Process Heating, Power and Incineration

The documents discuss experimental testing and modeling of combustion engines and gas turbine systems. They analyze factors like fuel composition, engine parameters, and heat recovery that impact performance metrics such as efficiency, emissions and output. Thermodynamic modeling and simulations are developed and validated against experimental data.

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Process Heating, Power and Incineration

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11 Process heating, power and incineration (energy applications in industry)

operation produced high exhaust temperatures at low engine speed. Lubricating oil analysis showed reduction in viscosity indicating oil dilution.

04/01501 Sensitivity of dual fuel engine combustion and knocking limits to gaseous fuel composition
Selim, M. Y. E. Energy Conversion and Management, 2004, 45, (3), 411425. Combustion noise, knock and ignition limits data are measured and presented for a dual fuel engine running on dual fuels of Diesel and three gaseous fuels separately. The gaseous fuels used are liquefied petroleum gas, pure methane and compressed natural gas mixture. The maximum pressure rise rate during combustion is presented as a measure of combustion noise, and the knocking and ignition limits are presented as torque output at the onset of knocking and ignition failure. Experimental investigation on the dual fuel engine revealed the noise generated from combustion, knocking and ignition limits for all gases at different design and operating conditions. A Ricardo E6 Diesel version engine is converted to run on dual fuel of Diesel and the tested gaseous fuel and is used throughout the work. The engine is fully computerized, and the cylinder pressure data, crank angle data and engine operating variables are stored in a PC for off line analysis. The effects of engine speeds, loads, pilot injection angle, pilot fuel quantity and compression ratio on combustion noise, knocking torque, thermal efficiency and maximum pressure are examined for the dual engine running on the three gaseous fuels separately. The combustion noise, knocking and ignition limits are found to relate to the type of gaseous fuels and to the engine design and operating parameters. an alternative fuel for diesel engines Lin, C.-Y. and Wang, K.-H. Fuel, 2003, 82, (1 l), 1367-1375. Diesel engines are employed as the major propulsion power for in-land and marine transportation vehicles primarily because of their rigid structure, low breakdown rate, high thermal efficiency and high fuel economy. It is expected that diesel engines will be widely used in the foreseeable future. However, the pollutants emitted from diesel engines (in particular nitrogen oxides and particulate matter) are detrimental to the health of living beings and ecological environment have been recognized as the major air pollution source in metropolitan areas and have thus attracted much research interest. Although diesel oil emulsion has been considered as a possible approach to reduce diesel engine pollutants, previous relevant applications were restricted to two-phase emulsions. Three-phase emulsions such as oil-in-water-inoil briefly denoted as O/W/O emulsions and water-in-oil-in-water, denoted as W/O/W, have not been used as an alternative fuel for any combustion equipment. Studies on the properties of three-phase emulsion as fuel have not been found in the literatures. The emulsification properties of an O/W/O three-phase diesel fuel emulsion were investigated in this experimental study. The results show that the mean drop size of the O/W/O emulsion was reduced significantly with increasing homogenizing machine revolution speed. An increase in inner phase proportion of the O/W/O emulsion resulted in increasing the emulsion viscosity. The viscosity of O/W/O emulsion is greater than that for water-in-oil (denoted briefly as W/O emulsion) for the same water content. More stable emulsion turbidity appeared for three-phase O/W/O diesel emulsions added with emulsifier with HLB values ranging from 6 to 8. In addition, three-phase O/W/O emulsions with greater water content will form a larger number of liquid droplets, leading to a faster formation rate and greater emulsion turbidity at the beginning but a faster descending rate of emulsion turbidity afterwards. The potential for using O/W/O emulsions as an alternative fuel for diesel engines was also evaluated.

04/01497 Experimental characterization of mass, work and heat flows in an air cooled, single cylinder engine
Perez-Blanco, H. et al. Energy Conversion and Management, 2004, 45, (2), 157-169. Small air-cooled engines, although large in numbers, receive scant attention in the literature. Experimental data for a four stroke, aircooled, single cylinder engine are presented in this report. Air-to-fuel ratios, indicated and output power, exhaust composition and heat loss are determined to result in suitable thermal and mechanical efficiencies. The data obtained are discussed with the perspective obtained from other literature references. Exhaust composition figures appear reasonable, but the measurement of the transient exhaust flows is still a concern. Based on the measurements, a graph illustrating the different energy transformations in the engine is produced. Undergraduate students in the curriculum routinely use the engine and the present work allows one to conclude that the measurement approach produces reasonable results. These results could be used by engine modellers and others interested in this wide field of technology.

04/01498 Impedance-based non-linear dynamic battery modeling for automotive applications

Buller, S. et al. Journal of Power Sources, 2003, 113, (2), 422-430. This paper presents a systematic approach to employ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for determining model structure and parameters of a simulation model for a V R L A battery. It focuses on the interpretation of the impedance data in terms of equivalent circuit models and describes the Matlab/Simulink implementation of the model as well as its time-domain verification. Furthermore, the advantages and limits of the impedance-based model as well as the possible simplifications are discussed.

04/01502 The fuel properties of three-phase emulsions as

04/01499 Integration of steam injection and inlet air cooling for a gas turbine generation system
Wang, F. J. et al. Chiou, J. S. Energy Conversion and Management, 2004, 45, (1), 15-26. The temperature of exhaust gases from simple cycle gas turbine generation sets (GENSETs) is usually very high (around 500C), and a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) is often used to recover the energy from the exhaust gases and generate steam. The generated steams can be either used for many useful processes (heating, drying, separation etc.) or used back in the power generation system for enhancing power generation capacity and efficiency. Two well-proven techniques, namely steam injection gas turbine (STIG) and inlet air cooling (IAC) are very effective features that can use the generated steam to improve the power generation capacity and efficiency. Since the energy level of the generated steam needed for steam injection is different from that needed by an absorption chiller to cool the inlet air, a proper arrangement is required to implement both the STIG and the IAC features into the simple cycle GENSET. In this study, a computer code was developed to simulate a Taipower's Frame 7B simple cycle GENSET. Under the condition of local summer weather, the benefits obtained from the system implementing both STIG and IAC features are more than a 70% boost in power and 20.4% improvement in heat rate.

04/01500 Performance improvements of the intercooled reheat recuperated gas-turbine cycle using absorption inletcooling and evaporative after-cooling
Bassily, A. M. Applied Energy, 2004, 77, (3), 249-272. Inlet air-cooling improves both efficiency and power of gas-turbine cycles. An absorption inlet-cooling system is introduced to the intercooled reheat recuperated gas-turbine cycle (I cycle). The exhaust gas of the cycle is used to run the system, which cools the inlet air to the low-pressure compressor and high-pressure compressor using two stages of cooling in the intercooler. Five different layouts of the I cycle are presented. Those layouts include the effects of absorption inlet cooling, evaporative inlet cooling, evaporative aftercooling, and absorption inlet cooling with evaporative aftercooling. A parametric study of the effect of pressure ratio, ambient temperature, ambient relative~humidity, turbine's inlet-temperature (TIT), and the effectiveness of the recuperated heat-exchanger (tHE1) on t h e performance of all cycles is carried out. The results indicate that using two stages of cooling in the intercooler could boost the gain in efficiency, because of applying evaporative inlet cooling, by up to 1.55%. Applying absorption inlet-cooling could increase the efficiency of the I cycle by up to 6.6% compared with 3.9% for applying evaporative inlet cooling. Applying absorption inlet-cooling with evaporative aftercooling could increase the optimum efficiency of the I cycle by 3.5% and its maximum power by more than 50%. Increasing TIT increases the capacity of the recuperated heat-exchanger and absorption cooling system and raises the gain in efficiency because of increasing eriE1.