Christian Jacob

Chapter 3 Operating Systems

3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Evolution of Operating Systems Booting an Operating System Operating System Architecture References

Chapter Overview

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Chapter 3: Operating Systems

Christian Jacob

Operating system (OS): A collection of programs that manages resources of a computer, such as - processors - memory - input/output devices ... like the conductor of an orchestra. A virtual machine that lets a user accomplish tasks that would be difcult to perform directly with the underlying actual machine. - graphical user interface - virtual memory: provide more memory than in RAM - multiprogramming: seemingly run more than one program at a time

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Chapter 3: Operating Systems

Christian Jacob

3.1

Evolution of Operating Systems

First Generation OS (1945-1955) The only operating system was a person. All machine operation was hands on. Second Generation OS (1955-1965) Batch operating systems: - A computer operator takes care of the system administration. - The operator collects a batch of programs from several programmers, feeds the programs into the computer, and hands out the printed results back to the programmers. - Today, batch operations are performed automatically. - Compute jobs line up in a FIFO job queue (rst in, rst out).

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Chapter 3: Operating Systems

Christian Jacob

Multiprogramming OS Switching between many different programs in memory (RAM)

Operating System

Job 1 (waiting for input)

Job 2 (running)

Job 3 (ready)

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Chapter 3: Operating Systems

Christian Jacob

Multiprogramming enables time sharing: - divides processor time up into slices - the slices are divided fairly among competing jobs Job 1 Job 6 Job 2 Job 5 Job 4 Job 3

interactive processing: - the user does not have to wait for one process to be nished until the next process (program, action) can be started
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Chapter 3: Operating Systems

Christian Jacob

Multiuser Operating Systems Many different users can share the same machine through time sharing and multiprogramming (e.g., UNIX, MacOS X, Windows NT). The OS divides its system time into time slices (milliseconds). This gives each user the illusion to have his/her own machine. The efciency of a time-sharing system depends on - the speed of the processor - the length of the time slices - how many users perform operations that require a full time slice. Multiuser OSs are mainly used in distributed, rather than centralized, environments, where several machines share resources over a network.

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Chapter 3: Operating Systems

Christian Jacob

Single-User OS and Multiprogramming Cooperative multitasking: Switching between programs only if those programs explicitly cooperate. Preemptive multitasking: Lets the OS switch between the tasks at its own discretion. Perform different tasks at the same time (printing, compiling, searching on the web, ...)

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Chapter 3: Operating Systems

Christian Jacob

Network Operating Systems Sharing of more expensive peripheral devices (in a LAN or WAN): - laser printers - 3D plotters - tape backup units - fast number-crunching machines - special-purpose software packages
High-speed bus

PC or workstation

...

PC or workstation

Mail server

Compute server

File server

Print server

Clients Internet
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NCrunch.

Files

Printers
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Chapter 3: Operating Systems

Christian Jacob

3.2

Booting an Operating System

Main memory Disk storage

ROM (permanent)

Bootstrap program

Rea

d OS

Operating system

Load OS

Operating system

Sta

rt

de

RAM (volatile)

vic

ed

riv

ers

Devices

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Chapter 3: Operating Systems

Christian Jacob

Starting up an operating system Read boot strap program from ROM: enables access to oppy and hard drives look for the core OS (DOS: COMMAND.COM) Load the core OS into RAM. Run a sequence of jobs in batch mode. - DOS: CONFIG.SYS and AUTOEXEC.BAT - Windows: WIN.INI - MacOS: selected extensions - UNIX: .login, .profile, .cshrc Start a graphical user interface (GUI) Loop forever waiting for input / interaction with the GUI.

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Chapter 3: Operating Systems

Christian Jacob

3.3

Operating System Architecture

User

Memory manager I/O system manager

User

Command processor

Scheduler

Resource allocator File manager

User

Interrupt

Dispatcher

Hardware execution execution

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Chapter 3: Operating Systems

Christian Jacob

Command processor: The interface that interacts with one or more users, watching the keyboard, mouse, and any other input devices attached to the machine. Receives commands whenever an input device noties it about an event, for example, when a user enters a new line in a shell or clicks on a mouse button.

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Chapter 3: Operating Systems

Christian Jacob

Scheduler: If the event turns out to be a request to run a program, the command processor asks the scheduler to arrange for the execution of programs. - Place the program in a job queue. - Create a process to execute the program. A process is an active copy of a program - that has been loaded into memory (RAM) - with its own program counter indicating the next instruction to execute. Each process creates its own context (= process state). There may be more than one process for the same program (e.g., start two different editor programs).

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Chapter 3: Operating Systems

Christian Jacob

Resource Allocator The scheduler invokes a resource allocator, which makes sure that each process has secondary resources that it may need memory, les, peripheral devices. Memory Manager The memory manager coordinates the use of the machines memory. It keeps track of which areas of memory are being used by which processes. It may anticipate how much memory each process will need. It may provide virtual memory, where swap les on a harddrive are used to extend the RAM.

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Chapter 3: Operating Systems

Christian Jacob

I/O System Manager The I/O system manager coordinates the assignment of peripheral devices to processes, through specic device drivers. File Manager The le manager keeps track of information about les on the disks: - protects against unauthorized le access - supports sharing of le resources - helps organizing les into folders

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Chapter 3: Operating Systems

Christian Jacob

Dispatcher The dispatcher monitors processes and decides when to switch execution from one process to another.
Interrupt Interrupt Interrupt

Process A Dispatcher Dispatcher

Process B Dispatcher Time

Process A Disp.

When a process completes ... the dispatcher reports back to the scheduler, the scheduler noties the resource allocator, the resource allocator releases any resources held by that process, the scheduler then reports completion of the process to the command processor, the command processor informs the user.
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Chapter 3: Operating Systems

Christian Jacob

3.4

References
G. Blank and R. Barnes, The Universal Machine, Boston, MA: WCB/ McGraw-Hill, 1998. Chapters 10.1 through 10.3.

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