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Appendix

This document defines key concepts in Hilbert spaces, Banach spaces, and topological vector spaces. It defines Hilbert spaces as inner product spaces that are complete under the induced metric. Banach spaces are normed linear spaces that are complete. Topological vector spaces are vector spaces with a topology making vector space operations continuous. Some key results presented are: every Hilbert space is a Banach space; the uniform boundedness principle for bounded linear operators on Banach spaces; and a separating family of seminorms induces a locally convex topology on a vector space.

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Suhas Suresh
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14 views

Appendix

This document defines key concepts in Hilbert spaces, Banach spaces, and topological vector spaces. It defines Hilbert spaces as inner product spaces that are complete under the induced metric. Banach spaces are normed linear spaces that are complete. Topological vector spaces are vector spaces with a topology making vector space operations continuous. Some key results presented are: every Hilbert space is a Banach space; the uniform boundedness principle for bounded linear operators on Banach spaces; and a separating family of seminorms induces a locally convex topology on a vector space.

Uploaded by

Suhas Suresh
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Appendix A

A.1 Hilbert spaces


Denition A.1.1. Let H be an inner product space over C. Dene |x|
2
= x, x)
for all x H. Using this, we dene
d(x, y) = |x y|, x, y H.
Then H will be a metric space with metric d. If every Cauchy sequence in H converges
to an element in H then H is called a Hilbert space. In other words, H is complete
under the metric d induced by the inner product , ).
Denition A.1.2. Let u

: A be a set of vectors in a Hilbert space H. This


set is said to be orthonormal if u

, u

) = 0 for all ,= , , A and |u

| = 1 for
each A.
Theorem A.1.3. Let u

: A be an orthonormal set in a Hilbert space. Then


the following conditions are equivalent.
(a) u

is a maximal orthonormal set in H.


(b) The set of all nite linear combination of member of u

is dense in H.
(c)

A
[x, u

)[
2
= |x|
2
x H.
(d)

A
x, u

)y, u

) = x, y) x, y H.
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Denition A.1.4. A set of vectors u

: A in a Hilbert space H is said to be


an orthonormal basis if u

: A is an orthonormal set and satises one of the


equivalent condition of above theorem.
A.2 Banach spaces
Denition A.2.1. Let X be a vector space over C. Then X is called a normed linear
space if to each x X, there is associated a nonnegative real number |x| called the
norm of x, such that
(i) |x| = 0 if and only if x = 0.
(ii) |x| = [[|x| C, x X.
(iii) |x +y| |x| +|y| x, y X.
A normed linear space X will be a metric space under the metric d given by
d(x, y) = |x y| x, y X.
Denition A.2.2. If a normed linear space X is complete in the metric dened by
the norm, then X is called Banach space.
Theorem A.2.3. Every Hilbert space is a Banach space.
Let T be a linear transformation from a normed linear space X into a normed
linear space Y . Then the norm of T is dened by
|T| = sup|T| : x X, |x| 1.
198
Remark A.2.4. For a linear transformation T, boundedness and continuity are
equivalent.
Theorem A.2.5. Uniform boundedness principle. Let X be a Banach space
and Y be a normed linear space. Let T

: A denote a collection of bounded


linear transformation of X into Y. Then either there is a ball B in Y with radius 1
and center at 0 such that T

maps the unit ball of X into B or there exists x X


such that no ball in Y contains T

x for all x.
Theorem A.2.6. Open mapping theorem Let U and V be open unit balls of the
Banachs space X and Y, respectively. Let T be a bounded linear transformation of X
into Y. Then there exists a > 0 such that y : y U T(U).
Theorem A.2.7. Let X and Y be Banach spaces. Let T be a bounded linear trans-
formation of X onto Y, which also one-to-one. Then there exists a > 0 such that
|Tx| |x| x X. In other words, T
1
is a bounded linear transformation of Y
onto X.
Theorem A.2.8. Closed graph theorem. Let X and Y be Banach spaces. Let T
be a linear mapping of X into Y with the following properties. If x
n
converges to
x in X and Tx
n
converges y in Y, then y = Tx. If such property holds, then T is
continuous.
Theorem A.2.9. Hahn-Banach theorem. If M is a subspace of a normed linear
space X and if f is a bounded linear functional on N, then f can be extended to a
bounded linear functional F on X such that |F| = |f|.
199
Let X be a normed linear space. Let X

denote the collection of all bounded


linear functional on X. The elements of X

can be denoted as x

and x

(x) can be
denoted by x, x

), called the duality relation. The set X

is also a vector space.


Theorem A.2.10. Suppose B is a closed unit ball of a normed linear space X. Dene
|x

| = sup[x, x

)[ : x B
for every x

. Then X

turns out to be Banach space under this norm. Let B

be the closed unit ball of X

for every x X,
|x| = sup[x, x

)[ : x

.
Consequently, x

x, x

) is a bounded linear functional on X

, of norm |x|.
Theorem A.2.11. Let X and Y be normed linear spaces, let T be a bounded linear
transformation of X into Y. Then
|T| = sup[Tx, y

) : |x| 1, |y

| 1.
Theorem A.2.12. Suppose X and Y are normed linear spaces. To each bounded
linear transformation T of X into Y, there exists unique T

, which will be bounded


linear transformation of Y

into X

that satises the duality relation


Tx, y

) = x, T

)
for all x X y

. Further, T

satises |T

| = |T|.
200
Denition A.2.13. Let M be a subspace of a Banach space X. The annihilator of
M is dened to be the set of all x X such that x, x

) = 0 for every x M.
A.3 Banach algebras
Denition A.3.1. Let A be a vector space over C. A is called an algebra if A is a
ring and (xy) = (x)y = x(y) for every x, y A and C. If, in addition, A is a
Banach space with respect to a norm that satises |xy| |x||y| x, y A then
A is called a Banach algebra. If A has multiplicative identity e with |e| = 1, A is
called a Banach algebra with identity. If the multiplication operation is commutative,
A is called a commutative Banach algebra.
Example A.3.2. (i) C[0, 1], the space of all complex valued continuous functions on
[0, 1] with supremum norm is a commutative Banach algebra with identity.
(ii) Let H be a Hilbert space. Let B(H) denote the collection of all bounded linear
operators on H. Then B(H) is a non commutative Banach algebra with identity under
the operator norm.
A.4 Topological vector spaces
Denition A.4.1. Let X be a vector space. If is a topology on X such that
every singleton set in X is closed and the vector space operations are continuous with
respect to , then X is called a topological vector space. In other words, the map
: X X X (x, y) x +y and : F X X (, x) x are continuous.
The topological space X is said to be locally convex if there is a local base B
whose members are convex.
201
Denition A.4.2. Let p be a real valued functions on X then p is called a semi norm
on X if it satises the following:
(i) p(x +y) p(x) +p(y)
(ii) p(x) = [[p(x) for every x, y X, C. A family T of semi norms on X is
said to be separating if to each x ,= 0 corresponds at least one p T with p(x) ,= 0.
Theorem A.4.3. Suppose T is a separating family of semi norms on a vector space
X. Associate to each p T and to each positive integer n the set
V (p, n) =

x : p(x) <
1
n

.
Let B be the collection of all nite intersection of the sets V (p, n). Then B is a local
base for a topology on X, which turns X into a locally convex space.
Theorem A.4.4. Suppose T is separating family of semi norms on X. Let calQ be
the smallest family of semi norms on X that contains P and satises the following:
If p
1
, p
2
Q, p = max(p
1
, p
2
), then p Q. Let be a linear functional on X. Then
is continuous if and only if there exists p Q such that [x[ Mp(x) for all
x X and some constant M < .
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