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XI Math Relations&Functions Concept

The document discusses key concepts related to relations and functions including ordered pairs, Cartesian products, domains, codomains, ranges and various types of functions such as identity, constant, polynomial, rational, modulus, step and signum functions.

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Nishchal Agarwal
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105 views4 pages

XI Math Relations&Functions Concept

The document discusses key concepts related to relations and functions including ordered pairs, Cartesian products, domains, codomains, ranges and various types of functions such as identity, constant, polynomial, rational, modulus, step and signum functions.

Uploaded by

Nishchal Agarwal
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1 Class XI: Maths Chapter 2: Relations and Functions Key Concepts

1. A pair of elements grouped together in a particular order is known as an ordered pair. 2. The two ordered pairs (a, b) and (c, d) are said to be equal if and only if a = c and b = d. 3. Let A and B be any two non empty sets. The Cartesian product A B is the set of all ordered pairs of elements of sets from A and B defined as follows: A B = {(a, b) : a A, b B}. Cartesian product of two sets is also known as Product Set. 4. If any of the sets of A or B or both are empty then the set A B will also be empty and consequently, n(A B) =0 5. If the number of elements in A is m and the number of elements in set B is n then the set A B will have mn elements 6. 7. If any of the sets A or B is infinite, then A B is also an infinite set. Cartesian product of sets can be extended to three or more sets If A, B and C are three non empty sets, then A B C = {(a, b, c): a A, bB, cC}.Here (a, b, c) is known as an ordered triplet. 8. Cartesian product of a non empty set A with an empty set is empty set i.e. A X = 9. The Cartesian product is not commutative, namely A x B is not the same as B x A, unless A and B are equal. 10. Cartesian product is associative, namely A x (B x C)=(A x B) x C

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11. R R = {(a, b) : a R, b R} represents the coordinates of all points in two dimensional plane. R R R = {(a, b, c): a R, b R, c C} represents the coordinates of all points in three dimensional plane. 12. A relation R from the non empty set A to another non empty set B is a subset of their Cartesian product A B, i.e. R A B. 13. If (x, y) R or x R y then x is related to y and (x, y) R or x R y then x is not related to y. 14. The second element b in the ordered pair (a, b) is the image of first element a and a is the pre-image of b. 15. The Domain of R is the set of all first elements of the ordered pairs in a relation R. In other words domain is the set of all the inputs of the relation. 16. If the relation R is from a non empty set A to non empty set B then set B is called the co - domain of relation R. 17. The set of all the images or the second element in the ordered pair (a,b) of relation R is called the Range of R. 18. The total number of relations that can be defined from a set A to a set B is the number is possible subsets of A X B. 19. A B can have 2mn subsets. This means there are 2mn relations from A to B 20. Relation can be represented algebraically and graphically. The various methods are as follows:

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21.

A relation f from a non empty set A to another non- empty set B is said to be a function if every element of A has a unique image in B.

22.

The domain of f is the set A. No two distinct ordered pairs in f have the same first element.

23. 24.

Every function is a relation but converse is not true If f is a function from A to B and (a, b) f, then f (a) = b, where b is called image of a under f and a is called the pre-image of b under f

25. 26. 27.

If f: A B A is the domain and B is the co domain of f. The Range of the function is the set of images. A real function has the set of real numbers or one of its subsets both as its domain and as its range.

28.

Identity function: f: X X is an identity function if f(x) = x for each xA

29.

Graph of the identity function is a straight line that makes an angle of 45o with both x and y axes. All points on this line have their x and y coordinates equal.

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30. Constant function: A constant function is one that maps each element of the domain to a constant. Domain of this function is R and range is the singleton set {c} where c is a constant. 31. Graph of constant function is a line parallel to the x axis. The graph lies above x axis if the constant c > 0, below the x axis if the constant c < 0 and is same as x axis if c = 0 32. Polynomial function: f: R R defined as y = f(x) = a0 + a1x +a2x2

+ . + an xn where n is a non-negative integer and a0, a1, a2, an R.

33.

A linear polynomial represents a straight line, a quadratic polynomial represents a parabola.

34.

Functions of the form

f(x) , where f(x) and g(x)

g(x) 0 are polynomial

functions are called rational functions. 35. Domain of rational functions does not include those points where g(x) = 0. For example domain of f(x) =

1 is R-{2}. x 2

36.

Modulus function: f: R R defined by f(x) = |x| for each x R

f(x) = x if x0 f(x) = -x if x<0 is called modulus or absolute value


function. The graph of modulus function is above the x axis. 37.

Step or greatest integer function: A function f: R R defined by


f(x) = [x], x R where [x] is the value of greatest integer, less than or equal to x is called a step or greatest integer function.

38.

Signum function: f(x) =

|x| ,x 0 and 0 for x=0. The domain of signum x

function is R and range is {-1, 0, 1}.

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