Whatis MySQL?

MySQL, the most popular Open Source SQL database management system, is developed, distributed, and supported by MySQL AB. MySQL AB is a commercial company, founded by the MySQL developers. It is a second generation Open Source company that unites Open Source values and methodology with a successful business model.

MySQL is a database management system.

A database is a structured collection of data. It may be anything from a simple shopping list to a picture gallery or the vast amounts of information in a corporate network. To add, access, and process data stored in a computer database, you need a database management system such as MySQL Server. Since computers are very good at handling large amounts of data, database management systems play a central role in computing, as standalone utilities, or as parts of other applications.

MySQL is a relational database management system.

A relational database stores data in separate tables rather than putting all the data in one big storeroom. This adds speed and flexibility. The SQL part of MySQL stands for Structured Query Language. SQL is the most common standardized language used to access databases and is defined by the ANSI/ISO SQL Standard. The SQL standard has been evolving since 1986 and several versions exist. In this manual, SQL-92 refers to the standard released in 1992, SQL:1999 refers to the standard released in 1999, and SQL:2003 refers to the current version of the standard. We use the phrase the SQL standard to mean the current version of the SQL Standard at any time.

MySQL software is Open Source.

Open Source means that it is possible for anyone to use and modify the software. Anybody can download the MySQL software from the Internet and use it without paying anything. If you wish, you may study the source code and change it to suit your needs. The MySQL software uses the GPL (GNU General Public License), , to define what you may and may not do with the software in different situations. If you feel uncomfortable with the GPL or need to embed MySQL code into a commercial application, you can buy a commercially licensed version from us. See the MySQL Licensing Overview for more information.

The MySQL Database Server is very fast, reliable, and easy to use.
If that is what you are looking for, you should give it a try. MySQL Server also has a practical set of features developed in close cooperation with our users. You can find a performance comparison of MySQL Server with other database managers on our benchmark page. MySQL Server was originally developed to handle large databases much faster than existing solutions and has been successfully used in highly demanding production environments for several years. Although under constant development, MySQL Server today offers a rich and useful set of functions. Its connectivity, speed, and security make MySQL Server highly suited for accessing databases on the Internet.

MySQL Server works in client/server or embedded systems.

The MySQL Database Software is a client/server system that consists of a multi-threaded SQL server that supports different backends, several different client programs and libraries, administrative tools, and a wide range of application programming interfaces (APIs). We also provide MySQL Server as an embedded multi-threaded library that you can link into your application to get a smaller, faster, easier-to-manage standalone product.

A large amount of contributed MySQL software is available.

It is very likely that your favorite application or language supports the MySQL Database Server.

The official way to pronounce MySQL is My Ess Que Ell (not my sequel), but we don't mind if you pronounce it as my sequel or in some other localized way.

MySQLEnterprise
MySQL AB offers technical support in the form of MySQL Enterprise. For organizations that rely on the MySQL DBMS for business-critical production applications, MySQL Enterprise is a commercial subscription offering which includes: MySQL Enterprise Server MySQL Network Monitoring and Advisory Services Monthly Rapid Updates and Quarterly Service Packs MySQL Knowledge Base 24x7 Technical and Consultative Support

MySQL Enterprise is available in multiple tiers, giving you the flexibility to choose the level of service that best matches your needs. For more information see

MySQLInstallation

STEPTO ConnectMYSQLClientTO SERVER:

shell> mysql -h host -u user -p Enter password: ********

After you have connected successfully, you can disconnect any time by typing QUIT (or \q) at the mysql> prompt:
mysql> QUIT Bye

Note that USE, like QUIT, does not require a semicolon. (You can terminate such statements with a semicolon if you like; it does no harm.) The USE statement is special in another way, too: it must be given on a single line. CREATING DATABASE:
mysql> CREATE DATABASE DBNAME;

To Enter Inside the Database:

mysql> USE DBNAME;

To delete the existing Database:

mysql> DELETE DBNAME;

Creating Table Syntax:

mysql> CREATE TABLE pet (name VARCHAR(20), owner VARCHAR(20), species VARCHAR(20), sex CHAR(1), birth DATE, death DATE);
To Listdown the List existing tables in database:

mysql> SHOW TABLES; +---------------------+ | Tables in menagerie | +---------------------+ | pet |

To View the structure of Table:

mysql> DESCRIBE pet; +---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | name | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | | | owner | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | | | species | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | | | sex | char(1) | YES | | NULL | | | birth | date | YES | | NULL | | | death | date | YES | | NULL | | +---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
You can use DESCRIBE any time, for example, if you forget the names of the columns in your table or what types they have.

Overviewof Dateand TimeTypes

DATE
A date. The supported range is '1000-01-01' to '9999-12-31'. MySQL displays DATE values in 'YYYY-MM-DD' format, but allows assignment of values to DATE columns using either strings or numbers.

DATETIME
A date and time combination. The supported range is '1000-01-01 00:00:00' to '9999-12-31 23:59:59'. MySQL displays DATETIME values in 'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS' format, but allows assignment of values to DATETIME columns using either strings or numbers.

TIMESTAMP
A timestamp. The range is '1970-01-01 00:00:01' UTC to partway through the year 2038. TIMESTAMP values are stored as the number of seconds since the epoch ( '197001-01 00:00:00' UTC). A TIMESTAMP cannot represent the value '1970-01-01 00:00:00' because that is equivalent to 0 seconds from the epoch and the value 0 is reserved for representing '0000-00-00 00:00:00', the zero TIMESTAMP value. Note: The TIMESTAMP format that was used prior to MySQL 4.1 is not supported in MySQL 5.0; see MySQL 3.23, 4.0, 4.1 Reference Manual for information regarding the old format.

TIME
A time. The range is '-838:59:59' to '838:59:59'. MySQL displays TIME values in 'HH:MM:SS' format, but allows assignment of values to TIME columns using either strings or numbers.

YEAR[(2|4)]
A year in two-digit or four-digit format. The default is four-digit format. In four-digit format, the allowable values are 1901 to 2155, and 0000. In two-digit format, the allowable values are 70 to 69, representing years from 1970 to 2069. MySQL displays YEAR values in YYYY format, but allows you to assign values to YEAR columns using either strings or numbers.

The SUM() and AVG() aggregate functions do not work with temporal values. (They convert the values to numbers, which loses the part after the first non-numeric character.) To work around this problem, you can convert to numeric units, perform the aggregate operation, and convert back to a temporal value. Examples:

SELECT SEC_TO_TIME(SUM(TIME_TO_SEC(time_col))) FROM tbl_name; SELECT FROM_DAYS(SUM(TO_DAYS(date_col))) FROM tbl_name;

Overviewof StringTypes
MySQL interprets length specifications in character column definitions in character units. (Before MySQL 4.1, column lengths were interpreted in bytes.) This applies to CHAR, VARCHAR, and the TEXT types. Column definitions for many string data types can include attributes that specify the character set or collation of the column. These attributes apply to the CHAR, VARCHAR, the TEXT types, ENUM, and SET data types: o The CHARACTER SET attribute specifies the character set, and the COLLATE attribute
specifies a collation for the character set.

Before MySQL 5.0.3, a CHAR column with a length specification greater than 255 is converted to the smallest TEXT type that can hold values of the given length. For example, CHAR(500) is converted to TEXT, and CHAR(200000) is converted to MEDIUMTEXT. This is a compatibility feature. However, this conversion causes the column to become a variable-length column, and also affects trailing-space removal.

VARCHAR is shorthand for CHARACTER VARYING. VARCHAR values are stored using as many characters as are needed, plus one byte to record the length (two bytes for columns that are declared with a length longer than 255).

Overviewof DateandTimeTypes
Column type
TINYINT SMALLINT MEDIUMINT INT BIGINT FLOAT DOUBLE

Storage required 1 byte 2 bytes 3 bytes 4 bytes 8 bytes 4 bytes 8 bytes

ALTER DATABASE Syntax

ALTER DATABASE enables you to change the overall characteristics of a database. These characteristics are stored in the db.opt file in the database directory. To use ALTER DATABASE, you need the ALTER privilege on the database. ALTER SCHEMA is a synonym for ALTER DATABASE as of MySQL

ALTER {DATABASE | SCHEMA} [db_name] alter_specification [alter_specification] ...

alter_specification: [DEFAULT] CHARACTER SET charset_name | [DEFAULT] COLLATE collation_name

ALTER TABLE enables you to change the structure of an existing table. For example, you can add

or delete columns, create or destroy indexes, change the type of existing columns, or rename columns or the table itself. You can also change the comment for the table and type of the table.

ALTER [IGNORE] TABLE tbl_name alter_specification [, alter_specification] ...

alter_specification: table_option ... | ADD [COLUMN] column_definition [FIRST | AFTER col_name ] | ADD [COLUMN] (column_definition,...) | ADD {INDEX|KEY} [index_name] [index_type] (index_col_name,...) | ADD [CONSTRAINT [symbol]] PRIMARY KEY [index_type] (index_col_name,...) | ADD [CONSTRAINT [symbol]] UNIQUE [INDEX|KEY] [index_name] [index_type] (index_col_name,...)

| ADD [FULLTEXT|SPATIAL] [INDEX|KEY] [index_name] (index_col_name,...) | ADD [CONSTRAINT [symbol]] FOREIGN KEY [index_name] (index_col_name,...) [reference_definition] | ALTER [COLUMN] col_name {SET DEFAULT literal | DROP DEFAULT} | CHANGE [COLUMN] old_col_name column_definition [FIRST|AFTER col_name] | MODIFY [COLUMN] column_definition [FIRST | AFTER col_name] | DROP [COLUMN] col_name | DROP PRIMARY KEY | DROP {INDEX|KEY} index_name | DROP FOREIGN KEY fk_symbol | DISABLE KEYS | ENABLE KEYS | RENAME [TO] new_tbl_name | ORDER BY col_name [, col_name] ... | CONVERT TO CHARACTER SET charset_name [COLLATE collation_name] | [DEFAULT] CHARACTER SET charset_name [COLLATE collation_name] | DISCARD TABLESPACE | IMPORT TABLESPACE
index_col_name: col_name [(length)] [ASC | DESC] index_type: USING {BTREE | HASH | RTREE}
If you use ALTER TABLE tbl_name RENAME TO new_tbl_name without any other options, MySQL simply renames any files that correspond to the table tbl_name. (You can also use the RENAME TABLE statement to rename tables. Any privileges granted specifically for the renamed table are not migrated to the new name. They must be changed manually. To change the value of the AUTO_INCREMENT counter to be used for new rows, do this:

ALTER TABLE t2 AUTO_INCREMENT = value;

You can issue multiple ADD, ALTER, DROP, and CHANGE clauses in a single ALTER TABLE statement, separated by commas. This is a MySQL extension to standard SQL, which allows only one of each clause per ALTER TABLE statement. For example, to drop multiple columns in a single statement, do this:

ALTER TABLE t2 DROP COLUMN c, DROP COLUMN d;

CHANGE col_name, DROP col_name, and DROP INDEX are MySQL extensions to standard
SQL.
MODIFY is an Oracle extension to ALTER TABLE.

The word COLUMN is optional and can be omitted.

You can rename a column using a CHANGE old_col_name column_definition clause. To do so, specify the old and new column names and the type that the column currently has. For example, to rename an INTEGER column from a to b, you can do this:

ALTER TABLE t1 CHANGE a b INTEGER;

If you want to change a column's type but not the name, CHANGE syntax still requires an old and new column name, even if they are the same. For example:

ALTER TABLE t1 CHANGE b b BIGINT NOT NULL;

You can also use MODIFY to change a column's type without renaming it:

ALTER TABLE t1 MODIFY b BIGINT NOT NULL;

If you use CHANGE or MODIFY to shorten a column for which an index exists on the column, and the resulting column length is less than the index length, MySQL shortens the index automatically. When you change a data type using CHANGE or MODIFY, MySQL tries to convert existing column values to the new type as well as possible. To add a column at a specific position within a table row, use FIRST or AFTER col_name. The default is to add the column last. You can also use FIRST and AFTER in CHANGE or MODIFY operations.

ALTER ... SET DEFAULT or ALTER ... DROP DEFAULT specify a new default value for a

column or remove the old default value, respectively. If the old default is removed and the column can be NULL, the new default is NULL.

DROP INDEX removes an index.

If columns are dropped from a table, the columns are also removed from any index of which they are a part. If all columns that make up an index are dropped, the index is dropped as well. If a table contains only one column, the column cannot be dropped. If what you intend is to remove the table, use DROP TABLE instead. DROP PRIMARY KEY drops the primary index. Note: In older versions of MySQL, if no primary index existed, DROP PRIMARY KEY would drop the first UNIQUE index in the table. This is not the case in MySQL 5.0, where trying to use DROP PRIMARY KEY on a table with no primary key results in an error.