverge. - Common tests like the ratio test can determine if a power series converges absolutely within its circle of convergence.

Uploaded by

Tauseef Ahmad
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MTH 324 (Complex Analysis)

Lecture # 23(Power Series)


In this lecture, we explore the basic properties of complex sequence and series.
Sequence:-
A sequence
{ }
n
z is a function whose domain is the set of positive integers and
whose range is a subset of the complex number C.
If lim ,
n
n
z L

= we say that the sequence


{ }
n
z is convergent.
In other words,
{ }
n
z converges to L, if for every 0, c > there exists an integer
0
n
such that
0
whenever .
n
z L n n c < >
A sequence that is not convergent is said to be divergent.
Example:-
The sequence
1 n
i
n
+

`
)
is convergent, because
1
lim 0.
n
n
i
n
+

=
Criterion for convergence:-
A sequence
{ }
n
z converges to a complex number L a ib = + if and only if
{ } Re
n
z converges to a and
{ } Im
n
z converges to b.
Example:-
Show that the sequence
3
2
ni
n ni
+
`
+
)
converges to
2 1
.
5 5
i +
Solution:- As
2 2
2 2
3 2 3 6
2 5 5
n
ni n n n n
z i
n ni n n
+ +
= = +
+

We see that { } { }
2 1
Re and Im
5 5
n n
z z
{ }
2 1
.
5 5
n
z i +
Example:-
Show that the sequence
( ) { }
1 1
2 tan
n
e n i

+ is convergent.
Series:-
An infinite series of complex numbers

1 2 3
1
... ...
k n
k
z z z z z

=
= + + + + +


is convergent if the sequence of partial sums
{ },
n
S converges.
Remark:-
If as ,
n
S L n then we say that sum of series is L.
Geometric Series:-
A geometric series is any series of the form

1 2 1
1
... ...
k n
k
az a az az az


=
= + + + + +


Example:-
Show that
1
1
k
k
az

is convergent for 1 z < and sum of series is .


1
a
z

Solution:-
Let
2 1
...
n
n
S a az az az

= + + + +
Consider
n
n n
S zS a az =

( )
1
1
n
n
a z
S
z


Now 0 as , whenever 1
n
z n z <
.
1
n
a
S
z


Special Geometric Series:-
-
2
1
1 ...
1
z z
z
= + + +


-
2 3
1
1 ...
1
z z z
z
= + +
+

-
2 1
1
1 ...
1
n
n
z
z z z
z

= + + + +


Example:-
Find the sum of series
( )
1
1 2
.
5
k
k
k
i

=
+


Theorem:- (Necessary condition for convergence)
If
1
k
k
z

converges, then lim 0.


n
n
z

=
Proof:-
Let L be the sum of the series. Then
1
lim and also lim .
n n
n n
S L S L


= =
Note that
1
.
n n n
z S S

= After taking the limit , n we obtain the
required result.
Divergence Test:-
If
1
lim 0, then
n k
n
k
z z

=
=

diverges.
Example:-
1
5
k
ik
k

=
+

is divergent because
5
lim lim 0.
n
n n
in
z i
n

+
= = =
Series is divergent.
Absolute and Conditional Convergence:-
An infinite series
1
k
k
z

is said to be absolutely convergent if


1
k
k
z

converges. An
infinite series
1
k
k
z

is said to be conditional convergent if it converges and


1
k
k
z


diverges.
Example:- The series
2
1
k
k
i
k

is absolutely convergent.
Remark:- Absolute convergence implies convergence.
Test for Convergence:-
Ratio test:-
Suppose
1
k
k
z

is a series of nonzero complex numbers that



1
lim
n
n
n
z
L
z
+

=
(i) If 1, L < then series converges absolutely.
(ii) If 1 or , L L > = then the series diverges.
(iii) If 1, L = the test fails.
Root test:-
Suppose
1
k
k
z

is a series of nonzero complex numbers that


lim
n
n
n
z L

=
(i) If 1, L < then series converges absolutely.
(ii) If 1 or , L L > = then the series diverges.
(iii) If 1, L = the test fails.
Power Series:-
An infinite series of the form ( ) ( )
0 0 1 0
0
...,
k
k
k
a z z a a z z

=
= + +

where
k
a are
complex constants, is called a power series. The complex number
0
z is called
centered at
0
. z
Circle of Convergence:-
A complex power series has a circle of convergence, which is a circle
centered at
0
z of largest radius 0 r > for which the power series converges at every
point within the circle
0
. z z r =
Remark:-
(1) A power series converges absolutely at all points z within its
circle of convergence.
(2) Radius of convergence may be 0, u or any finite positive
number.

Example:- (1) The series
0
!
n
n
z
n

converges for all z.


(2) The series
0
!
n
n
n z

converges for 0. z =
(3) The Series
0
n
n
z

converges if 1. z <
Remark:-
By ratio test, it is clear that
(i)
1
lim 0,
n
n
n
z
L
z
+

= = the radius of convergence is


1
. R
L
=
(ii)
1
lim 0,
n
n
n
z
z
+

= the radius of convergence is .


(iii)
1
lim ,
n
n
n
z
z
+

= the radius of convergence is 0.


Example:-
Find the disk of convergence for

( )
( )
1
1
1
1 .
!
k
k
k
z i
k
+


The Arithmetic of Power series:-
(i) A power series can be multiplied by a nonzero complex
constant without affecting its convergence or divergence
(ii) With in circle of convergence, the terms of a series can be
arranged.
(iii) Two power series can be added or subtracted by adding or
subtracting like terms.
(iv) Two power series can be multiplied and divided.
Example:-
Find the radius of convergence of the power series

2 3
1 1.3 1.3.5
...
2 2.5 2.5.8
z z z + + +
Solution:- As
( )
( )
1.3.5... 2 1
2.5.8... 3 1
n
n
a
n



1
3 2 3
lim lim
2 1 2
n
n n
n
a n
R
a n

+
| | +
= = =
|
+
\ .

Theorem:-
If a power series centered at
0
z converges at
1 0
, z z = then the series converges for
every z for which
0 1 0
. z z z z <
Proof:-
Given ( )
0
1
k
k
k
a z z

converges for z,
( )
1 0
0 as ,
n
n
a z z n so we can find a number 0 M > such
that ( )
1 0
.
n
n
a z z M <

1 0
n n
M
a
z z
<


( )
0
0
1 0
n
n
n
z z
a z z M
z z

<

(23.1)
But the series
0
1 0
n
z z
z z

is a geometric series, it converges if


0 1 0
z z z z <
So, from (23.1), we conclude that gives series converges if
0 1 0
z z z z < .

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