Websphere Basics

What is WAS Provides the infrastructure for running applications that run your business. Common environment and programming model for your applications. Platform for developing and Deploying web services and SOA based apps Secure, Scalable, reliable transaction engine for ERP IBM WebSphere is architected to enable you to build business-critical applications for the Web WebSphere includes a wide range of products that help you develop and serve Web applications. They are designed to make it easier for clients to build, deploy, and manage dynamic Web sites more productively WAS implements J2EE specification WebSphere Application Server provides the environment to run your Web-enabled ebusiness applications. An application server functions as Web middleware or a middle tier in a three-tier e-business environment. The first tier is the HTTP server that handles requests from the browser client. The third tier is the business database (for example, DB2 UDB for iSeries) and the business logic (for example, traditional business applications, such as order processing). The middle tier is WebSphere Application Server, which provides a framework for a consistent and architected link between the HTTP requests and the business data and logic.

With the Base and Express packages, you are limited to single application server environments. The Network Deployment package allows you to extend this environment to include multiple application servers that are administered from a single point of control and can be clustered to provide scalability and high availability environments .

Below, you will find definitions for each of the terms shown in the graphic above. Cell A cell is a grouping of nodes into a single administrative domain. ... In a Network Deployment environment, a cell can consist of multiple nodes (and node groups), which are all administered from a single point, the deployment manager Cluster A cluster is defined as "a group of application servers that collaborate for the purposes of workload balancing and failover" in the WebSphere Application Server Glossary. In other words: ... A cluster is a logical collection of application server processes that provides workload balancing and high availability. Deployment Manager A Deployment Manager is "a server that manages or administrate the operations for a logical group or cell of otherservers," ... the central administration point of a cell that consists of multiple nodes and node groups in a distributed server configuration. ... The deployment manager uses the node agent to manage the application servers within one node. A deployment manager provides management capability for multiple federated nodes and can manage nodes that span multiple systems and platforms. A node can only be managed by a single deployment manager and must be federated to the cell of that deployment manager. The configuration and application files for all nodes in the cell are centralized into a master configuration repository. This centralized repository is managed by the deployment manager and synchronized with local copies that are held on each of the nodes.

Node Node is "a logical grouping of managed servers." In particular: A node is an administrative grouping of application servers With Network Deployment, you can configure a distributed server environment consisting of multiple nodes, which are managed from one central administration server. Node Agent A Node agent's purpose is to pass information between the deployment manager and the application server In addition: In distributed server configurations, each node has a node agent that works with the deployment manager to manage administration processes... A node agent is created automatically when you add (federate) a stand-alone node to a cell. It is not included in the Base and Express configurations. . Application Server application server is " it provides the runtime environment for an e-business application program." More specifically: The application server is the primary runtime component in all configurations and is where an application actually executes. All WebSphere Application Server configurations can haveone or more application servers. .With Network Deployment, you can build a distributedserver environment consisting of multiple application servers maintained from a centraladministration point. In a distributed server environment, you can cluster application servers for workload distribution. Profile A profile is "Runtime configurations for the websphere application servers." Types of profiles: Cell This environment creates two profiles: - A management profile with a deployment manager - An application server profile added (federated) to the management profile Application server An application server profile runs your enterprise applications and makes them available to the internet or to an intranet. It contains a stand-alone application server. Custom A custom profile contains an empty node with no servers. However, a server can be added after the profile is created.

In7.0 additionally Management A management profile provides components for managing multiple application server environments. Possible profiles are as follows: - Deployment manager - Administrative agent - Job manager IBM WebSphere Application Server (WAS) for iSeries is an e-business application deployment environment. Built on open-standards technology, it is IBM's Java-based Web application server that helps you deploy and manage Web applications, ranging from simple Web sites to powerful e-business solutions.

WebSphere Application Server Overview

WAS provides runtime interfaces and APIs for server-side Java components, which are based on Sun Microsystems specifications. The following Java components allow you to build complex Web applications, such as e-commerce Web sites:

Servlets--Java servlets extend Web servers, providing an easy-to-use replacement for Common Gateway Interface (CGI). Basically, servlets are dynamically loaded modules that handle requests from a Web server. They run on the server side within the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) and do not depend on browser compatibility. Servlets can access databases and perform programmatic functions. JavaServer Pages (JSPs)--JSPs are used to present data to the end user. JSP tags are used in conjunction with HTML tags to produce dynamic Web pages. The information presented on these pages is retrieved by a servlet. Enterprise JavaBeans (EJBs)--EJBs are used to model complex data in a transaction-based environment. There are two types of EJBs: entity beans and session beans. Entity beans can model part or all of a database. They also synchronize with the database so that changes in the DB affect the EJB and vice versa. Session beans model less-persistent data and typically will not survive a server failure. The lifetime of a session bean is that of its client. Web services--Web services are self-contained, modular applications that can be described, published, located, and invoked over a network. Web services reflect a new service-oriented approach to programming, based on the idea of building applications by discovering and implementing network-available services or by invoking available applications to accomplish some task. JavaMail--The JavaMail APIs model an email system. The APIs provide a platform- and protocolindependent framework to build Java-based email client applications. Java Message Service (JMS)--JMS supports message-based applications in the Java programming language, allowing for asynchronous exchange of data and events throughout a network. JMS provides an enterprise messaging API. On the iSeries platform, the only supported messaging product is WebSphere MQ (formerly known as MQSeries).

The WAS security system allows you to control access to WebSphere resources (such as servlets, JSP files, HTML files, and EJBs). The security system also provides the infrastructure

that ensures that the security choices you have made are enforced. WAS also includes APIs for manipulating Extensible Markup Language (XML) documents and utilities for administering the product. You can add these XML APIs to your server-side Java components to generate, validate, parse, and present XML documents. The utilities include a Java-based administrative console, a Web-based console, a command-line interface, and a function that allows you to import and export administrative data as XML documents.
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. What is websphere? The moment you ask this question, the first question that comes to mind is WebSphere applicaiton server. In reality, WebSphere is the name of a product family. IBM has many more products under the brand name WebSphere. WebSphere Application Server , WebSphere MQ, WebSphere Message broker, WebSphere business modeler, WebSphere process Server, WebSphere business monitor, WebSphere integration developer, WebSphere partner gateway are some of the products under this brand name. 2. Whats is a profile in websphere Application Server? When you install WebSphere application server, executable files and configurations files are seperated. This allows you install the product once and create multiple sets of configurations which uses the same underlying core executables of the websphere application server installation. These are the profiles in websphere application server. As you know, there are many types of profiles and you can create multiple profiles. 3. What does nodeagent do in websphere Application Server? We will have one nodeagnet per one node. The node agent acts as an mediator between the Deployment manmager and the node. 4. What is Sync in websphere Application Server? WebSphere application server stores all the configuration data in one central location knows as 'Master repository'. And every node/server will have the local configuration repository. The sycn process make sure that the configuration in both local and master repositories are same and in-sync. The sync is a one dimentional process means, it will sync the configurations only from Master repository ==> local repository. 5. What is websphere plug-in for web server and where do i need to install the plug-in? It is common practise to have web and app servers on different machines. WebSphere provides a plug-in which enables web server to talk to application server, this is known as web server plug-in. Web server plug-in will have a configuration file named plugin-config.xml which will have referenes to all the servers, clusters, applications, virtual hosts of the websphere application server. You can generate this configuration file from administration console, servers -->web servers. Select a web server and click generate plugin configuration file and then propagate the plugin. This plug-in needs to be installed on the web server machine 6. I don't have WebSphere installed on my web server how do i add to the websphere administration console ? If you like to add your web server to that WebSphere administration console, you can do that by creating a unmanaged node and then add from servers-->web servers 7. Do i need a web server if i have a websphere application server? Web Server and WebSphere application server provide two different functionalities. WebSphere application server do has an inbuilt web server functionality but it is recomended to use a seperate web server for many reasons. Some of them are: 1. By seperating web and application server activities, your application serving environment is more secure. 2. Using the webserver you can loadbalance the requests between multiple application servers. 8. How do edit/modify the property/configuration files?

It is recomended to modify all the configurations using the administration console. When you need to make any configuration changes, you need do the apply changes and sync them. Any changes you do at local repository level are discarded upon the next restart of that server because the sync is always from DMGR to local repository and changes are not saved to master repository. For example, if you edit a configuration file of server1 and restart it... the changes are lost. When the server starts it syncs the configuration from master repository. 9. What happens if my DMGR is not running? DMGR is the single point of failure in WebSphere network deployment model. Even if DMGR is down, rest of the server will contine to run and serve the applications. However, anychanges you make in this situation are not saved to master configuration repository. 10. I installed a new application, what do i need to do before i can access it from the web server URL? When you install a new application or update an application, your web server need to be aware of the changes. Which means you need to update the web server plug-in configuration file. So after a successful installation of an application with mapping to web server, you need to regenerate the plugin configuration file and propagate it to web server. 11. what is a connecting pool ? a connection pool is a cache of database connections maintained so that the connections can be reused when future requests to the database are required. Connection pools are used to enhance the performance of executing commands on a database. In connection pooling, after a connection is created, it is placed in the pool and it is used over again so that a new connection does not have to be established. If all the connections are being used, a new connection is made and is added to the pool. Connection pooling also cuts down on the amount of time a user must wait to establish a connection to the database. 12. What is virtual host in websphere application server? Virutal host is a configuration not a physical one. A configuration that lets a single machine resemble multiple host machines. Each virtual host has a logical name and a list of one or more DNS host aliases by which it is known. By deafult, we wull have a default_house and admin_host virtual hosts defined in websphere application server. 13. how do i connect my application to talk to a database? To achive this , you need to create a JDBC provider and datasource. The JDBC provider object encapsulates the specific JDBC driver implementation class for access to the specific vendor database of your environment. The data source object supplies your application with connections for accessing the database. The best way to learn more about this task is, login to administration console -->guided activities --> connecting to a database. 14. How can i make sure that my servers are available while restarting a cluster? Use the option ripplestart ... It first stops and then restarts each member of the cluster. 15. I've made some changes to my applicaiton's web.xml , how and where should i update this file? You can do this from the administration console. Go to enterprise applications -->select your application and click update. on the next panel, you'll have option to update the entire application, a single module or even a single file or multiple files. Select the single file option and specify the file's path you like to update . Specify a relative path to the file that starts from the root of the war/ear file. So it looks something like this : app1.war/WEBINF/web.xml 16. How do i minimize the downtime while i'm updating the applications ?

Use rollout update option. This option sequentially updates an application on multiple cluster members across a cluster. After you update an application's files or configuration, click Rollout Update to install the application's updated files or configuration on all cluster members of a cluster on which the application is installed. Rollout update will save the application configurations then stops the cluster members on a node then syncs the configuration and stat the clusters members on that node. Then it proceeds to the next node and does the same steps. 17. We are getting a 'class not found' and developers like to know, if that class is being loaded or not. how can i assist them troubleshoot the issue? WebSphere administration console has an utility using which you can see what classes are loaded at what scope for an application. Go to Troubleshooting -->class loader viewer and select the module. 18. We have some issue with our application server and we tried killing it using kill-9 command, the process disappeared for few seconds but it is back again. We did not start the server but it started. What would be the reason? Servers > Application Servers > server_name. Then, under Server Infrastructure, click Java and Process Management > Process Definition > process > Monitoring Policy. Here we have an option Automatic Restart, this Specifies whether the process should restart automatically if it fails. On distributed systems, the default is to restart the process automatically. 19. Is there a way i can start my server along with nodeagent ? Servers > Application Servers > server_name. Then, under Server Infrastructure, click Java and Process Management > Process Definition > process > Monitoring Policy. Here we have an option Node Restart State which specifies the desired behavior of the servers after the node completely shuts down and restarts. STOPPED - node agent does not start the server. RUNNING - the node agent always starts the server. PREVIOUS - the node agent starts the server only if the server was running when the node agent

WAS important interview Questions part-2

1. What about master repository? Ans: deployment manager contains the MASTER configuration and application files. All updates to the configuration files should go through the deployment manager. 2. Tell me IHS executable files, means bin directory files? Ans: Apache, ApacheMonitor, htpasswd, htdigest, htdbm, ldapstash, httpd.exe

3. Why given the httpd.conf file to installation of plug-in? Ans: identify the web server (port, virtual hosts) to configure the web server definition 4. How to configure remote system httpd.conf file? Ans: select web server machine (remote) 5. Several types of log files in the appserver? Ans: system out, system err, trace, native out , native err, activity. 6. websphere packages? Ans: express, base, network deployment 7. What is the profile? Ans: profiles are a set of files that represent a websphere application server configuration.

8. What is the trace? Ans: A trace is an informational record that is intended for service engineers or developers to use. As such, a trace record might be considerably more complex, verbose and detailed than a message entry. 9. What is heap memory? Ans: Objects storage space for objects references created at run time in a jvm is heap memory. 10. Out of memory exception is there, how to handle that exception? Ans: To incrise heap memory size 11. What about IHS? Ans: IHS (IBM HTTP Server) is one of the web servers. It serves the static content only and it takes up only http requests. 12. What about plug-in? Ans: plug-in is one of the modules it is interface between application server and web server, the plug-in process receives the request from the client first. If the request is for dynamic content, the plug-in diverts the request to the websphere application server. If the request is for static content, the plug-in forwards it to the Http server. 13. What is the global security? Ans: it provides the authentication and authorization for websphere application server domain (administration client or console). 14. How to configure the global security? Ans: open console and then select security option in the right side menu, and then select localOs registry in the user registry, then enter the username, passwords. And again select global security then ltpa option then provide the password, then save the configuration. And restart the deployment server and then relogin the console. 15. What is SSL? Ans: ssl is a protocol for providing encrypted data communications between two processes. 16. What is PMI? How to configure PMI? Ans: monitoring and tuning>PMI>select any process (server1, nodeagent, dmgr) and then enable PMI>then apply and then save. Select performance viewer>current activity and then select enabled process and click the start monitoring button after that process select. 17. What is the UNIX command of all display server processes? Ans: ps ef| grep java 18. What is node? Ans: logical group of servers. 19. How to start the server? Ans: startserver.sh server1 20. How you get nodeagentwhat you have to install to get nodeagent? Ans: Custom Profile 21. How to add the node? Ans: addnode.sh 8879 22. What is the application server?

Ans: The application server provides a runtime environment in which to deploy, manage, and run j2ee applications. 23. What is the node? Ans: A node corresponds to a physical computer system with a distinct IP host address.The node name is usually the same as the host name for the computer. 24. What is the node? Ans: A node corresponds to a physical computer system with a distinct IP host address. The node name is usually the same as the host name for the computer. 25. How many types of profiles are in nd product? Ans: 1.deployment manager profiles 2.application server profiles 3.custom profile 26. What is diffrence b/w dmgr and other profiles? Ans: dmgr app custom 1.its used for administration 1.admin console is there 1.plain node purpose of remaining profiles 2.initially one app server there 2.empty node 2.it supports the distributed 3.work independently environment. 4. Put applications 3.it is not included app server 4.admin console is there 5.work independently 6.do not put applications 27. Diff b/w 5.0 and 6.0? Ans: Web Sphere Studio 3.5, comes up with Visual Age for Java. WSAD 5.0 supports J2EE 1.3 java specifications. RAD 6.0 supports J2EE 1.4 and integrated with Eclipse 3.0, UML Visual Editor, Tomcat Jakarta, Ant scripting, EJB universal test client and SOA tools. 28. What is the difference between web server and application server? Ans: Application Server: takes care of Security, Transaction, Multithreading, Resource pooling, load balancing, clustering, performance, highly availability, scalability, etc. Exposes business logic to client applications through various protocols, possibly including HTTP. Supports deployment of .war and .ear files Application server = web server + EJB container. 29. Diff b/w weblogic and websphere? Ans: Both BEA Weblogic and IBMs WebSphere provide J2EE based application servers which are competitors. WebSphere leverages more on connectivity issues with MQ and legacy systems with strong dominance in J2EE. 30. Some problem is there in web server, so this information which log file contain? Ans: http.log, plugin.log 31. What is jdbc? Ans: jdbc is a low level pure java api used to execute sql statements. 32. What is datasource? Ans: A data source is associated with a jdbc provider that supplies the specific jdbc driver implementation class 33. What is diff b/w type4 and type2? Ans: type4 type2 1. It is pure java oriented 1.it is not a pure java oriented driver 2.require client side software 2.no need any client software 34. Some application not accessing, so what is the problem? This information which log file contains?

Ans: systemout, systemerr 35. In type3 client software which machine you have install? Ans: server side machine 36. two databases there (oracle and db2),so I want 3 datasources for oracle and 2 data sources for db2 so create 3 datasource names for oracle and 2datasourcename for db2 is possible or not? Ans: possible 37. What is jndi? Ans: we can register resources in the application servers java naming and dire ctory interface (jndi) namespace. Client applications can then obtain the references to these resource objects in their programs. 38. Why use the boostrap port number? Ans: client applications use the bootstrap port to access webspheres built -in object request broker (orb) to use enterprise java beans in applications installed on the application server. The java naming and directory interface service provider url used by the client application needs to reference the bootstrap port to obtain an initial co ntext for looking up ejbs it wants to use. (For communicate two servers) 39. What are the appserver components? Ans: admin server, web container, ejb container,j2c service, naming server, messaging engine, security server. 40. LDAP port number? Ans: 389 or 636 41. How to start the server? Ans: startserver.sh server1 42. Packages of websphere? Ans: express, base, network deployment 43. What is webcontainer? Ans: The web container provides a runtime environment for servlets, jsps, javabeans, and static content. 44. How to find out free diskspace from command prompt? Ans: du -sk (kb) du -sm (mb) 45. How to find out certain server configuration details like port no, server name, node name, pid? Ans: through admin console. 46. Configure the plug-in through admin console is possible or not? Ans: possible 47. Where to set the path? Ans: environments>websphere variables 48. How many types of installations? 59. Application installed but not working. What are troubleshooting steps? Ans: see jvm & application are up, check plugin-cfg.xml file for the root context used by the web application if it does not exist generate plugin and restart web server.

50. Applications installed fine, also generated plugin, but application still not working, in this case which log to see? Ans: plugin.log 51. Default admin port? Ans: 9060, ssl 9043 52. Default bootstrap port? Ans: 2809 53. How to hit application without hitting the web server? Ans: webcontainer port on application server 54. In how many ways you can perform administration? Ans: console,,,JMX 55. No of ways of doing deployments? Ans: Admin console..jython (jacl) scripts 56. What is CellDiscoveryAddress Ans: Node uses this port to talk to DMGR 57. What is NodeDiscoveryAddress Ans: DMGR uses this port to talk to node 58. How websphere discovers a change in JSP and compiles it? Ans: There is an algorithm that websphere uses to find the timestamp of .jsp and .class files. It checks that timestamp of .class file is always later than its corresponding .jsp file. 59. What is classloader? 60. how do you specify a jar file to be used by the application, consider that you have many jar files in your system? Ans: classloader 61. What is a managed node? Ans: Node with NodeAgent 62. What is a managed webserver? Ans: Remote webserver access through local (dmgr/cell)

What is basic difference between an Web Server(Tomcat) and Application server(like weblogic or web sphere)? Tomcat is not Web server, that is the difference doesn't suppurt EJB but websphere do. . It is servlet/JSP container. Roughly say: Tomcat

Application Servers like WebLogic and WebSphere got a lot more features than JSP/Servlet Container like Tomcat and Normal Web Server like Apache... Basically, Features of Application Server > those of JSP/Servlet Container > those of Web Server. You may roughly think like that... Web Server is nothing but for static contents(Normal HTML, images, audios, videos and so on), while Application server is for dynamic contents(JSPs, Servlets, EJBs) and the features available in Application server are a lot more than those of Web Server...

Web SErver A Web Server is software application that uses the HyperText Transfer Protocol. A Web Server is usually run on a computer that is connected to the Internet. There are many Web Server software applications, including public domain software from Apache, and commercial applications from Microsoft, Oracle, Netscape and others. A Web Server may host or provide access to Content and responds to requests received from Web browsers. Every Web Server has an IP address and usually a domain name Example of Web Server - Apache WebServer - Apache Jakarta Tomcat Application Server An application server is a server program in a computer within a distributed network that provides the business logic for an application program. The application server is frequently viewed as part of a threetier application, consisting of a graphical user interface (GUI) server, an application (business logic) server, and a database and transaction server. Example of Application Server - JBoss Application Server - WebSphere Application Server - WebLogic Application Server hat i had in my mind is that: WebServer is a server application that takes HTTP request from some client and respond back to client with some information(The reuest and response this are standariesed as per w3c HTTP conventions). The web container that process Jsps and Servlets is a part of Web-server. That means webserver processes for jsp and servelts also. Tomcat Websver is an example. Application server is another server application that processes business logic that is written majorly in EJBs. Application severs are of no use in single, just the webserver communcates with application server and get the things done.
Application server and web server in Java both are used to host Java web application. Though both application server and web server are generic terms, difference between application server and web server is a famous J2EE interview question. On Java J2EE perspective main difference between web server and application server is support of EJB. In order to run EJB or host enterprise Java application (.ear) file you need an application server like JBoss, WebLogic, WebSphere or Glassfish, while you can still run your servlet and JSP or java web application (.war) file inside any web server like Tomcat or Jetty.

Application Server vs Web Server

1. Application Server supports distributed transaction and EJB. While Web Server only supports Servlets and JSP.

2. Application Server can contain web server in them. most of App server e.g. JBoss or WAS has Servlet and JSP container.

3. Though its not limited to Application Server but they used to provide services like Connection pooling, Transaction management, messaging, clustering, load balancing and persistence. Now Apache tomcat also provides connection pooling.

4. In terms of logical difference between web server and application server . web server is supposed to provide http protocol level service while application server provides support to web service and expose business level service e.g. EJB.

5. Application server are more heavy than web server in terms of resource utilization.

Personally I don't like to ask questions like Difference between Application Server and Web Server. But since its been asked in many companies, you got to be familiar with some differences. Some times different interviewer expect different answer but I guess on Java's perspective until you are sure when do you need an application server and when you need a web server, you are good to go.

he process server has a built in WAS. You can build and deploy standard JEE applications on both servers this part carries over. The process server is an extended ESB. If you want to create mediations and process flows, etc, with the full WID feature set then you require the process server. These can be created with the WebSphere Integration Developer as well. However I doubt that you where using these as they won't run on a simple WAS. Creating mediations and process flows is totally different from the standard JEE programming.
1. What is WebSphere process server? SOA provides the ability to develop and modify the applications dynamically and also lets to integrate legacy applications with the new application to work transparently. WebSphere Process Server is a next-generation business process server that supports all styles of integration based on SOA and open standards, and automates business processes that span people, work flows, applications, systems, platforms, and architectures. WebSphere Process Server is based on J2EE infrastructure and build on top of WebSphere Application Server. We can develop and execute Standards-based and component-based business application in a Service Oriented Architecture. It has a capability of business process automation.

2. What is the relation between WebSphere Process Server and WebSphere Application Server?

Process Server is underpinned by IBM WebSphere Application Server Network Deployment, giving it extensive J2EE capabilities and the qualities of service (QoS) of that product, including the high availability, scalability, and security features. The administrative facilities of WebSphere Application Server have been enhanced to support processes and mediations. In addition, WebSphere Process Server provides several Web-based applications for managing the various aspects of business processes:

usiness Process Choreographer Explorer for managing business process and human tasks. Business Process Choreographer Observer that creates reports about events that occur during the execution of business processes and human tasks. Business rules manager that assists the business analyst in browsing and modifying business rule values. Common Base Event browser to retrieve and view events in the Common Event Infrastructure (CEI) event database. Failed event manager to find and manage WebSphere Process Server failed events, which can be a request sent to an application from an external source or an invocation to a Web service. Relationship manager to manipulate relationship data manually to correct errors found in automated relationship management or to provide more Relationships are services that are used to model and maintain associations between business objects and other data.

3. What can you do with WebSphere Process Server? Transaction, security, clustering and workload management: WebSphere Process Server solutions leverage WebSphere Application Server capabilities, thus providing you with a scalable and reliable business integration environment you can use for transaction, security, clustering and workload management. Full ACID transaction support: WebSphere Process Server offers full ACID transaction support for business processes, both for short-running (one transaction end to end) and long-running processes (multiple transactions). You can modify transaction boundaries in the tooling to group multiple steps in a business process into one transaction. Additionally, it supports flexible compensation of business processes as defined in the WS-BPEL specification. Recovery Manager as well as a Recovery Console: WebSphere Process Server includes a Recovery Manager as well as a Recovery Console. In case of a failure in the middle of executing a business integration application, the server will detect this failure and allow, you, the administrator to manage the failed applications from the Recovery Console. Encapsulation of Business Functions: The unique architecture in WebSphere Process Server allows the encapsulation of business functions into separate modules that you can then update independently of each other. For example, you can use an approval module that contains a human task for the actual approval and later later replace it with another approval module containing a business rule. This change is completely transparent to the consumer of this module. Additionally, the concept of encaptulation

ensures that data and interface definitions are encapsulated where they are used. For example, you can hide the details of how a customer is represented in a backend system inside of a module, while the module itself exposes a generic interface with a generic business object as data. This canonical data representation also enables a high degree of reuse in any given integration application. 4. How does it work with existing systems and new applications? WebSphere Process Server offers many options you can use to integrate your company's existing systems with new integration applications. WebSphere Application Server messaging resources: WebSphere Process Server uses the messaging resources in the WebSphere Application Server to tie into an existing WebSphere MQ network. You can configure the native Java JMS provider that comes with WebSphere Application Server V6 to connect into an existing WebSphere MQ Queue Manager, so you can create an extension to the WebSphere MQ network. Native Web services Interoperability: WebSphere Process Server contains full support for Web services including support for SOAP over HTTP or SOAP over JMS. WebSphere Process Server also includes support for import and export for WebSphere Process Server components, JMS, and Enterprise Java Session Beans. WebSphere Adapters: WebSphere Adapters include both application-specific adapters, for example, for Siebel, SAP, or PeopleSoft as well as technology adapters, for example, for relational databases or flat files. 5. What is Service Component Architecture? WebSphere Process Server supports two capabilities required for an efficient Service Oriented Architecture: a universal invocation model, implemented as a Service Component Architecture (SCA), and a universal data representation implemented, as Business Objects (BOs). Service Component Architecture (SCA) is a set of specifications that describe a model for building applications and systems using service-oriented architecture (SOA). SCA separates business logic from implementation. The implementation of business processes is contained in service components (also referred to as components), which can be assembled graphically in WebSphere Integration Developer. The service components can be implemented later. 7. What is Common Event Infrastructure? The Common Event Infrastructure (CEI) is a powerful technology that is implemented within WebSphere Process Server and that provides for the creation, consumption, and warehousing of events. CEI provides the ability to audit, monitor, and track the execution of processes throughout the entire life cycle. 9. What is WebSphere Integration Developer? WebSphere Integration Developer is the common tool for building SOA-based integration solutions across WebSphere Process Server, WebSphere Enterprise Service Bus, and WebSphere Adapters. It simplifies integration with rich features that accelerate the adoption of SOA by rendering existing IT assets as service components, encouraging reuse and efficiency.

8.13.What is meant by Human Centric Business Process ?

A business Process which has human intervention is know as human centric business process. WebSphere Process Server has a service component called Human Task to develop human centric businesses process which allows a human to interact with the business process at any stage.

components and supporting service components in WPS?

4. What is the difference between micro flow and Macro flow? A Micro flow (short running process) is a non-Interruptible process A Macro flow(Lon running process is an interruptible process which involves more then one transaction. 11. What is Business Flow Manager? Business processes defined in BPEL require robust runtimes that interpret the business process and run the appropriate steps, considering things like integration with transactional environments and long running processes that span hours, days, or even longer. WebSphere Process Server V6 includes the Business Flow Manager which is responsible for all aspects of BPEL business process execution.W 10. What is WS-BPEL? Designing complex and large business processes requires a language that supports modularization and re-use in a portable, interoperable way. The WS-BPEL standard is developed by OASIS and is currently at version 2.0. The standard allows business process models to be defined independent of the implementation, keeping the processes separate from the underlying infrastructure or technology. This fits nicely with the concept of a service oriented architecture (SOA) where interfaces are kept separate from implementations. WS-BPEL uses services and service interfaces as a means of defining the connections between the different steps. The WS-BPEL standard uses other industry standards such as Web services Description Language (WSDL) to define steps and interfaces and XML Schema Definition (XSD) to define data structures. A BPEL process is actually an XML file that is interpreted at runtime to indicate the sequence of steps that make up a business process. The BPEL specification describes several areas for defining business processes. The primary elements or concepts are partner links, variables, correlation sets, fault handlers, compensation handlers, event handlers, and activities.ere Process Server offers a variety of service components. Supporting

services are components that are needed in any integration solution including data transformation and synchronization services. Supporting services:

Interface maps: It is possible for interfaces of existing components to match semantically but not syntactically (for example, updateCustomer versus updateCustomerInDB2). This is especially true for components that already exist and services that need to be accessed. Interface maps let you invoke these components by translating these calls. Additionally, you can use Business Objects to translate the actual Business Object parameters of a service invocation. Business Object maps: You use a Business Object map to translate one type of Business Object into another type of Business Object. You can use these maps in a variety of ways, for example, in an interface map to convert one type of parameter data into another. Relationships: You may want to access the same data within business integration scenarios, for example, customer records, or in various backend systems, such as an ERP system and a CRM system. A common problem for keeping Business Objects in sync is that different backend systems use different keys to represent the same objects. You can use the relationship service in WebSphere Process Server to establish relationship instances between objects in these

disparate backend systems. These relationships are typically accessed from a Business Object map when translating one Business Object Format into another. Selector: You can use a selector component for dynamic selection and invocation of different services, which all share the same interface. For example a customer support process could use different human tasks implementations during holidays than during regular working days. WebSphere Process Server offers a Web-based interface to enable dynamic updates to the selection criteria and target services, which means that a module that has been deployed at a later time can still be called by this selector component enabling dynamic changes to the integration solution. Java: You can use Java components to invoke Java code. Service components

Service components WebSphere Process Server provides four service components:

Business processes: The business process component in WebSphere Process Server implements a Web Services Business Process Execution Language (WS-BPEL) compliant process engine. You can develop and deploy business processes that support long and short running business processes and a compensation model within a scalable infrastructure. You can create WS-BPEL models in WebSphere Integration Developer or import from a business model that you can create in WebSphere Business Modeler. Human Tasks: Human Tasks are standalone components in WebSphere Process Server that you can use to assign work to employees or to invoke any other service. Additionally, the Human Task Manager supports the ad hoc creation and tracking of tasks. You can use existing LDAP directories (as well as operating system repositories and the WebSphere user registry) to access staff information. WebSphere Process Server also supports multi-level escalation for human tasks including e-mail notification and priority aging. WebSphere Process Server includes an extensible Web Client that you can use to work with tasks or processes. This Web Client is based on a set of reusable Java Server Faces (JSF) components that you can use to create custom clients or embed human task functionality into other Web applications. Business State Machines: Business State Machines provide another way of modeling a business process. This lets you represent your company's business processes based on states and events, which sometimes are easier to model than a graph-oriented business process model. One example would be an ordering process where you can modify or cancel the order at any time during the order process until the order is actually fulfilled. Business Rules: Business Rules are a means of implementing and enforcing business policy through externalization of business function. This enables dynamic changes of a business process for a more responsive businesses environment. Business rule authoring is supported with Eclipse-based desktop tooling. Business Analysts can use the Webbased runtime tooling included in WebSphere Process Server to update business rules as business needs dictate without affecting other services.