Introduction to

Sockets Programming in C
using TCP/IP
Professor: Panagiota Fatourou
TA: Eleftherios Kosmas
CSD - May 2012
Introduction
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Computer Network
O hosts, routers,
communication channels
Hosts run applications
Routers forward information
Packets: sequence of bytes
O contain control information
O e.g. destination host
Protocol is an agreement
O meaning of packets
O structure and size of packets
e.g. Hypertext Transfer Protocol
(HTTP)
Host
Router
Communication
channel
Protocol Families - TCP/IP
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Several protocols for different problems
Protocol Suites or Protocol Families: TCP/IP
TCP/IP provides end-to-end connectivity specifying how data
should be
O formatted,
O addressed,
O transmitted,
O routed, and
O received at the destination
can be used in the internet and in stand-alone private networks
it is organized into layers
TCP/IP
* image is taken from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IP_model
*
Communication
Channels
Network Layer
IP
Transport Layer
TCP or UDP
FTP, SMTP,
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Internet Protocol (IP)
provides a datagram service
O packets are handled and delivered
independently
best-effort protocol
O may loose, reorder or duplicate
packets
each packet must contain an IP
address of its destination
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Addresses - IPv4
7 24
Class A: 0 Network ID Host ID
14 16
Class B: 1 0 Network ID Host ID
21 8
Class C: 1 1 0 Network ID Host ID
28
Class D (multicast): 1 1 1 0 Multicast address
27
Class E (reserved): 1 1 1 1 unused 0
1.0.0.0 to
127.255.255.255
128.0.0.0 to
191.255.255.255
192.0.0.0 to
223.255.255.255
224.0.0.0 to
239.255.255.255
240.0.0.0 to
255.255.255.255
Range of addresses
The 32 bits of an IPv4 address are broken into 4 octets, or 8 bit fields
(0-255 value in decimal notation).
For networks of different size,
O the first one (for large networks) to three (for small networks) octets can
be used to identify the network, while
O the rest of the octets can be used to identify the node on the network.
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Local Area Network Addresses - IPv4
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TCP vs UDP
Both use port numbers
O application-specific construct serving as a communication endpoint
O 16-bit unsigned integer, thus ranging from 0 to 65535
to provide end-to-end transport
UDP: User Datagram Protocol
O no acknowledgements
O no retransmissions
O out of order, duplicates possible
O connectionless, i.e., app indicates destination for each packet
TCP: Transmission Control Protocol
O reliable byte-stream channel (in order, all arrive, no duplicates)
similar to file I/O
O flow control
O connection-oriented
O bidirectional
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TCP vs UDP
TCP is used for services with a large data capacity, and a persistent
connection
UDP is more commonly used for quick lookups, and single use
query-reply actions.
Some common examples of TCP and UDP with their default ports:
DNS lookup UDP 53
FTP TCP 21
HTTP TCP 80
POP3 TCP 110
Telnet TCP 23
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Berkley Sockets
Universally known as Sockets
It is an abstraction through which an
application may send and receive data
Provide generic access to interprocess
communication services
O e.g. IPX/SPX, Appletalk, TCP/IP
Standard API for networking
Host
Application
Socket
TCP
IP
Host
Application
Socket
TCP
IP
Router
IP
Channel
Channel
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Sockets
Uniquely identified by
O an internet address
O an end-to-end protocol (e.g. TCP or UDP)
O a port number
Two types of (TCP/IP) sockets
O Stream sockets (e.g. uses TCP)
provide reliable byte-stream service
O Datagram sockets (e.g. uses UDP)
provide best-effort datagram service
messages up to 65.500 bytes
Socket extend the convectional UNIX I/O facilities
O file descriptors for network communication
O extended the read and write system calls
0
1
2
internal data
structure for file 1
Family: PF_INET
Service: SOCK_STREAM
Local_IP:
Remote_IP:
Remote_Port:

Local_Port:
Descriptor Table
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Sockets
TCP UDP
IP
1 2 65535
1 2 65535
Applications
TCP sockets
UDP sockets
TCP ports UDP ports
Descriptor
references
Sockets bound to ports
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Socket Programming
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Client-Server communication
Server
O passively waits for and responds to clients
O passive socket
Client
O initiates the communication
O must know the address and the port of the server
O active socket
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Sockets - Procedures
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Client - Server Communication - Unix
socket()
bind()
listen()
accept()
recv()
send()
close()
Server
socket()
connect()
send()
recv()
close()
Client
synchronization
point
Stream
(e.g. TCP)
socket()
bind()
recvfrom()
sendto()
close()
Server
socket()
sendto()
recvfrom()
close()
Client
Datagram
(e.g. UDP)
bind()
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Socket creation in C: socket ( )
int sockid = socket(family, type, protocol);
O sockid: socket descriptor, an integer (like a file-handle)
O family: integer, communication domain, e.g.,
PF_INET, IPv4 protocols, Internet addresses (typically used)
PF_UNIX, Local communication, File addresses
O type: communication type
SOCK_STREAM - reliable, 2-way, connection-based service
SOCK_DGRAM - unreliable, connectionless, messages of maximum length
O protocol: specifies protocol
IPPROTO_TCP IPPROTO_UDP
usually set to 0 (i.e., use default protocol)
O upon failure returns -1
NOTE: socket call does not specify where data will be coming from,
nor where it will be going to it just creates the interface!
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Client - Server Communication - Unix
socket()
bind()
listen()
accept()
recv()
send()
close()
Server
socket()
connect()
send()
recv()
close()
Client
synchronization
point
Stream
(e.g. TCP)
socket()
bind()
recvfrom()
sendto()
close()
Server
socket()
sendto()
recvfrom()
close()
Client
Datagram
(e.g. UDP)
bind()
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Socket close in C: cl ose( )
When finished using a socket, the socket should be closed
status = close(sockid);
O sockid: the file descriptor (socket being closed)
O status: 0 if successful, -1 if error
Closing a socket
O closes a connection (for stream socket)
O frees up the port used by the socket
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Specifying Addresses
Socket API defines a generic data type for addresses:
Particular form of the sockaddr used for TCP/IP addresses:
Important: sockaddr_in can be casted to a sockaddr
struct sockaddr {
unsigned short sa_family; /* Address family (e.g. AF_INET) */
char sa_data[14]; /* Family-specific address information */
}
struct in_addr {
unsigned long s_addr; /* Internet address (32 bits) */
}
struct sockaddr_in {
unsigned short sin_family; /* Internet protocol (AF_INET) */
unsigned short sin_port; /* Address port (16 bits) */
struct in_addr sin_addr; /* Internet address (32 bits) */
char sin_zero[8]; /* Not used */
}
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Client - Server Communication - Unix
socket()
bind()
listen()
accept()
recv()
send()
close()
Server
socket()
connect()
send()
recv()
close()
Client
synchronization
point
Stream
(e.g. TCP)
socket()
bind()
recvfrom()
sendto()
close()
Server
socket()
sendto()
recvfrom()
close()
Client
Datagram
(e.g. UDP)
bind()
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Assign address to socket: bi nd( )
associates and reserves a port for use by the socket
int status = bind(sockid, &addrport, size);
O sockid: integer, socket descriptor
O addrport: struct sockaddr, the (IP) address and port of the machine
for TCP/IP server, internet address is usually set to INADDR_ANY, i.e.,
chooses any incoming interface
O size: the size (in bytes) of the addrport structure
O status: upon failure -1 is returned
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bi nd( ) - Example with TCP
int sockid;
struct sockaddr_in addrport;
sockid = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
addrport.sin_family = AF_INET;
addrport.sin_port = htons(5100);
addrport.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl(INADDR_ANY);
if(bind(sockid, (struct sockaddr *) &addrport, sizeof(addrport))!= -1) {
}
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Skipping the bi nd( )
bind can be skipped for both types of sockets
Datagram socket:
O if only sending, no need to bind. The OS finds a port each time the socket
sends a packet
O if receiving, need to bind
Stream socket:
O destination determined during connection setup
O dont need to know port sending from (during connection setup, receiving
end is informed of port)
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Client - Server Communication - Unix
socket()
bind()
listen()
accept()
recv()
send()
close()
Server
socket()
connect()
send()
recv()
close()
Client
synchronization
point
Stream
(e.g. TCP)
socket()
bind()
recvfrom()
sendto()
close()
Server
socket()
sendto()
recvfrom()
close()
Client
Datagram
(e.g. UDP)
bind()
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Assign address to socket: bi nd( )
Instructs TCP protocol implementation to listen for connections
int status = listen(sockid, queueLimit);
O sockid: integer, socket descriptor
O queuelen: integer, # of active participants that can wait for a connection
O status: 0 if listening, -1 if error
l i st en( ) is non-blocking: returns immediately
The listening socket (sockid)
O is never used for sending and receiving
O is used by the server only as a way to get new sockets
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Client - Server Communication - Unix
socket()
bind()
listen()
accept()
recv()
send()
close()
Server
socket()
connect()
send()
recv()
close()
Client
synchronization
point
Stream
(e.g. TCP)
socket()
bind()
recvfrom()
sendto()
close()
Server
socket()
sendto()
recvfrom()
close()
Client
Datagram
(e.g. UDP)
bind()
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Establish Connection: connect ( )
The client establishes a connection with the server by calling
connect ( )
int status = connect(sockid, &foreignAddr, addrlen);
O sockid: integer, socket to be used in connection
O foreignAddr: struct sockaddr: address of the passive participant
O addrlen: integer, sizeof(name)
O status: 0 if successful connect, -1 otherwise
connect ( ) is blocking
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Incoming Connection: accept ( )
The server gets a socket for an incoming client connection by calling
accept ( )
int s = accept(sockid, &clientAddr, &addrLen);
O s: integer, the new socket (used for data-transfer)
O sockid: integer, the orig. socket (being listened on)
O clientAddr: struct sockaddr, address of the active participant
filled in upon return
O addrLen: sizeof(clientAddr): value/result parameter
must be set appropriately before call
adjusted upon return
accept ( )
O is blocking: waits for connection before returning
O dequeues the next connection on the queue for socket (sockid)
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Client - Server Communication - Unix
socket()
bind()
listen()
accept()
recv()
send()
close()
Server
socket()
connect()
send()
recv()
close()
Client
synchronization
point
Stream
(e.g. TCP)
socket()
bind()
recvfrom()
sendto()
close()
Server
socket()
sendto()
recvfrom()
close()
Client
Datagram
(e.g. UDP)
bind()
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Exchanging data with stream socket
int count = send(sockid, msg, msgLen, flags);
O msg: const void[], message to be transmitted
O msgLen: integer, length of message (in bytes) to transmit
O flags: integer, special options, usually just 0
O count: # bytes transmitted (-1 if error)
int count = recv(sockid, recvBuf, bufLen, flags);
O recvBuf: void[], stores received bytes
O bufLen: # bytes received
O flags: integer, special options, usually just 0
O count: # bytes received (-1 if error)
Calls are blocking
O returns only after data is sent / received
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Exchanging data with datagram socket
int count = sendto(sockid, msg, msgLen, flags,
&foreignAddr, addrlen);
O msg, msgLen, flags, count: same with send( )
O foreignAddr: struct sockaddr, address of the destination
O addrLen: sizeof(foreignAddr)
int count = recvfrom(sockid, recvBuf, bufLen,
flags, &clientAddr, addrlen);
O recvBuf, bufLen, flags, count: same with r ecv( )
O clientAddr: struct sockaddr, address of the client
O addrLen: sizeof(clientAddr)
Calls are blocking
O returns only after data is sent / received
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Example - Echo
A client communicates with an echo server
The server simply echoes whatever it receives back to the client
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Example - Echo using stream socket
Client
1. Create a TCP socket
2. Establish connection
3. Communicate
4. Close the connection
Server
1. Create a TCP socket
2. Assign a port to socket
3. Set socket to listen
4. Repeatedly:
a. Accept new connection
b. Communicate
c. Close the connection
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The server starts by getting ready to receive client connections
Example - Echo using stream socket
Client
1. Create a TCP socket
2. Establish connection
3. Communicate
4. Close the connection
Server
1. Create a TCP socket
2. Assign a port to socket
3. Set socket to listen
4. Repeatedly:
a. Accept new connection
b. Communicate
c. Close the connection
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/* Create socket for incoming connections */
if ((servSock = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, IPPROTO_TCP)) < 0)
DieWithError("socket() failed");
Example - Echo using stream socket
Client
1. Create a TCP socket
2. Establish connection
3. Communicate
4. Close the connection
Server
1. Create a TCP socket
2. Assign a port to socket
3. Set socket to listen
4. Repeatedly:
a. Accept new connection
b. Communicate
c. Close the connection
echoServAddr.sin_family = AF_INET; /* Internet address family */
echoServAddr.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl(INADDR_ANY); /* Any incoming interface */
echoServAddr.sin_port = htons(echoServPort); /* Local port */
if (bind(servSock, (struct sockaddr *) &echoServAddr, sizeof(echoServAddr)) < 0)
DieWithError("bind() failed");
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Example - Echo using stream socket
Client
1. Create a TCP socket
2. Establish connection
3. Communicate
4. Close the connection
Server
1. Create a TCP socket
2. Assign a port to socket
3. Set socket to listen
4. Repeatedly:
a. Accept new connection
b. Communicate
c. Close the connection
/* Mark the socket so it will listen for incoming connections */
if (listen(servSock, MAXPENDING) < 0)
DieWithError("listen() failed");
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Example - Echo using stream socket
Client
1. Create a TCP socket
2. Establish connection
3. Communicate
4. Close the connection
Server
1. Create a TCP socket
2. Assign a port to socket
3. Set socket to listen
4. Repeatedly:
a. Accept new connection
b. Communicate
c. Close the connection
for (;;) /* Run forever */
{
clntLen = sizeof(echoClntAddr);
if ((clientSock=accept(servSock,(struct sockaddr *)&echoClntAddr,&clntLen))<0)
DieWithError("accept() failed");
...
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Example - Echo using stream socket
Client
1. Create a TCP socket
2. Establish connection
3. Communicate
4. Close the connection
Server
1. Create a TCP socket
2. Assign a port to socket
3. Set socket to listen
4. Repeatedly:
a. Accept new connection
b. Communicate
c. Close the connection
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Server is now blocked waiting for connection from a client

A client decides to talk to the server

Example - Echo using stream socket
Client
1. Create a TCP socket
2. Establish connection
3. Communicate
4. Close the connection
Server
1. Create a TCP socket
2. Assign a port to socket
3. Set socket to listen
4. Repeatedly:
a. Accept new connection
b. Communicate
c. Close the connection
/* Create a reliable, stream socket using TCP */
if ((clientSock = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, IPPROTO_TCP)) < 0)
DieWithError("socket() failed");
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Example - Echo using stream socket
Client
1. Create a TCP socket
2. Establish connection
3. Communicate
4. Close the connection
Server
1. Create a TCP socket
2. Assign a port to socket
3. Set socket to listen
4. Repeatedly:
a. Accept new connection
b. Communicate
c. Close the connection
echoServAddr.sin_family = AF_INET; /* Internet address family */
echoServAddr.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr(echoservIP); /* Server IP address*/
echoServAddr.sin_port = htons(echoServPort); /* Server port */
if (connect(clientSock, (struct sockaddr *) &echoServAddr,
sizeof(echoServAddr)) < 0)
DieWithError("connect() failed");
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Example - Echo using stream socket
Client
1. Create a TCP socket
2. Establish connection
3. Communicate
4. Close the connection
Server
1. Create a TCP socket
2. Assign a port to socket
3. Set socket to listen
4. Repeatedly:
a. Accept new connection
b. Communicate
c. Close the connection
for (;;) /* Run forever */
{
clntLen = sizeof(echoClntAddr);
if ((clientSock=accept(servSock,(struct sockaddr *)&echoClntAddr,&clntLen))<0)
DieWithError("accept() failed");
...
Servers accept procedure in now unblocked and returns clients socket
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Example - Echo using stream socket
Client
1. Create a TCP socket
2. Establish connection
3. Communicate
4. Close the connection
Server
1. Create a TCP socket
2. Assign a port to socket
3. Set socket to listen
4. Repeatedly:
a. Accept new connection
b. Communicate
c. Close the connection
echoStringLen = strlen(echoString); /* Determine input length */
/* Send the string to the server */
if (send(clientSock, echoString, echoStringLen, 0) != echoStringLen)
DieWithError("send() sent a different number of bytes than expected");
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Example - Echo using stream socket
Client
1. Create a TCP socket
2. Establish connection
3. Communicate
4. Close the connection
Server
1. Create a TCP socket
2. Assign a port to socket
3. Set socket to listen
4. Repeatedly:
a. Accept new connection
b. Communicate
c. Close the connection
/* Receive message from client */
if ((recvMsgSize = recv(clntSocket, echoBuffer, RCVBUFSIZE, 0)) < 0)
DieWithError("recv() failed");
/* Send received string and receive again until end of transmission */
while (recvMsgSize > 0) { /* zero indicates end of transmission */
if (send(clientSocket, echobuffer, recvMsgSize, 0) != recvMsgSize)
DieWithError(send() failed);
if ((recvMsgSize = recv(clientSocket, echoBuffer, RECVBUFSIZE, 0)) < 0)
DieWithError(recv() failed);
}
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Example - Echo using stream socket
Client
1. Create a TCP socket
2. Establish connection
3. Communicate
4. Close the connection
Server
1. Create a TCP socket
2. Assign a port to socket
3. Set socket to listen
4. Repeatedly:
a. Accept new connection
b. Communicate
c. Close the connection
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Similarly, the client receives the data from the server
Example - Echo using stream socket
Client
1. Create a TCP socket
2. Establish connection
3. Communicate
4. Close the connection
Server
1. Create a TCP socket
2. Assign a port to socket
3. Set socket to listen
4. Repeatedly:
a. Accept new connection
b. Communicate
c. Close the connection
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close(clientSock); close(clientSock);
Example - Echo using stream socket
Client
1. Create a TCP socket
2. Establish connection
3. Communicate
4. Close the connection
Server
1. Create a TCP socket
2. Assign a port to socket
3. Set socket to listen
4. Repeatedly:
a. Accept new connection
b. Communicate
c. Close the connection
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Server is now blocked waiting for connection from a client

Example - Echo using datagram socket

Client
1. Create a UDP socket
2. Assign a port to socket
3. Communicate
4. Close the socket
Server
1. Create a UDP socket
2. Assign a port to socket
3. Repeatedly
Communicate
/* Create socket for sending/receiving datagrams */
if ((servSock = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, IPPROTO_UDP)) < 0)
DieWithError("socket() failed");
/* Create a datagram/UDP socket */
if ((clientSock = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, IPPROTO_UDP)) < 0)
DieWithError("socket() failed");
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Example - Echo using datagram socket
Client
1. Create a UDP socket
2. Assign a port to socket
3. Communicate
4. Close the socket
Server
1. Create a UDP socket
2. Assign a port to socket
3. Repeatedly
Communicate
echoServAddr.sin_family = AF_INET; /* Internet address family */
echoServAddr.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl(INADDR_ANY); /* Any incoming interface */
echoServAddr.sin_port = htons(echoServPort); /* Local port */
if (bind(servSock, (struct sockaddr *) &echoServAddr, sizeof(echoServAddr)) < 0)
DieWithError("bind() failed");
echoClientAddr.sin_family = AF_INET; /* Internet address family */
echoClientAddr.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl(INADDR_ANY); /* Any incoming interface */
echoClientAddr.sin_port = htons(echoClientPort); /* Local port */
if(bind(clientSock,(struct sockaddr *)&echoClientAddr,sizeof(echoClientAddr))<0)
DieWithError("connect() failed");
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Example - Echo using datagram socket
Client
1. Create a UDP socket
2. Assign a port to socket
3. Communicate
4. Close the socket
Server
1. Create a UDP socket
2. Assign a port to socket
3. Repeatedly
Communicate
echoServAddr.sin_family = AF_INET; /* Internet address family */
echoServAddr.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr(echoservIP); /* Server IP address*/
echoServAddr.sin_port = htons(echoServPort); /* Server port */
echoStringLen = strlen(echoString); /* Determine input length */
/* Send the string to the server */
if (sendto( clientSock, echoString, echoStringLen, 0,
(struct sockaddr *) &echoServAddr, sizeof(echoServAddr))
!= echoStringLen)
DieWithError("send() sent a different number of bytes than expected");
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Example - Echo using datagram socket
Client
1. Create a UDP socket
2. Assign a port to socket
3. Communicate
4. Close the socket
Server
1. Create a UDP socket
2. Assign a port to socket
3. Repeatedly
Communicate
for (;;) /* Run forever */
{
clientAddrLen = sizeof(echoClientAddr) /* Set the size of the in-out parameter */
/*Block until receive message from client*/
if ((recvMsgSize = recvfrom(servSock, echoBuffer, ECHOMAX, 0),
(struct sockaddr *) &echoClientAddr, sizeof(echoClientAddr))) < 0)
DieWithError(recvfrom() failed");
if (sendto(servSock, echobuffer, recvMsgSize, 0,
(struct sockaddr *) &echoClientAddr, sizeof(echoClientAddr))
!= recvMsgSize)
DieWithError(send() failed);
}
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Example - Echo using datagram socket
Client
1. Create a UDP socket
2. Assign a port to socket
3. Communicate
4. Close the socket
Server
1. Create a UDP socket
2. Assign a port to socket
3. Repeatedly
Communicate
Similarly, the client receives the data from the server
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Example - Echo using datagram
socket
close(clientSock);
Client
1. Create a UDP socket
2. Assign a port to socket
3. Communicate
4. Close the socket
Server
1. Create a UDP socket
2. Assign a port to socket
3. Repeatedly
Communicate
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Client - Server Communication - Unix
socket()
bind()
listen()
accept()
recv()
send()
close()
Server
socket()
connect()
send()
recv()
close()
Client
synchronization
point
Stream
(e.g. TCP)
socket()
bind()
recvfrom()
sendto()
close()
Server
socket()
sendto()
recvfrom()
close()
Client
Datagram
(e.g. UDP)
bind()
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Constructing Messages - Encoding Data
Client wants to send two integers x and y to server
1
st
Solution: Character Encoding
O e.g. ASCII
` the same representation is used to print or display them to screen
` allows sending arbitrarily large numbers (at least in principle)
e.g. x = 17, 998, 720 and y = 47, 034, 615
49 55 57 57 56 55 50 48 32 52 55 48 51 52 54 49 53 32
1 7 9 9 8 7 2 0 _ 4 7 0 3 4 6 1 5 _
sprintf(msgBuffer, %d %d , x, y);
send(clientSocket, strlen(msgBuffer), 0);
CS556 - Distributed Systems Tutorial by Eleftherios Kosmas 55
Pitfalls
O the second delimiter is required
otherwise the server will not be able to separate it from whatever it
follows
O msgBuf f er must be large enough
O strlen counts only the bytes of the message
not the null at the end of the string
This solution is not efficient
each digit can be represented using 4 bits, instead of one byte
it is inconvenient to manipulate numbers
2
nd
Solution: Sending the values of x and y
Constructing Messages - Encoding Data
CS556 - Distributed Systems Tutorial by Eleftherios Kosmas 56
2
nd
Solution: Sending the values of x and y
O pitfall: native integer format
a protocol is used
how many bits are used for each integer
what type of encoding is used (e.g. twos complement, sign/magnitude,
unsigned)
typedef struct {
int x,y;
} msgStruct;

msgStruct.x = x; msgStruct.y = y;
send(clientSock, &msgStruct, sizeof(msgStruct), 0);
send(clientSock, &x, sizeof(x)), 0);
send(clientSock, &y, sizeof(y)), 0);
1
st
Implementation
2
nd
Implementation
2
nd
implementation
works in any case?
Constructing Messages - Encoding Data
CS556 - Distributed Systems Tutorial by Eleftherios Kosmas 57
Address and port are stored as integers
O u_short sin_port; (16 bit)
O in_addr sin_addr; (32 bit)
Problem:
O different machines / OSs use different word orderings
little-endian: lower bytes first
big-endian: higher bytes first
O these machines may communicate with one another over the
network
128.119.40.12
128 119 40 12
12.40.119.128
128 119 40 12
Big-Endian
machine
Little-Endian
machine
Constructing Messages - Byte Ordering
CS556 - Distributed Systems Tutorial by Eleftherios Kosmas 58
Big-Endian:
Little-Endian:
Constructing Messages - Byte Ordering
CS556 - Distributed Systems Tutorial by Eleftherios Kosmas 59
Constructing Messages - Byte Ordering -
Solution: Network Byte Ordering
Host Byte-Ordering: the byte ordering used by a host (big or little)
Network Byte-Ordering: the byte ordering used by the network
always big-endian
u_long htonl(u_long x);
u_short htons(u_short x);
u_long ntohl(u_long x);
u_short ntohs(u_short x);
On big-endian machines, these routines do nothing
On little-endian machines, they reverse the byte order
128.119.40.12
128 119 40 12
128.119.40.12
128 119 40 12
Big-Endian
machine
Little-Endian
machine
h
t
o
n
l
n
t
o
h
l
128 119 40 12
128 119 40 12
CS556 - Distributed Systems Tutorial by Eleftherios Kosmas 60
unsigned short clientPort, message; unsigned int messageLenth;
servPort = 1111;
message = htons(clientPort);
messageLength = sizeof(message);
if (sendto( clientSock, message, messageLength, 0,
(struct sockaddr *) &echoServAddr, sizeof(echoServAddr))
!= messageLength)
DieWithError("send() sent a different number of bytes than expected");
Client
unsigned short clientPort, rcvBuffer;
unsigned int recvMsgSize ;
if ( recvfrom(servSock, &rcvBuffer, sizeof(unsigned int), 0),
(struct sockaddr *) &echoClientAddr, sizeof(echoClientAddr)) < 0)
DieWithError(recvfrom() failed");
clientPort = ntohs(rcvBuffer);
printf (Clients port: %d, clientPort);
Server
Constructing Messages - Byte Ordering -
Example
CS556 - Distributed Systems Tutorial by Eleftherios Kosmas 61
consider the following 12 byte structure
After compilation it will be a 14 byte structure!
Why? Alignment!
Remember the following rules:
O data structures are maximally aligned, according to the size of the largest native integer
O other multibyte fields are aligned to their size, e.g., a four-byte integers address will be
divisible by four
This can be avoided
O include padding to data structure
O reorder fields
Constructing Messages - Alignment and Padding
typedef struct {
int x;
short x2;
int y;
short y2;
} msgStruct;
x x2 y y2
4 byt es 2 byt es 4 byt es 2 byt es
x x2 y y2
4 byt es 2 byt es 4 byt es 2 byt es
[pad]
2 byt es
typedef struct {
int x;
short x2;
char pad[2];
int y;
short y2;
} msgStruct;
typedef struct {
int x;
int y;
short x2;
short y2;
} msgStruct;
CS556 - Distributed Systems Tutorial by Eleftherios Kosmas 62
Framing is the problem of formatting the information so that the
receiver can parse messages
Parse means to locate the beginning and the end of message
This is easy if the fields have fixed sizes
O e.g., msgSt r uct
For text-string representations is harder
O Solution: use of appropriate delimiters
O caution is needed since a call of r ecv may return the messages sent by
multiple calls of send
Constructing Messages - Framing and Parsing
CS556 - Distributed Systems Tutorial by Eleftherios Kosmas 63
Socket Options
get sockopt and set sockopt allow socket options values to be
queried and set, respectively
int getsockopt (sockid, level, optName, optVal,
optLen);
O sockid: integer, socket descriptor
O level: integer, the layers of the protocol stack (socket, TCP, IP)
O optName: integer, option
O optVal: pointer to a buffer; upon return it contains the value of the
specified option
O optLen: integer, in-out parameter
it returns -1 if an error occured
int setsockopt (sockid, level, optName, optVal,
optLen);
O optLen is now only an input parameter
CS556 - Distributed Systems Tutorial by Eleftherios Kosmas 64
Socket Options
- Table
Socket Options - Example
Fetch and then double the current number of bytes in the sockets
receive buffer
int rcvBufferSize;
int sockOptSize;

/* Retrieve and print the default buffer size */

sockOptSize = sizeof(recvBuffSize);
if (getsockopt(sock, SOL_SOCKET, SO_RCVBUF, &rcvBufferSize, &sockOptSize) < 0)
DieWithError(getsockopt() failed);
printf(Initial Receive Buffer Size: %d\n, rcvBufferSize);
/* Double the buffer size */
recvBufferSize *= 2;
/* Set the buffer size to new value */
if (setsockopt(sock, SOL_SOCKET, SO_RCVBUF, &rcvBufferSize,
sizeof(rcvBufferSize)) < 0)
DieWithError(getsockopt() failed);
CS556 - Distributed Systems Tutorial by Eleftherios Kosmas 66
Dealing with blocking calls
Many of the functions we saw block (by default) until a certain
event
O accept: until a connection comes in
O connect: until the connection is established
O recv, recvfrom: until a packet (of data) is received
what if a packet is lost (in datagram socket)?
O send: until data are pushed into sockets buffer
O sendto: until data are given to the network subsystem
For simple programs, blocking is convenient
What about more complex programs?
O multiple connections
O simultaneous sends and receives
O simultaneously doing non-networking processing
CS556 - Distributed Systems Tutorial by Eleftherios Kosmas 67
Dealing with blocking calls
Non-blocking Sockets
Asynchronous I/O
Timeouts
CS556 - Distributed Systems Tutorial by Eleftherios Kosmas 68
Non-blocking Sockets
If an operation can be completed immediately, success is returned;
otherwise, a failure is returned (usually -1)
O er r no is properly set, to distinguish this (blocking) failure from
other - (EI NPROGRESS for connect , EWOULDBLOCK for the other)
1
st
Solution: int fcntl (sockid, command, argument);
O sockid: integer, socket descriptor
O command: integer, the operation to be performed (F_GETFL, F_SETFL)
O argument: long, e.g. O_NONBLOCK
fcntl (sockid, F_SETFL, O_NONBLOCK);
2
nd
Solution: flags parameter of send, r ecv, sendt o, r ecvf r om
O MSG_DONTWAIT
O not supported by all implementations
CS556 - Distributed Systems Tutorial by Eleftherios Kosmas 69
Signals
Provide a mechanism for operating system to notify processes that
certain events occur
O e.g., the user typed the interrupt character, or a timer expired
signals are delivered asynchronously
upon signal delivery to program
O it may be ignored, the process is never aware of it
O the program is forcefully terminated by the OS
O a signal-handling routine, specified by the program, is executed
this happens in a different thread
O the signal is blocked, until the program takes action to allow its delivery
each process (or thread) has a corresponding mask
Each signal has a default behavior
O e.g. SIGINT (i.e., Ctrl+C) causes termination
O it can be changed using si gact i on( )
Signals can be nested (i.e., while one is being handled another is delivered)
CS556 - Distributed Systems Tutorial by Eleftherios Kosmas 70
Signals
int sigaction(whichSignal, &newAction, &oldAction);
O whichSignal: integer
O newAction: st r uct si gact i on, defines the new behavior
O oldAction: st r uct si gact i on, if not NULL, then previous behavior is copied
O it returns 0 on success, -1 otherwise
sa_handl er determines which of the first three possibilities occurs when signal is
delivered, i.e., it is not masked
O SI G_I GN, SI G_DFL, address of a function
sa_mask specifies the signals to be blocked while handling whichSignal
O whichSignal is always blocked
O it is implemented as a set of boolean flags
struct sigaction {
void (*sa_handler)(int); /* Signal handler */
sigset_t sa_mask; /* Signals to be blocked during handler execution */
int sa_flags; /* Flags to modify default behavior */
};
int sigemptyset (sigset_t *set); /* unset all the flags */
int sigfullset (sigset_t *set); /* set all the flags */
int sigaddset(sigset_t *set, int whichSignal); /* set individual flag */
int sigdelset(sigset_t *set, int whichSignal); /* unset individual flag */
CS556 - Distributed Systems Tutorial by Eleftherios Kosmas 71
Signals - Example
#i ncl ude <st di o. h>
#include <signal.h>
#i ncl ude <uni st d. h>
voi d Di eWi t hEr r or ( char *er r or Message) ;
voi d InterruptSignalHandler( i nt signalType) ;
i nt mai n ( i nt ar gc, char *ar gv[ ] ) {
struct sigaction handler; /* Signal handler specification structure */
handler.sa_handler = InterruptSignalHandler; /* Set handler function */
i f ( sigfillset( &handler.sa_mask) < 0) /* Create mask that masks all signals */
Di eWi t hEr r or ( si gf i l l set ( ) f ai l ed) ;
handler.sa_flags = 0;
i f ( sigaction( SIGINT, &handler, 0) < 0) /* Set signal handling for interrupt signals */
Di eWi t hEr r or ( si gact i on( ) f ai l ed) ;
f or ( ; ; ) pause( ) ; /* Suspend program until signal received */
exi t ( 0) ;
}
voi d InterruptHandler ( i nt signalType) {
pr i nt f ( I nt er r upt r ecei ved. Exi t i ng pr ogr am. \ n) ;
exi t ( 1) ;
}
CS556 - Distributed Systems Tutorial by Eleftherios Kosmas 72
Asynchronous I/O
Non-blocking sockets require polling
` With asynchronous I/O the operating system informs the program
when a socket call is completed
O the SIGIO signal is delivered to the process, when some I/O-related event
occurs on the socket
Three steps:
/* i. inform the system of the desired disposition of the signal */
struct sigaction handler;
handler.sa_handler = SIGIOHandler;
if (sigfillset(&handler.sa_mask) < 0) DiewithError();
handler.sa_flags = 0;
if (sigaction(SIGIO, &handler, 0) < 0) DieWithError();
/* ii. ensure that signals related to the socket will be delivered to this process */
if (fcntl(sock, F_SETOWN, getpid()) < 0) DieWithError();
/* iii. mark the socket as being primed for asynchronous I/O */
if (fcntl(sock, F_SETFL, O_NONBLOCK | FASYNC) < 0) DieWithError();
CS556 - Distributed Systems Tutorial by Eleftherios Kosmas 73
Timeouts
Using asynchronous I/O the operating system informs the program
for the occurrence of an I/O related event
O what happens if a UPD packet is lost?
We may need to know if something doesnt happen after some time
unsigned int alarm (unsigned int secs);
O starts a timer that expires after the specified number of seconds (secs)
O returns
the number of seconds remaining until any previously scheduled alarm was
due to be delivered,
or zero if there was no previously scheduled alarm
O process receives SIGALARM signal when timer expires and er r no is set to
EINTR
CS556 - Distributed Systems Tutorial by Eleftherios Kosmas 74
Asynchronous I/O - Example
/* Inform the system of the desired disposition of the signal */
struct sigaction myAction;
myAction.sa_handler = CatchAlarm;
if (sigfillset(&myAction.sa_mask) < 0) DiewithError();
myAction.sa_flags = 0;
if (sigaction(SIGALARM, &handler, 0) < 0) DieWithError();
/* Set alarm */
alarm(TIMEOUT_SECS);
/* Call blocking receive */
if (recvfrom(sock, echoBuffer, ECHOMAX, 0, ) < 0) {
if (errno = EINTR) /*Alarm went off */
else DieWithError(recvfrom() failed);
}
CS556 - Distributed Systems Tutorial by Eleftherios Kosmas 75
Iterative Stream Socket Server
Handles one client at a time
Additional clients can connect while one is being served
O connections are established
O they are able to send requests
but, the server will respond after it finishes with the first client
` Works well if each client required a small, bounded amount of
work by the server
otherwise, the clients experience long delays
CS556 - Distributed Systems Tutorial by Eleftherios Kosmas 76
Iterative Server - Example: echo using stream socket
#i ncl ude <st di o. h> / * f or pr i nt f ( ) and f pr i nt f ( ) */
#include <sys/socket.h> /* for socket(), bind(), connect(), recv() and send() */
#include <arpa/inet.h> /* for sockaddr_in and inet_ntoa() */
#i ncl ude <st dl i b. h> / * f or at oi ( ) and exi t ( ) */
#i ncl ude <st r i ng. h> / * f or memset ( ) */
#i ncl ude <uni st d. h> / * f or cl ose( ) */
#def i ne MAXPENDI NG 5 / * Maxi mumout st andi ng connect i on r equest s */
voi d Di eWi t hEr r or ( char *er r or Message) ; / * Er r or handl i ng f unct i on */
voi d Handl eTCPCl i ent ( i nt cl nt Socket ) ; / * TCP cl i ent handl i ng f unct i on */
i nt mai n( i nt ar gc, char *ar gv[ ] ) {
i nt servSock; / * Socket descr i pt or f or ser ver */
i nt clntSock; / * Socket descr i pt or f or cl i ent */
st r uct sockaddr _i n echoServAddr; / * Local addr ess */
st r uct sockaddr _i n echoClntAddr; / * Cl i ent addr ess */
unsi gned shor t echoSer vPor t ; / * Ser ver por t */
unsi gned i nt cl nt Len; / * Lengt h of cl i ent addr ess dat a st r uct ur e */
i f ( ar gc ! = 2) { / * Test f or cor r ect number of ar gument s */
f pr i nt f ( st der r , " Usage: %s <Ser ver Por t >\ n" , ar gv[ 0] ) ;
exi t ( 1) ;
}
echoSer vPor t = atoi( ar gv[ 1] ) ; / * Fi r st ar g: l ocal por t */
/ * Cr eat e socket f or i ncomi ng connect i ons */
i f ( ( ser vSock = socket( PF_I NET, SOCK_STREAM, I PPROTO_TCP) ) < 0)
Di eWi t hEr r or ( " socket ( ) f ai l ed" ) ;
. . .
CS556 - Distributed Systems Tutorial by Eleftherios Kosmas 77
Iterative Server - Example: echo using stream socket
. . .
/ * Const r uct l ocal addr ess st r uct ur e */
memset ( &echoSer vAddr , 0, si zeof ( echoSer vAddr ) ) ; / * Zer o out st r uct ur e */
echoServAddr. si n_f ami l y = AF_I NET; / * I nt er net addr ess f ami l y */
echoServAddr. si n_addr . s_addr = htonl( I NADDR_ANY) ; / * Any i ncomi ng i nt er f ace */
echoServAddr. si n_por t = htons( echoSer vPor t ) ; / * Local por t */
/ * Bi nd t o t he l ocal addr ess */
i f ( bind( servSock, ( st r uct sockaddr *) &echoServAddr, si zeof ( echoServAddr) ) < 0)
Di eWi t hEr r or ( " bi nd( ) f ai l ed" ) ;
/ * Mar k t he socket so i t wi l l l i st en f or i ncomi ng connect i ons */
i f ( listen( servSock, MAXPENDI NG) < 0)
Di eWi t hEr r or ( " l i st en( ) f ai l ed" ) ;
f or ( ; ; ) / * Run f or ever */
{
/ * Set t he si ze of t he i n- out par amet er */
cl nt Len = si zeof ( echoClntAddr) ;
/ * Wai t f or a cl i ent t o connect */
i f ( ( clntSock = accept( servSock, ( st r uct sockaddr *) &echoClntAddr,
&cl nt Len) ) < 0)
Di eWi t hEr r or ( " accept ( ) f ai l ed" ) ;
/ * cl nt Sock i s connect ed t o a cl i ent ! */
pr i nt f ( " Handl i ng cl i ent %s\ n" , inet_ntoa( echoCl nt Addr . si n_addr ) ) ;
HandleTCPClient( clntSock) ;
}
/ * NOT REACHED */
}
CS556 - Distributed Systems Tutorial by Eleftherios Kosmas 78
Iterative Server - Example: echo using stream socket
#def i ne RCVBUFSI ZE 32 / * Si ze of r ecei ve buf f er */
voi d HandleTCPClient( i nt clntSocket)
{
char echoBuf f er [ RCVBUFSI ZE] ; / * Buf f er f or echo st r i ng */
i nt r ecvMsgSi ze; / * Si ze of r ecei ved message */
/ * Recei ve message f r omcl i ent */
i f ( ( r ecvMsgSi ze = recv( clntSocket, echoBuf f er , RCVBUFSI ZE, 0) ) < 0)
Di eWi t hEr r or ( " r ecv( ) f ai l ed" ) ;
/ * Send r ecei ved st r i ng and r ecei ve agai n unt i l end of t r ansmi ssi on */
whi l e ( r ecvMsgSi ze > 0) / * zer o i ndi cat es end of t r ansmi ssi on */
{
/ * Echo message back t o cl i ent */
i f ( send( clntSocket, echoBuf f er , r ecvMsgSi ze, 0) ! = r ecvMsgSi ze)
Di eWi t hEr r or ( " send( ) f ai l ed" ) ;
/ * See i f t her e i s mor e dat a t o r ecei ve */
i f ( ( r ecvMsgSi ze = recv( clntSocket, echoBuf f er , RCVBUFSI ZE, 0) ) < 0)
Di eWi t hEr r or ( " r ecv( ) f ai l ed" ) ;
}
close( clntSocket) ; / * Cl ose cl i ent socket */
}
CS556 - Distributed Systems Tutorial by Eleftherios Kosmas 79
Multitasking - Per-Client Process
For each client connection request, a new process is created to
handle the communication
int fork();
O a new process is created, identical to the calling process, except for its
process ID and the return value it receives from f or k( )
O returns 0 to child process, and the process ID of the new child to
parent
Caution:
O when a child process terminates, it does not automatically disappears
O use wai t pi d( ) to parent in order to harvest zombies
CS556 - Distributed Systems Tutorial by Eleftherios Kosmas 80
Multitasking - Per-Client Process
- Example: echo using stream socket
#i ncl ude <sys/ wai t . h> / * f or wai t pi d( ) */
i nt mai n( i nt ar gc, char *ar gv[ ] ) {
i nt servSock; / * Socket descr i pt or f or ser ver */
i nt clntSock; / * Socket descr i pt or f or cl i ent */
unsi gned shor t echoSer vPor t ; / * Ser ver por t */
pid_t processID; / * Pr ocess I D f r omf or k( ) */
unsi gned i nt chi l dPr ocCount = 0; / * Number of chi l d pr ocesses */
i f ( ar gc ! = 2) { / * Test f or cor r ect number of ar gument s */
f pr i nt f ( st der r , " Usage: %s <Ser ver Por t >\ n" , ar gv[ 0] ) ;
exi t ( 1) ;
}
echoSer vPor t = atoi( ar gv[ 1] ) ; / * Fi r st ar g: l ocal por t */
servSock = CreateTCPServerSocket( echoSer vPor t ) ;
f or ( ; ; ) { / * Run f or ever */
clntSock = AcceptTCPConnection( servSock) ;
i f ( ( processID = fork( ) ) < 0) Di eWi t hEr r or ( f or k( ) f ai l ed) ; / * For k chi l d pr ocess */
el se i f ( processID = 0) { / * Thi s i s t he chi l d pr ocess */
cl ose( servSock) ; / * chi l d cl oses l i st eni ng socket */
Handl eTCPCl i ent ( clntSock) ;
exi t ( 0) ; / * chi l d pr ocess t er mi nat es */
}
cl ose( clntSock) ; / * par ent cl oses chi l d socket */
chi l dPr ocCount ++; / * I ncr ement number of out st andi ng chi l d pr ocesses */
. . .
CS556 - Distributed Systems Tutorial by Eleftherios Kosmas 81
Multitasking - Per-Client Process
- Example: echo using stream socket
. . .
whi l e ( chi l dPr ocCount ) { / * Cl ean up al l zombi es */
pr ocessI D = waitpid( ( pi d_t ) - 1, NULL, WHOANG) ; / * Non- bl ocki ng wai t */
i f ( pr ocessI D < 0) Di eWi t hEr r or ( . . . ) ;
el se i f ( pr ocessI D == 0) br eak; / * No zombi e t o wai t */
el se chi l dPr ocCount - - ; / * Cl eaned up af t er a chi l d */
}
}
/ * NOT REACHED */
}
CS556 - Distributed Systems Tutorial by Eleftherios Kosmas 82
Multitasking - Per-Client Thread
Forking a new process is expensive
O duplicate the entire state (memory, stack, file/socket descriptors, )
` Threads decrease this cost by allowing multitasking within the
same process
O threads share the same address space (code and data)
An example is provided using POSIX Threads
CS556 - Distributed Systems Tutorial by Eleftherios Kosmas 83
Multitasking - Per-Client Thread
- Example: echo using stream socket
#include <pthread.h> /* for POSIX threads */
voi d *ThreadMain( voi d *ar g) / * Mai n pr ogr amof a t hr ead */
struct ThreadArgs { /* Structure of arguments to pass to client thread */
int clntSock; /* socket descriptor for client */
};
i nt mai n( i nt ar gc, char *ar gv[ ] ) {
i nt servSock; / * Socket descr i pt or f or ser ver */
i nt clntSock; / * Socket descr i pt or f or cl i ent */
unsi gned shor t echoSer vPor t ; / * Ser ver por t */
pthread_t threadID; / * Thr ead I D f r ompt hr ead_cr eat e( ) */
st r uct Thr eadAr gs *threadArgs; / * Poi nt er t o ar gument st r uct ur e f or t hr ead */
i f ( ar gc ! = 2) { / * Test f or cor r ect number of ar gument s */
f pr i nt f ( st der r , " Usage: %s <Ser ver Por t >\ n" , ar gv[ 0] ) ;
exi t ( 1) ;
}
echoSer vPor t = atoi( ar gv[ 1] ) ; / * Fi r st ar g: l ocal por t */
servSock = CreateTCPServerSocket( echoSer vPor t ) ;
f or ( ; ; ) { / * Run f or ever */
clntSock = AcceptTCPConnection( servSock) ;
/ * Cr eat e separ at e memor y f or cl i ent ar gument */
i f ( ( threadArgs = ( struct ThreadArgs *) mal l oc( si zeof ( struct ThreadArgs) ) ) ) == NULL) Di eWi t hEr r or ( ) ;
threadArgs - > cl nt Sock = clntSock;
/ * Cr eat e cl i ent t hr ead */
i f ( pt hr ead_cr eat e ( &threadID, NULL, ThreadMain, ( voi d *) threadArgs) ! = 0) Di eWi t hEr r or ( ) ;
}
/ * NOT REACHED */
}
CS556 - Distributed Systems Tutorial by Eleftherios Kosmas 84
Multitasking - Per-Client Thread
- Example: echo using stream socket
voi d *Thr eadMai n( voi d *threadArgs)
{
i nt clntSock; / * Socket descr i pt or f or cl i ent connect i on */
pthread_detach( pthread_self( ) ) ; / * Guar ant ees t hat t hr ead r esour ces ar e deal l ocat ed upon r et ur n */
/ * Ext r act socket f i l e descr i pt or f r omar gument */
clntSock = ( ( struct ThreadArgs *) threadArgs) - > cl nt Sock;
f r ee( threadArgs) ; / * Deal l ocat e memor y f or ar gument */
HandleTCPClient( clntSock) ;
r et ur n ( NULL) ;
}
CS556 - Distributed Systems Tutorial by Eleftherios Kosmas 85
Multitasking - Constrained
Both process and thread incurs overhead
O creation, scheduling and context switching
As their numbers increases
O this overhead increases
O after some point it would be better if a client was blocked
Solution: Constrained multitasking. The server:
O begins, creating, binding and listening to a socket
O creates a number of processes, each loops forever and accept
connections from the same socket
O when a connection is established
the client socket descriptor is returned to only one process
the other remain blocked
CS556 - Distributed Systems Tutorial by Eleftherios Kosmas 86
Multitasking - Constrained
- Example: echo using stream socket
void ProcessMain(int servSock); /* Main program of process */
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
int servSock; /* Socket descriptor for server*/
unsigned short echoServPort; /* Server port */
pid_t processID; /* Process ID */
unsigned int processLimit; /* Number of child processes to create */
unsigned int processCt; /* Process counter */
if (argc != 3) { /* Test for correct number of arguments */
fprintf(stderr,"Usage: %s <SERVER PORT> <FORK LIMIT>\n", argv[0]);
exit(1);
}
echoServPort = atoi(argv[1]); /* First arg: local port */
processLimit = atoi(argv[2]); /* Second arg: number of child processes */
servSock = CreateTCPServerSocket(echoServPort);
for (processCt=0; processCt < processLimit; processCt++)
if ((processID = fork()) < 0) DieWithError("fork() failed"); /* Fork child process */
else if (processID == 0) ProcessMain(servSock); /* If this is the child process */
exit(0); /* The children will carry on */
}
void ProcessMain(int servSock) {
int clntSock; /* Socket descriptor for client connection */
for (;;) { /* Run forever */
clntSock = AcceptTCPConnection(servSock);
printf("with child process: %d\n", (unsigned int) getpid());
HandleTCPClient(clntSock);
}
}
CS556 - Distributed Systems Tutorial by Eleftherios Kosmas 87
Multiplexing
So far, we have dealt with a single I/O channel
We may need to cope with multiple I/O channels
O e.g., supporting the echo service over multiple ports
Problem: from which socket the server should accept connections
or receive messages?
O it can be solved using non-blocking sockets
but it requires polling
Solution: sel ect ( )
O specifies a list of descriptors to check for pending I/O operations
O blocks until one of the descriptors is ready
O returns which descriptors are ready
CS556 - Distributed Systems Tutorial by Eleftherios Kosmas 88
Multiplexing
int select (maxDescPlus1, &readDescs, &writeDescs,
&exceptionDescs, &timeout);
O maxDescsPlus1: integer, hint of the maximum number of descriptors
O readDescs: f d_set , checked for immediate input availability
O writeDescs: f d_set , checked for the ability to immediately write data
O exceptionDescs: f d_set , checked for pending exceptions
O timeout: st r uct t i meval , how long it blocks (NULL forever)
- returns the total number of ready descriptors, -1 in case of error
- changes the descriptor lists so that only the corresponding positions are set
int FD_ZERO (fd_set *descriptorVector); /* removes all descriptors from vector */
int FD_CLR (int descriptor, fd_set *descriptorVector); /* remove descriptor from vector */
int FD_SET (int descriptor, fd_set *descriptorVector); /* add descriptor to vector */
int FD_ISSET (int descriptor, fd_set *descriptorVector); /* vector membership check */
struct timeval {
time_t tv_sec; /* seconds */
time_t tv_usec; /* microseconds */
};
CS556 - Distributed Systems Tutorial by Eleftherios Kosmas 89
Multiplexing - Example: echo using stream socket
#include <sys/time.h> /* for struct timeval {} */
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
int *servSock; /* Socket descriptors for server */
int maxDescriptor; /* Maximum socket descriptor value */
fd_set sockSet; /* Set of socket descriptors for select() */
long timeout; /* Timeout value given on command-line */
struct timeval selTimeout; /* Timeout for select() */
int running = 1; /* 1 if server should be running; 0 otherwise */
int noPorts; /* Number of port specified on command-line */
int port; /* Looping variable for ports */
unsigned short portNo; /* Actual port number */
if (argc < 3) { /* Test for correct number of arguments */
fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s <Timeout (secs.)> <Port 1> ...\n", argv[0]);
exit(1);
}
timeout = atol(argv[1]); /* First arg: Timeout */
noPorts = argc - 2; /* Number of ports is argument count minus 2 */
servSock = (int *) malloc(noPorts * sizeof(int)); /* Allocate list of sockets for incoming connections */
maxDescriptor = -1; /* Initialize maxDescriptor for use by select() */
for (port = 0; port < noPorts; port++) { /* Create list of ports and sockets to handle ports */
portNo = atoi(argv[port + 2]); /* Add port to port list. Skip first two arguments */
servSock[port] = CreateTCPServerSocket(portNo); /* Create port socket */
if (servSock[port] > maxDescriptor) /* Determine if new descriptor is the largest */
maxDescriptor = servSock[port];
}
...
CS556 - Distributed Systems Tutorial by Eleftherios Kosmas 90
Multiplexing - Example: echo using stream socket
printf("Starting server: Hit return to shutdown\n");
while (running) {
/* Zero socket descriptor vector and set for server sockets */
/* This must be reset every time select() is called */
FD_ZERO(&sockSet);
FD_SET(STDIN_FILENO, &sockSet); /* Add keyboard to descriptor vector */
for (port = 0; port < noPorts; port++) FD_SET(servSock[port], &sockSet);
/* Timeout specification */
/* This must be reset every time select() is called */
selTimeout.tv_sec = timeout; /* timeout (secs.) */
selTimeout.tv_usec = 0; /* 0 microseconds */
/* Suspend program until descriptor is ready or timeout */
if (select(maxDescriptor + 1, &sockSet, NULL, NULL, &selTimeout) == 0)
printf("No echo requests for %ld secs...Server still alive\n", timeout);
else {
if (FD_ISSET(0, &sockSet)) { /* Check keyboard */
printf("Shutting down server\n");
getchar();
running = 0;
}
for (port = 0; port < noPorts; port++)
if (FD_ISSET(servSock[port], &sockSet)) {
printf("Request on port %d: ", port);
HandleTCPClient(AcceptTCPConnection(servSock[port]));
}
}
}
for (port = 0; port < noPorts; port++) close(servSock[port]); /* Close sockets */
free(servSock); /* Free list of sockets */
exit(0);
}
CS556 - Distributed Systems Tutorial by Eleftherios Kosmas 91
Multiple Recipients
So far, all sockets have dealt with unicast communication
O i.e., an one-to-one communication, where one copy (uni) of the data
is sent (cast)
what if we want to send data to multiple recipients?
1
st
Solution: unicast a copy of the data to each recipient
inefficient, e.g.,
consider we are connected to the internet through a 3Mbps line
a video server sends 1-Mbps streams
then, server can support only three clients simultaneously
2
nd
Solution: using network support
O broadcast, all the hosts of the network receive the message
O multicast, a message is sent to some subset of the host
for IP: only UDP sockets are allowed to broadcast and multicast
CS556 - Distributed Systems Tutorial by Eleftherios Kosmas 92
Multiple Recipients - Broadcast
Only the IP address changes
Local broadcast: to address 255. 255. 255. 255
O send the message to every host on the same broadcast network
O not forwarded by the routers
Directed broadcast:
O for network identifier 169. 125 (i.e., with subnet mask 255. 255. 0. 0)
O the directed broadcast address is 169. 125. 255. 255
No network-wide broadcast address is available
O why?
In order to use broadcast the options of socket must change:
int broadcastPermission = 1;
setsockopt(sock, SOL_SOCKET, SO_BROADCAST, (void*)
&broadcastPermission, sizeof(broadcastPermission));
CS556 - Distributed Systems Tutorial by Eleftherios Kosmas 93
Multiple Recipients - Multicast
Using class D addresses
O range from 224. 0. 0. 0 to 239. 255. 255. 255
hosts send multicast requests for specific addresses
a multicast group is formed
we need to set TTL (time-to-live), to limit the number of hops
- using sockopt ( )
no need to change the options of socket
CS556 - Distributed Systems Tutorial by Eleftherios Kosmas 94
Useful Functions
int atoi(const char *nptr);
O converts the initial portion of the string pointed to by npt r to int
int inet_aton(const char *cp, struct in_addr *inp);
O converts the Internet host address cp from the IPv4 numbers-and-
dots notation into binary form (in network byte order)
O stores it in the structure that i np points to.
O it returns nonzero if the address is valid, and 0 if not
char *inet_ntoa(struct in_addr in);
O converts the Internet host address i n, given in network byte order, to
a string in IPv4 dotted-decimal notation
typedef uint32_t in_addr_t;
struct in_addr {
in_addr_t s_addr;
};
CS556 - Distributed Systems Tutorial by Eleftherios Kosmas 95
Useful Functions
int getpeername(int sockfd, struct sockaddr *addr,
socklen_t *addrlen);
O returns the address (IP and port) of the peer connected to the socket
sockf d, in the buffer pointed to by addr
O 0 is returned on success; -1 otherwise
int getsockname(int sockfd, struct sockaddr *addr,
socklen_t *addrlen);
O returns the current address to which the socket sockf d is bound, in the
buffer pointed to by addr
O 0 is returned on success; -1 otherwise
CS556 - Distributed Systems Tutorial by Eleftherios Kosmas 96
Domain Name Service
struct hostent *gethostbyname(const char *name);
O returns a structure of type host ent for the given host name
O name is a hostname, or an IPv4 address in standard dot notation
e.g. gethostbyname(www.csd.uoc.gr);
struct hostent *gethostbyaddr(const void *addr,
socklen_t len, int type);
O returns a structure of type hostent for the given host address addr of
length len and address type t ype
struct hostent {
char *h_name; /* official name of host */
char **h_aliases; /* alias list (strings) */
int h_addrtype; /* host address type (AF_INET) */
int h_length; /* length of address */
char **h_addr_list; /* list of addresses (binary in network byte order) */
}
#define h_addr h_addr_list[0] /* for backward compatibility */
CS556 - Distributed Systems Tutorial by Eleftherios Kosmas 97
Domain Name Service
struct servent *getservbyname(const char *name,
const char *proto);
O returns a ser vent structure for the entry from the database that
matches the service name using protocol pr ot o.
O if pr ot o is NULL, any protocol will be matched.
e.g. getservbyname(echo, tcp) ;
struct servent *getservbyport(int port, const char
*proto);
O returns a ser vent structure for the entry from the database that
matches the service name using port por t
struct servent {
char *s_name; /* official service name */
char **s_aliases; /* list of alternate names (strings)*/
int s_port; /* service port number */
char *s_proto; /* protocol to use (tcp or udp)*/
}
CS556 - Distributed Systems Tutorial by Eleftherios Kosmas 98
Compiling and Executing
include the required header files
Example:
milo:~/CS556/sockets> gcc -o TCPEchoServer TCPEchoServer.c DieWithError.c HandleTCPClient.c
milo:~/CS556/sockets> gcc -o TCPEchoClient TCPEchoClient.c DieWithError.c
milo:~/CS556/sockets> TCPEchoServer 3451 &
[1] 6273
milo:~/CS556/sockets> TCPEchoClient 0.0.0.0 hello! 3451
Handling client 127.0.0.1
Received: hello!
milo:~/CS556/sockets> ps
PID TTY TIME CMD
5128 pts/9 00:00:00 tcsh
6273 pts/9 00:00:00 TCPEchoServer
6279 pts/9 00:00:00 ps
milo:~/CS556/sockets> kill 6273
milo:~/CS556/sockets>
[1] Terminated TCPEchoServer 3451
milo:~/CS556/sockets>
CS556 - Distributed Systems Tutorial by Eleftherios Kosmas 99
The End - Questions
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