Symmetrical Components, Networ Sequence, and Faults
Symmetrical Components, Networ Sequence, and Faults
FAULTS
Symmetrical Components:
Current:
Positive-Sequence (a-b-c) Phasor Equations:
1 1 1
0
a
o
a a
I I I = Z =
1 2 1 1
240
a
o
a b
I a I I = Z =
1 1 1
120
a
o
a c
aI I I = Z =
Note - a = 1Z120
o
=
2
3
2
1
j + = -0.5 + j0.866
a
2
= 1Z240
o
=
2
3
2
1
j = -0.5 - j0.866
a
3
= 1Z360
o
= 1 + j0
and 1 + a + a
2
= 0.
I
1
a
I
1
c
I
1
b
Positive-sequence set
I
2
a
I
2
b
I
2
c
Negative-sequence set
I
0
a
I
0
b
I
0
c
Zero-sequence set
Negative-Sequence (a-c-b) Phasor Equations:
2 2 2
0
a
o
a a
I I I = Z =
2 2 2
120
a
o
a b
aI I I = Z =
2 2 2 2
120
a
o
a c
I a I I = Z =
Zero-Sequence Phasor Equations:
0 0 0
c b a
I I I = = i.e, all a zero-sequence currents are in phase
1. Positive-sequence components consist of a set of balanced three-phase
components with a sequence a-b-c.
(i) currents flowing in a SYMMETRICAL or BALANCED network
produce only positive-sequence voltage drops; NO negative- or
zero-sequence drops.
(ii) current flowing in a NONSYMMTRICAL or UNBALANCED
SYSTEM produce positive- negative- and possibly zero-
sequence voltage drops.
2. Negative-sequence components consist of a set of balanced three-phase
components with a sequence a-c-b.
(i) currents flowing in a SYMMETRICAL or BALANCED network
produce only negative-sequence voltage drops; NO positive- or
zero-sequence voltage drops.
(ii) current flowing in a NONSYMMTRICAL or UNBALANCED
SYSTEM produces positive- negative- and possibly zero-
sequence voltage drops.
3. Zero-sequence components consist of three single-phase components,
all equal in magnitude but with the same phase angle.
(i) currents flowing in a SYMMETRICAL or BALANCED network
produce only zero-sequence voltage drops; NO positive-, or
negative-sequence drops.
(ii) current flowing in a NONSYMMTRICAL or UNBALANCED
SYSTEM produces all three: positive- negative-and zero-sequence
voltage drops.
Resolution of Three-phase Unbalanced Currents Into Symmetrical
Components:
Phase a current:
2 1 0
a a a a
I I I I + + =
Phase b current:
2 1 0
b b b b
I I I I + + =
Phase a current:
2 1 0
c c c c
I I I I + + =
Using the definitions of components given above in terms of phase a
components
Phase a current:
2 1 0
a a a a
I I I I + + =
Phase b current:
2 1 2 0
a a a b
aI I a I I + + =
Phase a current:
2 2 1 0
a a a c
I a aI I I + + =
In matrix notation
012
a
abc
AI I =
where
Solving for
012
a
I
abc
a
I A I
1 012
=
where
And
a
I
b
I
c
I
1 1 1
1
2
a a
1 a
2
a
0
a
I
1
a
I
2
a
I
A
1 1 1
1
2
a a
1 a
2
a
A
-1
1 1 1
1 a
2
a
1
2
a a
3
1
* 1
3
1
A A =
Express the three-phase currents in the phase a components
or
( )
c b a a
I I I I + + =
3
1
0
( )
c b a a
I a aI I I
2 1
3
1
+ + =
( )
c b a a
aI I a I I + + =
2 2
3
1
Voltage:
Similarly,
Positive-Sequence (a-b-c) Phasor Equations:
1 1 1
0
a
o
a a
V V V = Z =
1 2 1 1
240
a
o
a b
V a V V = Z =
1 1 1
120
a
o
a c
aV V V = Z =
where a, a
2
, and a
3
have same values as before.
Negative-Sequence (a-c-b) Phasor Equations:
2 2 2
0
a
o
a a
V V V = Z =
0
a
I
1
a
I
2
a
I
1 1 1
1 a
2
a
1
2
a a
a
I
b
I
c
I
3
1
2 2 2
120
a
o
a b
aV V V = Z =
2 2 2 2
120
a
o
a c
V a V V = Z =
Zero-Sequence Phasor Equations:
0 0 0
c b a
V V V = = i.e, all a zero-sequence voltages are in phase
Phase a current:
2 1 0
a a a a
V V V V + + =
Phase b current:
2 1 0
b b b b
V V V V + + =
Phase a current:
2 1 0
c c c c
I I I I + + =
Using the definitions of components given above in terms of phase a
components
Phase a current:
2 1 0
a a a a
V V V V + + =
Phase b current:
2 1 2 0
a a a b
aV V a V V + + =
Phase a current:
2 2 1 0
a a a c
I a aI I I + + =
In matrix notation
012
a
abc
AV V =
a
V
b
V
c
V
1 1 1
1
2
a a
1 a
2
a
0
a
V
1
a
V
2
a
V
where
Solving for
012
a
I
abc
a
V A V
1 012
=
where
And
* 1
3
1
A A =
Express the three-phase voltages in the phase a components
or
( )
c b a a
V V V V + + =
3
1
0
A
1 1 1
1
2
a a
1 a
2
a
A
-1
1 1 1
1 a
2
a
1
2
a a
3
1
0
a
V
1
a
V
2
a
V
1 1 1
1 a
2
a
1
2
a a
a
V
b
V
c
V
3
1
( )
c b a a
V a aV V V
2 1
3
1
+ + =
( )
c b a a
aV V a V V + + =
2 2
3
1
Complex Power:
| | | | | |
*
*
) 3 (
abc
T
abc
I V S =
|
Substituting the symmetrical equations in the three-phase power
| | ( ) | | ( ) | | | | | | | | | |
*
012
*
012
*
012 012
) 3 ( a
T
T
a a
T
a
I A A V AI AV S = =
|
| | ( ) ( ) | |
*
012 012
) 3 (
3
a
T
a
I V S =
|
; with A
T
= A and A
T
A
*
= 3
leading to
* 2 2 * 1 1 * 0 0
) 3 (
3 3 3
a a a a a a
I V I V I V S + + =
|
;
EXAMPLE:
Calculate the sequence components of the following line-neutral voltages
with abc sequence:
V
an
= 277/0
o
V; V
bn
= 277/-120
o
V; V
cn
= 277/+120
o
V
EXAMPLE
Athree-phase line feeding a balanced-Y load has one of its phases (phase-b)
open. The load neutral is grounded, and unbalanced line currents are:
I
a
= 10/0
o
A; I
b
= 0 A; I
c
= 10/+120
o
A;
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
I
c
= 10/120
o
A
I
a
= 10/0
o
A
I
b
= 0 A
I
n
I
1
a
I
1
c
I
1
b
Positive-sequence set
I
2
a
I
2
b
I
2
c
Negative-sequence set
I
0
a
I
0
b
I
0
c
Zero-sequence set
Positive Sequence Sources:
One-line diagram forms the basis for setting up sequence networks.
- Positive Sequence:
' '
d
X provides maximum value when used in system-
protection fault studies. In slower-speed protection
'
d
X may be used.
- Induction motors are not considered as sources of fault current for
protection. Induction motors must, however, be considered in circuit
breaker applications under ANSI/IEEE standards.
Sequence Networks:
Y-Connected Loads:
For no mutual coupling - Z
m
= 0
Transmission Lines:
- Positive- and Negative-Sequence Impedance: Z
1
= Z
2
- Zero-sequence: X
1
= X
0
+ 3X
n
where
|
.
|
\
|
=
D
D
f X
n
n
ln 2 . 0 2t
The zero-sequence is more three times larger than positive- or negative-
impedance.
012
Z
Z
s
+ 3Z
n
+ 2Z
m
0 0
0 Z
s
- Z
m
0
0 0 Z
s
- Z
m
012
Z
Z
s
+ 3Z
n
0 0
0 Z
s
- Z
m
0
0 0 Z
s
- Z
m