Class 1 Class 1 -- Introduction Introduction Class 1 Class 1 -- Introduction Introduction Class 1 Class 1 -- Introduction Introduction Class 1 Class 1 -- Introduction

on Introduction
READING
Chapter 1 in DeGraef and McHenry, All;
Ch t 2 i D G f d M H 25 38 Chapter 2 in DeGraef and McHenry, pp.25-38.
Chapter on bonding from your Introduction to Materials book.
REFERENCE: Chapter 1 in Rohrer
Prof. M.L. Weaver
What do we mean by structure? What do we mean by structure? What do we mean by structure? What do we mean by structure? yyyy
We are concerned with how to quantitatively describe
how the components constituting a material are how the components constituting a material are
arranged at relevant length scales.
Prof. M.L. Weaver
Structural Length Scales
1 m 10
9
10
8
R
a
d
i
o
Electrons Neutrons Photons
nm
Can seen it w/ unaided eye.
1 mm
10
10
7
10
6
M
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M
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Need a microscope to see it.
10
5
10
4
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,

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Objects between 1 nm and 100 nm in size
1 m 10
3
10
2
U
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Visible
light
Objects between 1 nm and 100 nm in size.
Objects with size ranges equivalent to the
1 nm
10
1
10
0
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Objects with size ranges equivalent to the
size of an atom (~1 = 0.1 nm).
1
10
-1
10
-2
10
3
r
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Prof. M.L. Weaver
FigureadaptedfromM.DeGraefandM.E.McHenry,StructureofMaterials,
CambridgeUniversityPress,CambridgeUK(2007)p.5.
1 pm 10
-3
10
-4
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a
m
m
a

r D
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Sub-atomic.
What do we mean by structure? What do we mean by structure? What do we mean by structure? What do we mean by structure? yyyy
Atomic structure. Atoms in a material are bound to
one another in a number of ways: one another in a number of ways:
Metallic bonds
Ionic bonds Ionic bonds
Covalent bonds
Secondary bonds y
Atomic arrangements also provide useful structural o c ge e s so p ov de use u st uctu al
descriptors.
Crystalline structure
Prof. M.L. Weaver
Amorphous structure
What do we mean by structure? What do we mean by structure? What do we mean by structure? What do we mean by structure? yyyy
Microstructure: Arrangements of large groups of
crystals crystals.
Phase/Crystal Morphology
Phase/Crystal Orientation Phase/Crystal Orientation
Phase/Crystal Distribution
Etc
Structural Feature Dimension(m)
Atomic bonding < 10
10
Atomicbonding <10
10
Missing/extraatoms ~10
10
Crystals(orderedatoms) 10
8
10
1
Prof. M.L. Weaver
Secondphase particles 10
8
10
4
Crystaltexturing >10
6
Crystal Structure Descriptors Crystal Structure Descriptors Crystal Structure Descriptors Crystal Structure Descriptors y p y p y p y p
For crystalline materials, descriptors are based on the
theory of crystallography. y y g p y
NaCl
rock salt
Atoms arranged in cubic array Hay (1784)
All atoms have the same average environment around
h hi i hi h i
Atoms arranged in cubic array
(green Cl
-
; yellow Na
+
)
Hay (1784)
calcite
Prof. M.L. Weaver
them. This constitutes long-range order (LRO) which is
a major structure descriptor for crystals.
Non Non--crystalline Structural crystalline Structural
Descriptors Descriptors
Non Non--crystalline Structural crystalline Structural
Descriptors Descriptors Descriptors Descriptors Descriptors Descriptors
If a material is non-crystalline, it lacks spatial
periodicity (i e atoms lack LRO) periodicity (i.e., atoms lack LRO).
Silica
glass
On a smaller length scale, the atoms may exhibit
http://www.pisces-press.com/C-Nav/images/silica%20glass-b.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Silica.svg/2000px-Silica.svg.png
Prof. M.L. Weaver
short-range order (SRO), which is a major
descriptor for the structure of glassy materials.
Example of LRO and SRO Example of LRO and SRO
From Prof. T. Scharf
University of North Texas y
LRO SRO
Porous SiO
2
-FeC film Porous SiO
2
-FeC film
(amorphous) on single
crystal Si wafer
Prof. M.L. Weaver
MFET 3450
14
Materials are not perfectly Materials are not perfectly
ordered arrays of atom or ordered arrays of atom or ions ions
Polycrystalline ZnO thin film
O
2-
yy
Zn
2+
Planar stacking faults (2-D
area defect) denoted by
arrows
- An interfacial defect that exists within
above hexagonal closed packed (HCP)
stacking sequence disruption in lattice.
Prof. M.L. Weaver
From Prof. T. Scharf
University of North Texas
Materials are not perfectly Materials are not perfectly
ordered arrays of atom or ordered arrays of atom or ions ions
Polycrystalline ZnO thin film
Zoom in on box from previous page:
yy
From Prof T Scharf
Edge dislocations (1 D
From Prof. T. Scharf
University of North Texas
Edge dislocations (1-D
line defect) denoted by
arrow
Prof. M.L. Weaver
16
Bonding Bonding Bonding Bonding
The physical and chemical properties of materials are
strongly influenced by interatomic bonds. Thus they are
i fl d b th t t l l t influenced by the outermost valence electrons.
Can we determine a materials structure from knowledge g
of chemical bonding?
Bonding between atoms is variable:
NO!
Bonding between atoms is variable:
Many examples in terms of structural state and bonding, e.g.,
TiCl
2
(s) and TiCl
4
(l)
Must be careful assigning particular types of bonds to a
given collection of atoms/ions.
h f l d l
Prof. M.L. Weaver
Cant just use stoichiometric formulas to predict material
structure.
Properties Properties Properties Properties pppp
Refer to how a material responds to an external
stimulus stimulus.
Isotropic non-directional
Temperature Temperature
Gravity/mass
Etc
A i i di i l Anisotropic directional
Stress
Elastic modulus
Electrical conductivity
Etc
C t ll h l l S t
Prof. M.L. Weaver
Crystallography plays a role. Symmetry.
Symmetry Example Symmetry Example Symmetry Example Symmetry Example y y p y y p y y p y y p
Consider the 2-D material illustrated to the right.
All atoms are identical Assume material is conductor All atoms are identical. Assume material is conductor.
Apply an electric field (E) along x-axis. Generate a
certain current density (j). x
y
Apply an electric field along y-axis. Should generate the same
current density because structure is same in x and y directions.
(x and y directions are equivalent) (x and y directions are equivalent).
x xx xy x
y yx yy y
j E
j E
o o
o o
| | | || |
=
| | |
\ . \ .\ .
Properties reflect
symmetry of crystal
y yx yy y
x xx xy x
y xy yy y
j
j E
j E
o o
o o
\ . \ .\ .
+
| | | || |
=
| | |
\ . \ .\ .
symmetry of crystal
structure. In this case
they are the same in x
and y.
Prof. M.L. Weaver
y xy yy y
j
\ . \ .\ .
y
Prof. M.L. Weaver