Analog Digital Communication:: Modulation, Demodulation and Coding
Analog Digital Communication:: Modulation, Demodulation and Coding
Lec2_chpater01
Asad Abbas Assistant Professor Telecom Department Air University, E-9, Islamabad
SOURCE
Source
Transmitter
Formatter Source encoder Channel encoder Modulator
Receiver
Formatter
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Source decoder
Channel decoder
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Demodulator
Random Variable
The random variable, X(A) represents a functional relationship between random event and a real number. It is designated by X and functional dependence upon A is considered as implicit.
If in any finite interval X assumes only finite number of distinct values, it is discrete random variable, for example tossing of dice, tossing of a coin If X assumes any value within interval it is continuous, for example noise, temperature etc
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Distribution
Cumulative Distribution (CD): Fx (x) = P ( X < x) It is the probability that the value taken by the random variable is less than or equal to real number Properties
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Distribution (contd..)
Probability Density Distribution (PDF) px(x) = d/dx (Fx (x)) It is rate of change of CD with respect to the random variable
FX ( x) = p X ( x)dx
Properties
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X = xPx( xi )
i =1
Mean = Nth moment of PD of a random variable= Second moment of PD of a random variable= The second central moment is given by
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Random Process
Any random variable that is function of time and event is called random process, X(A,t). The random process is a collection of time functions, or signals, corresponding to various outcomes of a random experiment.
For each outcome, there exists a deterministic function, which is called a sample function.
Random variables
Real number
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Random Process..contd
The random processes at each a point in time is random variable. X(tk) is random variable by observing random process at time at t=k. The values that X(tk) can take are X1(tK)XN(tK) The random processes have all the properties of random variables, such as mean, correlation, variances, etc
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Mean
It measures of the degree to which two time samples of the same random process are related It is function of two variables t1= t and t2= t+
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Stationary Process or Strictly Stationery Process: If all of the statistical properties random process do not change with time it is called strictly stationery, that is: Random process do not depends on time i.e X(A,t) = X(A) Its Probability Density Function do not change with time, i.e _ p X t 1 , p X t 2 ,...... ptk = p X t 1+ , p X t 2+ ,...... p X tk + Mean= E{X(t)} = mx(t)= constant Autocorrelation= Rx (t1, t2)= constant Nth moment = E{X(t)n} = constant.
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Wide ( or Weak) sense stationary (WSS): In WSS random process only two statistics ( mean and autocorrelation) do not change with time
Mean of X(t)= E{X(t)} = mx(t) = Constant Rx (t1, t2) = Rx (t1+, t2+) = Rx (t2 t1,0)= Rx ()
It means Autocorrelation only depends on difference between t1 and t2. Thus all pairs of X(t) at times separated by t2-t1 have same correlation value
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Random Process
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Spectral density
Energy signals:
Energy spectral density (ESD):
Power signals:
Power spectral density (PSD):
Random process:
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Autocorrelation
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Autocorrelation and spectral density form a Fourier transform pair. Autocorrelation is symmetric around zero. Its maximum value occurs at the origin. Its value at the origin is equal to the average power or energy.
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Noise
It is undesired signal interfering with the desired signal. External Sources
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Noise (Contd..)
Internal Sources
Thermal Noise
It is generated by resistive components due to random motion of electrons. Noise Power = Pn = K T B K = Boltzmanns Constant = 1.38x10 -23 joules/K T = absolute temperature, B = Bandwidth
Shot Noise
Random variations in the arrival of electrons at the output of semiconductor device.
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Thermal noise is described by a zero-mean Gaussian random process, n(t). Its probability density function is given below
White Noise
The Power Spectral Density ( Gn(f) ) of thermal noise is same from DC to about 1012 Hz. Thus Gn(f) is flat for all frequencies of interest
[w/Hz]
Autocorrelation function
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Output
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= Group Delay
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Non-causal! fu
-fu
= 2 fu sinc[2 fu (t to )]
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Bandpass filters:
High-pass
BW = fu-fl
Filter Bands
Pass band Transition Band Stop Band
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Realizable filters:
RC filters
1 2 RC
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R1 = R2 =1 Ohm
H ( f ) dB = 3dB H ( f ) = .707
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Different definition of bandwidth: d) Fractional power containment bandwidth e) Bounded power spectral density f) Absolute bandwidth
(e)50dB
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Bandwidth of signal(contd)
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END
Thank You
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