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Class 17: Outline: Hour 1: Dipoles & Magnetic Fields

The objectives of this course are to tease out the laws of electromagnetism from our everyday experience by specific examples of how electromagnetic phenomena manifest themselves. We want to be able: To describe, in words, the ways in which various concepts in electromagnetism come into play in particular situations; To represent these electromagnetic phenomena and fields mathematically in those situations; And to predict outcomes in other similar situations. The overall goal is to use the scientific method to come to understand the enormous variety of electromagnetic phenomena in terms of a few relatively simple laws.

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52 views

Class 17: Outline: Hour 1: Dipoles & Magnetic Fields

The objectives of this course are to tease out the laws of electromagnetism from our everyday experience by specific examples of how electromagnetic phenomena manifest themselves. We want to be able: To describe, in words, the ways in which various concepts in electromagnetism come into play in particular situations; To represent these electromagnetic phenomena and fields mathematically in those situations; And to predict outcomes in other similar situations. The overall goal is to use the scientific method to come to understand the enormous variety of electromagnetic phenomena in terms of a few relatively simple laws.

Uploaded by

akirank1
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Class 17: Outline

Hour 1:
Dipoles & Magnetic Fields

Hour 2:
Expt. 7: Dipoles in B Fields

P17- 1
Last Time:
Biot-Savart

P17- 2
The Biot-Savart Law
Current element of length ds carrying current I
produces a magnetic field:

G
G µ 0 I d s × rˆ
dB =
4π r 2

G
Moving charges are currents too…
G µo q v x rˆ
B=
4π r
(http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/8/8.02T/f
04/visualizations/magnetostatics/03- 2
CurrentElement3d/03-
cElement320.html)
P17- 3
PRS Question:
Force between wires

P17- 4
Magnetic Dipoles:
Torque & Force

P17- 5
First: Review From Friday

P17- 6
Rectangular Current Loop
Place rectangular current loop in uniform B field
G G G G
F1 = F3 = 0 IL B ( )
G
F2 = I (− aˆj) × ( B ˆi ) = IaB kˆ
G
F4 = I (aˆj) × ( B ˆi ) = − IaB kˆ

G G G G G
ĵ Fnet = F1 + F2 + F3 + F4 = 0
k̂ î No net force on the loop!!
P17- 7
Torque on Rectangular Loop
G G G k̂
Recall: τ = r×F ĵ x
î

G ⎛ b ˆ⎞ G ⎛ b ˆ⎞ G
τ = ⎜ − i ⎟ × F2 + ⎜ i ⎟ × F4
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠

⎛ b ˆ⎞
⎝ 2 ⎠
( ˆ ) ⎛ b ˆ⎞
(
= ⎜ − i ⎟ × IaBk + ⎜ i ⎟ × − IaBkˆ
⎝2 ⎠
)
IabB ˆ IabB ˆ Torque Direction:
= j+ j = IabBˆj Thumb in torque direction,
2 2
fingers rotate with object
P17- 8
Torque on Rectangular Loop
G
τ = IABj
ˆ
G
A = A nˆ = ab nˆ : area vector
G
k̂ nˆ = +kˆ , B =B ˆi
ĵ x
î

G G G
τ = IA × B
Familiar? No net force but there is a torque P17- 9
Magnetic Dipole Moment
Define Magnetic Dipole Moment:
G G
µ ≡ IAnˆ ≡ IA
Then:
G G G
τ = µ×B
G G G
Analogous to τ = p×E

τ tends to align µ with B


P17- 10
Animation:
Another Way To Look At Torque

External field connects to field of compass needle and “pulls” the dipole into
alignment
(http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/8/8.02T/f04/visualizations/magnetostatics/18-
dipNeedle/18-Dip_320.html)
P17- 11
Interactive Java Applet:
Another Way To Look At Torque

http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/8/8.02T/f04/visualizatio
ns/magnetostatics/35-wireandmagnetapp/35-
wirecompass320.html

Field of wire connects to field of compass


needle and “pulls” the dipole into alignment
P17- 12
Demonstration:
Galvanometer

P17- 13
G
Magnetic Dipole Moment
G
µ ≡ IAnˆ ≡ IA

P17- 14
PRS Question:
Torque on Dipole in Uniform Field

P17- 15
Dipoles don’t move???
This dipole rotates but
doesn’t feel a net force

But dipoles
CAN feel force
due to B.
What’s up?
P17- 16
PRS Question:
Force on Magnetic Dipole

P17- 17
Something New
Dipoles in Non-Uniform Fields:
Force

P17- 18
Force on Magnetic Dipole
To determine force, we need to know energy:
G G
U Dipole = -µ ⋅ B
Force tells how the energy changes with position:
G G G G G
FDipole = -∇U Dipole = ∇ ( µ⋅B )
G G G
(after math) = µ ⋅∇( ) B

Dipoles only feel force in non-uniform field


P17- 19
Force on Magnetic Dipole
G
∂B
negative
∂z
Force down!
G
G G G G ∂B
FDipole ( )
= µ ⋅∇ B = µ
∂z
P17- 20
Force on Magnetic Dipole

Alternate Thought
What makes the field pictured? P17- 21
Force on Magnetic Dipole
µ
N

Bar magnet below dipole, with N pole on top


It is aligned with the dipole pictured, they attract!
P17- 22
Experiment 7:
Magnetic Forces on Dipoles

P17- 23
Force on Dipole from Dipole:
Anti-Parallel Alignment

http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/8/8.02T/f04/visualizations/magnetostatics/16-
MagneticForceRepel/16-MagForceRepel_f65_320.html
P17- 24
Force on Dipole from Dipole:
Parallel Alignment

http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/8/8.02T/f04/visualizations/magnetostatics/15-
MagneticForceAttract/15-MagForceAtt_f65_320.html P17- 25
PRS Questions:
Force on Magnetic Dipole

P17- 26

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