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Linux Shell Programming

This document provides an overview of Linux shell programming and scripting. It discusses various shell scripting concepts like command line arguments, arithmetic operations, conditional statements like if-then-else and case, loops, reading user input, manipulating directories and processes. It also covers basic Unix commands like grep, cut, sort etc. and built-in shell functions for variable manipulation, arithmetic calculations and command searching.

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Vivek Tamrakar
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94 views

Linux Shell Programming

This document provides an overview of Linux shell programming and scripting. It discusses various shell scripting concepts like command line arguments, arithmetic operations, conditional statements like if-then-else and case, loops, reading user input, manipulating directories and processes. It also covers basic Unix commands like grep, cut, sort etc. and built-in shell functions for variable manipulation, arithmetic calculations and command searching.

Uploaded by

Vivek Tamrakar
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Linux Shell Programming

Overview
Command line arguments Arithmetic in shell scripts Read and echo Commands in shell scripts Taking decision:
If then-fi If then else-fi The test command(file test,string tests) Nested if-elses The Case control structure

Overview
The loop control structure
The while ,until and for loop structure The break and continue statements

Directory stacks manipulation Job control, history and processes Built in functions

Command line arguments


cat sample.sh echo Program:$0 The number of arguments is $# The arguments are $* grep$1 $2 echo \n Job Over $sample.sh hello test.txt

Command line arguments


Special variables are assigned to arguments in shell procedure First argument $1 Second argument $2

Arithmetic in shell scripts


Use to perform arithmetic operations. Syntax: expr op1 math-operator op2

Examples: $ expr 1 + 3 $ expr 2 - 1 $ expr 10 / 2 $ expr 20 % 3

Arithmetic in shell scripts


$ expr 10 \* 3 $ echo `expr 6 + 3`

Read and echo Commands


cat search.sh
#search for pattern in a file echo \n Enter the string to be searched:\c read pname echo \n Enter the file name:\c read fname echo \n Searching for $pname from file $fname \n grep $pname $fname echo \n Search completed\n

Taking decision
If then-fi
if condition is true then execute commands fi

If then else-fi
if condition is true then execute commands else execute commands fi

If then else-fi
if grep test sample.txt then echo String found else echo String not found fi

test command ( numeric)


Operato r
-eq -ne -gt -ge -lt -le

Meaning
Equal to Not equal to Greater than Greater than or equal to Less than Less than or equal to

test command ( numeric)


test : uses operator to evaluate the condition, returns true or false exit : used by if for taking decisions $x=5; y=7; z=7.2 $test 1 $test 0 $test 1 $test 0 $x eq $y ; echo $? $x lt $y ; echo $? $z gt $y ; echo $? $z eq $y ; echo $?

test command
if test $# -ne 3 then echo 3 arguments are required exit 3 else
if grep $1 $2 >$3 then echo String found else echo String not found fi

fi

test command (file test)


Test
-e file -f file -r file -x file -d file -s file

Exit status
True if file exists True if file exists and is a regular file True if file exists and is readable True if file exists and is executable True if file exists and is directory True if file exists and has size > 0

-w file True if file exists and is writeable

test command (file test)


ls l sample.txt
-rw-rw-rw- 1 student SENG 870 Jun 8 15:52 sample.txt $[ -f sample.txt]; echo $?

0
$ [-x sample.txt]; echo $? 1 $ [! w sample.txt ] || echo File is writable File is writable

test command (file test)


$cat testfile.sh if [! e $1] ; then echo File does not exists elif [! r $1] ; then echo File is not readable elif [! w $1] ; then echo File is not writable else echo File is both readable and writable fi

The Case control structure


case expression in
pattern1) execute command;; pattern2) execute command;; pattern3) execute command;;

esac

The Case control structure


$ cat menu.sh
echo MENU\n 1.List of files\n2.Processes\n 3.Todays Date\n4.Users of system\n5.Quit \n Enter your choice :\c read choice case $choice in 1) ls l ;; 2) ps ;; 3) date ;; 4) who ;; 5) exit esac

The loop control structure


while until for loop Break continue

The while ,until and for loop structure while condition is true do execute commands done

The while ,until and for loop structure for variable in list do execute commands done

Directory stacks manipulation


dirs pushd popd

Job control processes


ps
list the processes running on the system

kill
send a signal to one or more processes (usually to "kill" a process)

jobs
listing processes

bg
put a process in the background

fg
put a process in the foreground

history
To display the command list

Built in functions
hash Command
hash command maintains a hash table When a command is executed it searches for a command in variable $PATH.

$ hash hits command 1 /usr/bin/cat 2 /usr/bin/ps 4 /usr/bin/ls

Built in functions
$ hash -d cat $ hash hits command 2 /usr/bin/ps 4 /usr/bin/ls

Built in functions
set is a shell built-in command: - used to set and modify the internal
variables

Built in functions
$ cat set.sh var="Welcome to CDAC" set -- $var echo "\$1=" $1 echo "\$2=" $2 echo "\$3=" $3 $ ./set.sh $1=Welcome $2=to $3=CDAC

unset
- set the shell variable to null $ cat unset.sh var="welcome to CDAC" echo $var unset var echo $var $ ./unset.sh welcome to CDAC

let
Performs arithmetic operations on shell variables $ cat arith.sh
let arg1=12 let arg2=11 let add=$arg1+$arg2 let sub=$arg1-$arg2 let mul=$arg1*$arg2 let div=$arg1/$arg2 echo $add $sub $mul $div $ ./arith.sh 23 1 132 1

Reference
1.http://www.thegeekstuff.com/2010/08/bas h-shell-builtin-commands/ 2.UNIX Concepts And Application Sumitabha Das 3.http://linuxcommand.org/lts0080.php

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