Unit 4: Data Normalization

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Topics
Pitfalls in Relational Database Design What is normalization? First, Second and Third Normal Form

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Pitfalls in Relational Database Design

Title Internet Security DBMS Oracle

Publisher Pearson Pearson McGraw Hill

Pub_City Delhi Delhi Delhi

Author Navathe Navathe Mukund

Aut_City Mumbai Mumbai Delhi

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Pitfall in Relational Database Design

Spreadsheet Design Too much data Compound fields Missing keys Bad Keys Missing relations Unnecessary relationships Incorrect relations Duplicate field names Cryptic field and table names Missing or incorrect business rules

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Decomposition
Consider a Relation - Lending

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Decompose into two relations

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Reconstruct the lending relation by performing a natural join on the two new schemas

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What is Normalisation?
Transforming data from a problem into relations while ensuring data integrity and eliminating data redundancy. Normalisation should remove redundancy, but not at the expense of data integrity.

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Normal Forms
First Normal Form Second Normal Form Third Normal Form Boyce Codd Normal Form Fourth Normal Form Fifth Normal Form

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First Normal Form

A relation is in 1NF if, and only if, it contains no repeating attributes or groups of attributes. To remove the repeating group, either:
Flatten the table and extend the key, or Decompose the relation- leading to First Normal Form

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What is a Repeating Group?

Figure 4.2 is insert here.

Repeating group (any project can have a group of data entries) which should not to be appeared in relational table

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Example
matric_no 960100 Name Smith, J date_of_birth 14/11/1977 subject Databases Soft_Dev ISDE Soft_Dev ISDE 960120 Moore, T 11/03/1970 Databases Soft_Dev Workshop Databases Databases Soft_Dev ISDE Workshop grade C A D B B A B C B B D C D

960105

White, A

10/05/1975

960145 960150

Smith, J Black, D

09/01/1972 21/08/1973

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Student(matric_no, name, date_of_birth, ( subject, grade ) ) name, date_of_birth -> matric_no

Flattened Tables
matric_no 960100 960100 960100 960105 960105 960120 960120 960120 960145 960150 960150 960150 960150
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name Smith, J Smith, J Smith, J White, A White, A Moore, T Moore, T Moore, T Smith, J Black, D Black, D Black, D Black, D

date_of_birth 14/11/1977 14/11/1977 14/11/1977 10/05/1975 10/05/1975 11/03/1970 11/03/1970 11/03/1970 09/01/1972 21/08/1973 21/08/1973 21/08/1973 21/08/1973

Subject Databases Soft_Dev ISDE Soft_Dev ISDE Databases Soft_Dev Workshop Databases Databases Soft_Dev ISDE Workshop

grade C A D B B A B C B B D C B

Decomposing the relation

Record matric_no 960100 960100 960100 960105 960105 ... 960150 subject Databases Soft_Dev ISDE Soft_Dev ISDE ... Workshop grade C A D B B ... B Student matric_no 960100 960105 960120 960145 960150 name Smith,J date_of_birth 14/11/1977

White,A 10/05/1975 Moore,T 11/03/1970 Smith,J Black,D 09/01/1972 21/08/1973

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Relations
We now have two relations, Student and Record. Student(matric_no, name, date_of_birth ) Record(matric_no, subject, grade ) Without repeating groups, we say the relations are in First Normal Form (1NF).

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Second Normal Form

A relation is in 2NF if, and only if, it is in 1NF and every non-key attribute is fully functionally dependent on the whole key. Another way of saying this is that there must be no partial key dependencies (PKDs).

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Example 1
Consider again the Student relation from the flattened Student
matric_no 960100 960100 960100 960105 960105 960120 960120 960120 960145 960150 960150 960150 960150 name Smith, J Smith, J Smith, J White, A White, A Moore, T Moore, T Moore, T Smith, J Black, D Black, D Black, D Black, D date_of_birth 14/11/1977 14/11/1977 14/11/1977 10/05/1975 10/05/1975 11/03/1970 11/03/1970 11/03/1970 09/01/1972 21/08/1973 21/08/1973 21/08/1973 21/08/1973 Subject Databases Soft_Dev ISDE Soft_Dev ISDE Databases Soft_Dev Workshop Databases Databases Soft_Dev ISDE Workshop grade C A D B B A B C B B D C B

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Dependency Diagram
A dependency diagram is used to show how non-key attributes relate to each part or combination of parts in the primary key.

Student
matric_no name date_of_birth subject grade

PKD Fully Dependent

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Student Details
matrix_no name date_of_birth

Student
matrix_no subject grade

All attributes in each relation are fully functionally dependent upon its primary key These relations are now in 2NF

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Third Normal Form

Every column must depend directly on the primary key. Remove columns that are not dependent upon the primary key A relation is in 3NF if, and only if, it is in 2NF and there are no transitive functional dependencies

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Example
project_no p1 p2 p3 p4 manager Black,B Smith,J Black,B Black,B address 32 High Street 11 New Street 32 High Street 32 High Street

Project has more than one non-key field so we must check for transitive dependency:

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Project p1 p2 p3 p4

project_no

manager Black,B Smith,J Black,B Black,B Manager manager Black,B address 32 High Street

Smith,J

11 New Street

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Summary: 1NF
A relation is in 1NF if it contains no repeating groups

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Summary: 2NF
A relation is in 2NF if it contains no repeating groups and no partial key functional dependencies

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Summary: 3NF
A relation is in 3NF if it contains no repeating groups, no partial functional dependencies, and no transitive functional dependencies

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A Sample Report Layout

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Table 4.1 should be here.

Convert to First Normal Form

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Data Organization: 1NF

PK PK

Figure 4.3

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Dependency Diagram (1NF)

Above: Desired Dependencies

Composite primary key Below: Less Desired Dependencies

Convert to Second Normal Form

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2NF Conversion Results

Figure 4.5

Convert to Third Normal Form

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Third Normal Form (3NF) Conversion Results

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Question time
Please try to limit the questions to the topics discussed during the session. Thank you.

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Time to check our understanding

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Normalize the following table

Class Enrolment Class Code 503 Class Description Mgt Info Systems Student Number Name 00001 00003 00005 540 Quant Methods 00002 00003 00004 Masters, Rick Smith, Steve Jones, Terry Wallace, Fred Smith, Steve Nurk, Sterling

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Solution
R1(ClassCode, ClassDescription) R2(ClassCode, StudentNumber, Name)

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Question time
Please try to limit the questions to the topics discussed during the session. Thank you.

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