0% found this document useful (0 votes)
64 views14 pages

Symmetrical Components, Networ Sequence, and Faults

Power systems analysis
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
64 views14 pages

Symmetrical Components, Networ Sequence, and Faults

Power systems analysis
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 14

SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS, SEQUENCE NETWORKS, AND

FAULTS

Symmetrical Components:













Current:

Positive-Sequence (a-b-c) Phasor Equations:


1 1 1
0
a
o
a a
I I I = Z =


1 2 1 1
240
a
o
a b
I a I I = Z =


1 1 1
120
a
o
a c
aI I I = Z =

Note - a = 1Z120
o
=
2
3
2
1
j + = -0.5 + j0.866
a
2
= 1Z240
o
=
2
3
2
1
j = -0.5 - j0.866
a
3
= 1Z360
o
= 1 + j0

and 1 + a + a
2
= 0.


I
1
a

I
1
c

I
1
b

Positive-sequence set
I
2
a

I
2
b

I
2
c

Negative-sequence set
I
0
a
I
0
b
I
0
c

Zero-sequence set
Negative-Sequence (a-c-b) Phasor Equations:


2 2 2
0
a
o
a a
I I I = Z =


2 2 2
120
a
o
a b
aI I I = Z =


2 2 2 2
120
a
o
a c
I a I I = Z =

Zero-Sequence Phasor Equations:


0 0 0
c b a
I I I = = i.e, all a zero-sequence currents are in phase

1. Positive-sequence components consist of a set of balanced three-phase
components with a sequence a-b-c.
(i) currents flowing in a SYMMETRICAL or BALANCED network
produce only positive-sequence voltage drops; NO negative- or
zero-sequence drops.
(ii) current flowing in a NONSYMMTRICAL or UNBALANCED
SYSTEM produce positive- negative- and possibly zero-
sequence voltage drops.
2. Negative-sequence components consist of a set of balanced three-phase
components with a sequence a-c-b.
(i) currents flowing in a SYMMETRICAL or BALANCED network
produce only negative-sequence voltage drops; NO positive- or
zero-sequence voltage drops.
(ii) current flowing in a NONSYMMTRICAL or UNBALANCED
SYSTEM produces positive- negative- and possibly zero-
sequence voltage drops.
3. Zero-sequence components consist of three single-phase components,
all equal in magnitude but with the same phase angle.
(i) currents flowing in a SYMMETRICAL or BALANCED network
produce only zero-sequence voltage drops; NO positive-, or
negative-sequence drops.
(ii) current flowing in a NONSYMMTRICAL or UNBALANCED
SYSTEM produces all three: positive- negative-and zero-sequence
voltage drops.


Resolution of Three-phase Unbalanced Currents Into Symmetrical
Components:



















Phase a current:
2 1 0
a a a a
I I I I + + =

Phase b current:
2 1 0
b b b b
I I I I + + =

Phase a current:
2 1 0
c c c c
I I I I + + =

Using the definitions of components given above in terms of phase a
components

Phase a current:
2 1 0
a a a a
I I I I + + =

Phase b current:
2 1 2 0
a a a b
aI I a I I + + =

Phase a current:
2 2 1 0
a a a c
I a aI I I + + =


In matrix notation










012
a
abc
AI I =

where








Solving for
012
a
I


abc
a
I A I
1 012
=

where







And

a
I


b
I

c
I


1 1 1
1
2
a a
1 a
2
a
0
a
I


1
a
I

2
a
I


A
1 1 1
1
2
a a
1 a
2
a
A
-1

1 1 1
1 a
2
a
1
2
a a
3
1

* 1
3
1
A A =


Express the three-phase currents in the phase a components








or
( )
c b a a
I I I I + + =
3
1
0

( )
c b a a
I a aI I I
2 1
3
1
+ + =
( )
c b a a
aI I a I I + + =
2 2
3
1


Voltage:

Similarly,

Positive-Sequence (a-b-c) Phasor Equations:


1 1 1
0
a
o
a a
V V V = Z =


1 2 1 1
240
a
o
a b
V a V V = Z =


1 1 1
120
a
o
a c
aV V V = Z =

where a, a
2
, and a
3
have same values as before.

Negative-Sequence (a-c-b) Phasor Equations:


2 2 2
0
a
o
a a
V V V = Z =
0
a
I

1
a
I

2
a
I


1 1 1
1 a
2
a
1
2
a a
a
I


b
I

c
I

3
1


2 2 2
120
a
o
a b
aV V V = Z =


2 2 2 2
120
a
o
a c
V a V V = Z =

Zero-Sequence Phasor Equations:


0 0 0
c b a
V V V = = i.e, all a zero-sequence voltages are in phase

Phase a current:
2 1 0
a a a a
V V V V + + =

Phase b current:
2 1 0
b b b b
V V V V + + =

Phase a current:
2 1 0
c c c c
I I I I + + =

Using the definitions of components given above in terms of phase a
components

Phase a current:
2 1 0
a a a a
V V V V + + =

Phase b current:
2 1 2 0
a a a b
aV V a V V + + =

Phase a current:
2 2 1 0
a a a c
I a aI I I + + =

In matrix notation










012
a
abc
AV V =

a
V


b
V

c
V


1 1 1
1
2
a a
1 a
2
a
0
a
V


1
a
V


2
a
V


where








Solving for
012
a
I


abc
a
V A V
1 012
=

where







And


* 1
3
1
A A =


Express the three-phase voltages in the phase a components








or
( )
c b a a
V V V V + + =
3
1
0

A
1 1 1
1
2
a a
1 a
2
a
A
-1

1 1 1
1 a
2
a
1
2
a a
3
1
0
a
V

1
a
V

2
a
V


1 1 1
1 a
2
a
1
2
a a
a
V


b
V


c
V

3
1
( )
c b a a
V a aV V V
2 1
3
1
+ + =
( )
c b a a
aV V a V V + + =
2 2
3
1


Complex Power:

| | | | | |
*
*
) 3 (
abc
T
abc
I V S =
|


Substituting the symmetrical equations in the three-phase power

| | ( ) | | ( ) | | | | | | | | | |
*
012
*
012
*
012 012
) 3 ( a
T
T
a a
T
a
I A A V AI AV S = =
|


| | ( ) ( ) | |
*
012 012
) 3 (
3
a
T
a
I V S =
|
; with A
T
= A and A
T
A
*
= 3

leading to


* 2 2 * 1 1 * 0 0
) 3 (
3 3 3
a a a a a a
I V I V I V S + + =
|
;






EXAMPLE:

Calculate the sequence components of the following line-neutral voltages
with abc sequence:

V
an
= 277/0
o
V; V
bn
= 277/-120
o
V; V
cn
= 277/+120
o
V


EXAMPLE

Athree-phase line feeding a balanced-Y load has one of its phases (phase-b)
open. The load neutral is grounded, and unbalanced line currents are:

I
a
= 10/0
o
A; I
b
= 0 A; I
c
= 10/+120
o
A;






























CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
I
c
= 10/120
o

A
I
a
= 10/0
o
A
I
b
= 0 A
I
n

I
1
a

I
1
c

I
1
b

Positive-sequence set
I
2
a

I
2
b

I
2
c

Negative-sequence set
I
0
a
I
0
b
I
0
c

Zero-sequence set
Positive Sequence Sources:

One-line diagram forms the basis for setting up sequence networks.














- Positive Sequence:
' '
d
X provides maximum value when used in system-
protection fault studies. In slower-speed protection
'
d
X may be used.
- Induction motors are not considered as sources of fault current for
protection. Induction motors must, however, be considered in circuit
breaker applications under ANSI/IEEE standards.

Sequence Networks:

Y-Connected Loads:






















For no mutual coupling - Z
m
= 0










Transmission Lines:

- Positive- and Negative-Sequence Impedance: Z
1
= Z
2


- Zero-sequence: X
1
= X
0
+ 3X
n
where
|
.
|

\
|
=
D
D
f X
n
n
ln 2 . 0 2t
The zero-sequence is more three times larger than positive- or negative-
impedance.








012
Z

Z
s
+ 3Z
n
+ 2Z
m
0 0
0 Z
s
- Z
m
0
0 0 Z
s
- Z
m

012
Z

Z
s
+ 3Z
n
0 0
0 Z
s
- Z
m
0
0 0 Z
s
- Z
m

You might also like