CHAPTER 5: Derivatives of Exponential and Trigonometric Functions

Review of Prerequisite Skills, pp. 224225

1 32 1 5 9 2 5 5 Q b. 32 5 "32 R 2 5 22 54 1 2 c. 2723 5 3 2 Q "27 R 1 5 2 3 1 5 9 3 2 2 22 d. a b 5 a b 3 2 9 5 4 2. a. log5 625 5 4 1 b. log4 5 22 16 c. logx 3 5 3 d. log10 450 5 w e. log3 z 5 8 f. loga T 5 b 3. a. y 3 2 1 0 5 log10 ( x 1 2) 100 5 x 1 2 x 5 21 The x-intercept is ( 2 1, 0). b. 10 y 8 6 4 2
8 6 4 2 0 2 2 4 6 8

1. a. 322 5

An exponential function is always positive, so there is no x-intercept. y 4. a. sin u 5 r x b. cos u 5 r y c. tan u 5 x 5. To convert to radian measure from degree measure, multiply the degree measure by 180. p 5 2p a. 360 3 180 p p 5 b. 45 3 180 4 p p 52 c. 2 90 3 180 2 p p 5 d. 30 3 180 6 3p p 5 e. 270 3 180 2 2p p 52 f. 2 120 3 180 3 p 5p 5 g. 225 3 180 4
p

3 2 1 0 1 2 3

x 1 2 3

The x-intercept occurs where y 5 0.

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual

5-1

11p p 5 180 6 6. For the unit circle, sine is associated with the y-coordinate of the point where the terminal arm of the angle meets the circle, and cosine is associated with the x-coordinate. a. sin u 5 b b b. tan u 5 a c. cos u 5 a p d. sin a 2 u b 5 a 2 p e. cos a 2 u b 5 b 2 f. sin ( 2u ) 5 2 b 7. a. The angle is in the second quadrant, so cosine and tangent will be negative. 12 cos u 5 2 13 5 tan u 5 2 12 b. The angle is in the third quadrant, so sine will be negative and tangent will be positive. sin2 u 1 cos2 u 5 1 4 sin2 u 1 5 1 9 5 sin2 u 5 9 !5 sin u 5 2 3 sin u tan u 5 cos u !5 5 2 c. The angle is in the fourth quadrant, so cosine will be positive and sine will be negative. Because tan u 5 2 2, the point (1, 2 2) is on the terminal arm of the angle. The reference triangle for this angle has a hypotenuse of "22 1 12 or !5. 2 sin u 5 2 !5 1 cos u 5 !5 d. The sine is only equal to 1 for one angle between

h. 330 3

cos

p 50 2
p 2p

tan 2 is undefined

8. a. The period is 2 or p. The amplitude is 1. 2p b. The period is 1 or 4p. The amplitude is 2.

2

c. The period is p or 2. The amplitude is 3. d. The period is 12 or 6 . The amplitude is 2 7. e. The period is 2p. The amplitude is 5. f. The period is 2p. Because of the absolute value being taken, the amplitude is 3 2. 9. a. The period is 2 or p. Graph the function from x 5 0 to x 5 2p.
4 3 2 1 0 x p 2 p 3p 2 2p y
2p 2p p

2p

b. The period is 2p, so graph the function from x 5 0 to x 5 4p.

3 2 1 0 1 2 3 x p 2 p 3p 2p 5p 3p 7p 4p 2 2 2 y

0 and p, so u 5 2 .

10. a. tan x 1 cot x 5 sec x csc x LS 5 tan x 1 cot x sin x cos x 5 1 cos x sin x sin2 x 1 cos2 x 5 cos x 1 sin x

5-2

Chapter 5: Derivatives of Exponential and Trigonometric Functions

1 cos x 1 sin x RS 5 sec x 1 csc x 1 1 5 ? cos x sin x 1 5 cos x sin x Therefore, tan x 1 cot x 5 sec x csc x. sin x b. 5 tan x 1 sec x 1 2 sin2 x sin x LS 5 1 2 sin2 x sin x 5 cos2 x RS 5 tan x sec x sin x 1 5 ? cos x cos x sin x 5 cos2 x sin x 5 tan x sec x. Therefore, 1 2 sin2 x 11. a. 3 sin x 5 sin x 1 1 2 sin x 5 1 1 sin x 5 2 p 5p x5 , 6 6 b. cos x 2 1 5 2 cos x 2 cos x 5 1 1 cos x 5 2 p 5p x5 , 3 3 5

c. y 5 2e 10t dy 5 20e 10t dt d. y 5 e 23x dy 5 2 3e 23x dx 2 e. y 5 e 5 2 6x 1 x dy 2 5 ( 2 6 1 2x )e 5 2 6x 1 x dx f. y 5 e "x dy 1 "x 5 e dx 2 !x 3 3. a. y 5 2e x dy 3 5 2(3x 2 )e x dx 3 5 6x 2 e x dy d ( xe 3x ) 5 b. dx dx 5 ( x )(3e 3x ) 1 ( e 3x )(1) 5 3xe 3x 1 e 3x 5 e 3x (3x 1 1)
e 2x c. f ( x ) 5 x 3 3 2 3x 2e 2x ( x ) 2 e 2x f r (x) 5 x2 x d. f ( x ) 5 !xe 1 f r ( x ) 5 "xe x 1 e x a b 2 !x 2 e. h ( t ) 5 e t 1 3e 2t 2 hr ( t ) 5 2te t 2 3e 2t e 2t f. g ( t ) 5 1 1 e 2t 2e 2t (1 1 e 2t ) 2 2e 2t ( e 2t ) g r (t) 5 (1 1 e 2t )2 2t 2e 5 (1 1 e 2t )2 1 4. a. f r ( x ) 5 (3e 3x 2 3e 23x ) 3 5 e 3x 2 e 23x f r (1) 5 e 3 2 e 23
3

5.1 Derivatives of Exponential Functions, y 5 e x, pp. 232234

1. You can only use the power rule when the term containing variables is in the base of the exponential expression. In the case of y 5 e x, the exponent contains a variable. 2. a. y 5 e 3x dy 5 3e 3x dx b. s 5 e 3t 2 5 ds 5 3e 3t 2 5 dt

b. f ( x ) 5 e 2x 1 1
1 b ( x 1 1)2 f r (0) 5 e 21 (1) 1 5 e
1

f r ( x ) 5 e 2x 1 1 a

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual

5-3

c. h r ( z ) 5 2z (1 1 e 2z ) 1 z 2 ( 2 e 2z ) hr ( 2 1) 5 2( 2 1)(1 1 e ) 1 ( 2 1)2 ( 2 e 1 ) 5 2 2 2 2e 2 e 5 2 2 2 3e 2e x 5. a. y 5 1 1 ex dy (1 1 e x )2e x 2 2e x ( e x ) 5 dx (1 1 e x )2 dy 2(2) 2 2(1)(1) 5 dx 22 1 5 2 When x 5 0, the slope of the tangent is 1 2. The equation of the tangent is y 5 1 2 x 1 1, since the y-intercept was given as (0, 1). b.

At the point (1, e 21 ), the slope is e 21 (0) 5 0. The equation of the tangent line at the point A is
y 2 e 21 5 0( x 2 1) or y 5 e . 8. The slope of the tangent line at any point on the
1

curve is

5 (2x 2 x 2 )( e 2x ) 2x 2 x 2 5 . ex Horizontal lines have slope equal to 0.

dy 5 2xe 2x 1 x 2 ( e 2x ) dx

We solve 5 0 dx x (2 2 x ) 5 0. ex Since e x . 0 for all x, the solutions are x 5 0 and x 5 2. The points on the curve at which the tangents are horizontal are (0, 0) and (2, e2). 5 x x 9. If y 5 ( e5 1 e 25 ), then 2 5 1 x 1 x yr 5 a e5 2 e25 b , and 2 5 5 5 1 x 1 x y s 5 a e 5 1 e 25 b 2 25 25 1 5 5x x 5 c ( e 1 e 25 ) d 25 2 1 5 y. 25 10. a. y 5 e 23x dy 5 2 3e 23x dx d 2y 5 9e 23x dx 2 d 3y 5 2 27e 23x dx 3 d ny b. n 5 ( 2 1)n (3n )e 23x dx dy d ( 2 3e x ) 5 11. a. dx dx 5 2 3e x d 2y 5 2 3e x dx 2 d ( xe 2x ) dy 5 b. dx dx 5 ( x )(2e 2x ) 1 ( e 2x )(1) 5 2xe 2x 1 e 2x 5 e 2x (2x 1 1)
4

dy

c. The answers agree very well; the calculator does not show a slope of exactly 0.5, due to internal rounding. 6. y 5 e 2x dy 5 2 e 2x dx When x 5 2 1, The equation of the tangent is y 2 e 5 2 e ( x 1 1) or ex 1 y 5 0.
3 2 1 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 y
dy 5 2 e. And dx

when x 5 2 1, y 5 e.

x 1 2 3

7. The slope of the tangent line at any point is given by dy 5 (1)( e 2x ) 1 x ( 2 e 2x ) dx 5 e 2x (1 2 x ).

5-4

Chapter 5: Derivatives of Exponential and Trigonometric Functions

d 2y 5 e2x (2) 1 (2x 1 1)(2e2x ) dx2 5 4xe2x 1 4e2x d ( e x (4 2 x )) dy c. 5 dx dx 5 ( ex )( 2 1) 1 (4 2 x )( e x ) 5 2 e x 1 4e x 2 xe x 5 3e x 2 xe x 5 e x (3 2 x ) 2 dy 5 e x ( 2 1) 1 (3 2 x )( e x ) dx2 5 2e x 2 xe x 5 e x (2 2 x ) 12. a. When t 5 0, N 5 1000 330 1 e 04 5 31 000. dN 1 2t 100 230 t b. 5 1000 c 0 2 e 30 d 5 2 e dt 30 3 dN 100 22 c. When t 5 20h, 52 e 3 8 2 17 bacteria> h. dt 3 t d. Since e 230 . 0 for all t, there is no solution to dN dt 5 0. Hence, the maximum number of bacteria in the culture occurs at an endpoint of the interval of domain. 5 When t 5 50, N 5 1000 330 1 e 23 4 8 30 189. The largest number of bacteria in the culture is 31 000 at time t 5 0. e. The number of bacteria is constantly decreasing as time passes. ds 1 1 t 5 160 a 2 e 24 b 13. a. v 5 dt 4 4 t 24 5 40(1 2 e ) dv 1 t t 5 40 a e 24 b 5 10e 24 b. a 5 dt 4

d. 95% of the terminal velocity is 95 (40) 5 38 m> s. 100 To determine when this velocity occurs, we solve t 40(1 2 e 24 ) 5 38 38 t 1 2 e 24 5 40 1 t e 24 5 20 t e4 5 20 t and 5 ln 20, 4 which gives t 5 4 ln 20 8 12 s. The skydivers velocity is 38 m> s, 12 s after jumping. The distance she has fallen at this time is S 5 160(ln 20 2 1 1 e 220 ) 1 5 160 a ln 20 2 1 1 b 20 8 327.3 m. x 14. a. i. Let f ( x ) 5 ( 1 1 1 x ) . Then,
x 1 10 100 1000 10 000 2 2.5937 2.7048 2.7169 2.7181
x

f (x)

So, from the table one can see that lim (1 1 1 x ) 5 e.

1 xS`

ii. Let f ( x ) 5 (1 1 x ) x .
x 2 0.1 2 0.01 2 0.001 2 0.0001 ? 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 f (x) 2.8680 2.7320 2.7196 2.7184 ? 2.7181 2.7169 2.7048 2.5937
1

From a., v 5 40(1 2 e 24 ), which gives e 24 5 1 2 40.

1 v Thus, a 5 10 a 1 2 b 5 10 2 v. 40 4 c. vT 5 lim v
tS` tS`

vT 5 lim 40(1 2 e ) 5 40 lim a 1 2

tS`

t 24

1 tb e4

1 t 5 0 t S ` e4 The terminal velocity of the skydiver is 40 m> s. 5 40(1), since lim

So, from the table one can see that lim (1 1 x )x 5 e.

xS0

That is, the limit approaches the value of e 5 2.718 281 828 c b. The limits have the same value because as 1 x S ` , x S 0.

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual

5-5

15. a. The given limit can be rewritten as eh 2 1 e01h 2 e0 5 lim lim hS0 h hS0 h This expression is the limit definition of the derivative at x 5 0 for f ( x ) 5 e x. e01h 2 e0 d c f r (0) 5 lim hS0 h Since f r ( x ) 5 dx 5 e x, the value of the given limit is e 0 5 1. e21h 2 e2 b. Again, lim is the derivative of e x at hS0 h x 5 2. e21h 2 e2 5 e2. Thus, lim hS0 h dy d 2y 5 Ame ex and 2 5 Am 2e ex. 16. For y 5 Ae ex, dt dt Substituting in the differential equation gives Am 2e ex 1 Ame ex 2 6Ae ex 5 0 Ae ex ( m 2 1 m 2 6) 5 0. ex Since Ae 2 0, m 2 1 m 2 6 5 0 ( m 1 3)( m 2 2) 5 0 m 5 2 3 or m 5 2. d 1 x d sinh x 5 c ( e 2 e 2x ) d 17. a. dx dx 2 1 5 ( e x 1 e 2x ) 2 5 cosh x 1 d cosh x 5 ( e x 2 e 2x ) b. dx 2 5 sinh x sinh x , c. Since tanh x 5 cosh x d tanh x dx
d d ( sinh x) (cosh x ) 2 (sinh x )(dx cosh x) dx 5 dex

1 4 (4)

(cosh x )2 1 5 (cosh x )2

18. a. Four terms: 1 1 1 e511 1 1 5 2.666 666 1! 2! 3! Five terms: 1 1 1 1 e511 1 1 1 5 2.708 333 1! 2! 3! 4! Six terms: 1 1 1 1 1 e511 1 1 1 1 5 2.716 666 1! 2! 3! 4! 5! Seven terms: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 2.718 055 e511 1! 2! 3! 4! 5! 6! b. The expression for e in part a. is a special case of
e x 5 1 1 1! 1 2! 1 3! 1 4! 1 c . in that it is the case when x 5 1. Then e x 5 e 1 5 e is in fact 1 1 1 1 1 e 1 5 e 5 1 1 1! 1 2! 1 3! 1 4! 1 5! 1 c . The value of x is 1.
x1 x2 x3 x4

5.2 Derivatives of the General Exponential Function, y 5 b x, p. 240

1. a.
d (23x ) dy 5 dx dx 5 3(23x ) ln 2

b.

dy d (3.1x 1 x 3 ) 5 dx dx 5 ln 3.1(3.1)x 1 3x 2 d (103t 2 5 ) ds 5 dt dt 5 3(103t 2 5 ) ln 10 d (105 2 6n 1 n ) dw 5 dn dn 2 5 ( 2 6 1 2n )(105 2 6n 1 n )ln 10

2 2

c.

d.

(cosh x )2
2

1 x 2 (e

2 x 2x 1 e 2x )( 1 ) 2 ) (cosh x ) ( e 1 e

(cosh x ) 2
1 x 2 (e 2x

x 2x 2 e )( 1 ) 2) ( e 2 e

d (3x 1 2 ) dy 5 e. dx dx 2 5 2x (3x 1 2 )ln 3

22x

(cosh x )2
2x

1 4

S (e

121e

22x

) 2 (e 2 2 1 e
2

2x

)T

f.

(cosh x )

d (400(2)x 1 3 ) dy 5 dx dx 5 400(2)x 1 3 ln 2

5-6

Chapter 5: Derivatives of Exponential and Trigonometric Functions

d ( x 5 3 (5)x ) dy 5 dx dx 5 ( x 5 )((5)x (ln 5)) 1 ((5)x )(5x 4 ) 5 5x 3 ( x 5 3 ln 5) 1 5x 44 2 d ( x (3)x ) dy 5 b. dx dx 2 2 5 ( x )(2x (3)x ln 3) 1 (3)x (1) 2 5 (3)x 3 (2x 2 ln 3) 1 14 c. v 5 (2t )( t 21 ) d ((2t )( t 21 )) dv 5 dt dx 5 (2t )( 2 1t 22 ) 1 ( t 21 )(2t ln 2) 2t 2t ln 2 52 21 t t x 32 d. f ( x ) 5 2 x x x 1 2 2 2 2 ln 3(3 )( x ) 2 2x (3 ) f r (x) 5 x4 x x 2 x ln 3(3 ) 2 4(32 ) 5 x4 x 2 3 3x ln 3 2 44 5 x3 2 3t 2 5 3. f ( t ) 5 10 ? e 2t 2 2 f r ( t ) 5 (103t 2 5 )(4te 2t ) 1 ( e 2t )(3(10)3t 2 5 ln 10) 2 5 103t 2 5e 2t (4t 1 3 ln 10) Now, set f r ( t ) 5 0. 2 So, f r ( t ) 5 0 5 103t 2 5e 2t (4t 1 3ln 10) 2 So 103t 2 5e 2t 5 0 and 4t 1 3 ln 10 5 0. The first equation never equals zero because solving would force one to take the natural log of both sides, but ln 0 is undefined. So the first equation does not produce any values for which f r ( t ) 5 0. The second equation does give one value. 4t 1 3 ln 10 5 0 4t 5 2 3 ln 10 3 ln 10 t52 4 4. When x 5 3, the function y 5 f ( x ) evaluated at 3 is f (3) 5 3(23 ) 5 3(8) 5 24. Also, d (3(2)x ) dy 5 dx dx 5 3(2x )ln 2 So, at x 5 3, dy 5 3(23 )(ln 2) 5 24(ln 2) 8 16.64 dx Therefore, y 2 24 5 16.64( x 2 3) y 2 24 5 16.64x 2 49.92 2 16.64x 1 y 1 25.92 5 0

2. a.

d (10x ) dy 5 dx dx 5 10x ln 10 So, at x 5 1, dy 5 101 ln 10 5 10(ln 10) 8 23.03 dx Therefore, y 2 10 5 23.03( x 2 1) y 2 10 5 23.03x 2 23.03 2 23.03x 1 y 1 13.03 5 0 6. a. The half-life of the substance is the time required for half of the substance to decay. That is, it is when 50% of the substance is left, so P ( t ) 5 50. 50 5 100(1.2)2t 1 5 (1.2)2t 2 1 1 5 2 (1.2)t (1.2)t 5 2 t (ln 1.2) 5 ln 2 ln 1.2 t5 ln 2 t 8 3.80 years Therefore, the half-life of the substance is about 3.80 years. b. The problem asks for the rate of change when t 8 3.80 years. Pr ( t ) 5 2 100(1.2)2t (ln 1.2) Pr (3.80) 5 2 100(1.2)2(3.80) (ln 1.2) 8 2 9.12 So, the substance is decaying at a rate of about 2 9.12 percent> year at the time 3.80 years where the half-life is reached. 7. P 5 0.5(109 )e 0.200 15t dP 5 0.5(109 )(0.200 15)e 0.200 15t a. dt

5.

In 1968, t 5 1 and dt 5 0.5(109 )(0.200 15)e 0.200 15 8 0.122 25 3 109 dollars> annum In 1978, t 5 11 and
8 0.904 67 3 109 dollars> annum. In 1978, the rate of increase of debt payments was $904 670 000> annum compared to $122 250 000> annum in 1968. As a ratio,
dP 5 0.5(109 )(0.200 15)e 11 3 0.200 15 dt

dP

The rate of increase for 1978 is 7.4 times larger than that for 1968.

Rate in 1978 7.4 5 . Rate in 1968 1

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual

5-7

b. In 1988, t 5 21 and dP 5 0.5(109 )(0.200 15)e 21 3 0.200 15 dt 8 6.694 69 3 109 dollars> annum In 1998, t 5 31 and dP 5 0.5(109 )(0.200 15)e 31 3 0.200 15 dt 8 49.541 69 3 109 dollars> annum As a ratio, Rate in 1988 5 1 . The rate of increase for 1998 is 7.4 times larger than that for 1988. c. Answers may vary. For example, data from the past are not necessarily good indicators of what will happen in the future. Interest rates change, borrowing may decrease, principal may be paid off early. 8. When x 5 0, the function y 5 f ( x ) evaluated at 0 2 is f (0) 5 220 5 20 5 1. Also, 2 d (22x ) dy 5 dx dx 2 5 2 2x (22x )ln 2 So, at x 5 0, dy 2 5 2 2(0)(220 )ln 2 5 0 dx Therefore, y 2 1 5 0( x 2 0) So, y 2 1 5 0 or y 5 1.
2 1 8 6 4 2 0 1 2 x 2 4 6 8 y
Rate in 1998 7.4

From the graph, one can notice that the values of v ( t ) quickly rise in the range of about 0 # t # 15. The slope for these values is positive and steep. Then as the graph nears t 5 20 the steepness of the slope decreases and seems to get very close to 0. One can reason that the car quickly accelerates for the first 20 units of time. Then, it seems to maintain a constant acceleration for the rest of the time. To verify this, one could differentiate and look at values where vr ( t ) is increasing.

5.3 Optimization Problems Involving Exponential Functions, pp. 245247

1. a.

The maximum value is about 0.3849. The minimum value is 0. b.

9.
120 100 80 60 40 20 0

v(t)

t 0 20 40 60 80 100 120

The maximum value is about 10.043. The minimum value is about 2 5961.916. 2. a. f ( x ) 5 e 2x 2 e 23x on 0 # x # 10 f r ( x ) 5 2 e 2x 1 3e 23x Let f r ( x ) 5 0, therefore e 2x 1 3e 23x 5 0. Let e 2x 5 w, when 2 w 1 3w 3 5 0. w ( 2 1 1 3w 2 ) 5 0. Therefore, w 5 0 or w 2 5 1 3 1 . w56 "3 But w $ 0, w 5 1
"3 1

5-8

Chapter 5: Derivatives of Exponential and Trigonometric Functions

When w 5 "3, e 2x 5 "3,

x5

2 x ln e 5 ln 1 2 ln "3

ln "3 2 ln 1 1 5 ln "3 8 0.55.

f (0) 5 e 0 2 e 0 50 f (0.55) 8 0.3849 f (10) 5 e 210 2 e 230 8 0.000 05 Absolute maximum is about 0.3849 and absolute minimum is 0. m ( x ) 5 ( x 1 2)e 22x on 2 4 # x # 4 mr ( x ) 5 e 22x 1 ( 2 2)( x 1 2)e 22x Let mr ( x ) 5 0. e 22x 2 0, therefore, 1 1 ( 2 2)( x 1 2) 5 0 23 x5 2 5 2 1.5. m ( 2 4) 5 2 2e 8 8 2 5961 m ( 2 1.5) 5 0.5e 3 8 10 m (4) 5 6e 28 8 0.0002 The maximum value is about 10 and the minimum value is about 2 5961. b. The graphing approach seems to be easier to use for the functions. It is quicker and it gives the graphs of the functions in a good viewing rectangle. The only problem may come in the second function, m ( x ), because for x , 1.5 the function quickly approaches values in the negative thousands. 20 3. a. P ( t ) 5 1 1 3e 20.02t 20 P (0) 5 1 1 3e 20.02(0) 20 5 1 1 3e 0 20 5 4 55 So, the population at the start of the study when t 5 0 is 500 squirrels. b. The question asks for lim P ( t ).
tS`

20 1 1 3e 20.02t 20 5 1 1 3(0) 5 20. Therefore, the largest population of squirrels that the forest can sustain is 2000 squirrels. c. A point of inflection can only occur when P s ( t ) 5 0 and concavity changes around the point. 20 P (t) 5 1 1 3e 20.02t P ( t ) 5 20(1 1 3e 20.02t )21

So, lim P ( t ) 5 lim

tS`

tS`

Pr ( t ) 5 20( 2 (1 1 3e 20.02t )22 ( 2 0.06e 20.02t )) P s ( t ) 5 3(1.2e20.02t )(22(1 1 3e20.02t )23 (2 0.06e 20.02t )4 1 (1 1 3e 20.02t )22 ( 2 0.024e 20.02t ) 0.144e 20.04t 0.024e 20.02t 2 (1 1 3e 20.02t )3 (1 1 3e 20.02t )2 20.04t 0.144e 0.024e 20.02t P s (0) when 2 50 (1 1 3e 20.02t )3 (1 1 3e 20.02t )2 Solving for t after setting the second derivative equal to 0 is very tedious. Use a graphing calculator to determine the value of t for which the second derivative is 0, 54.9. Evaluate P(54.9). The point of inflection is (54.9, 10). d. P(t) 25 5
20 15 10 5 0 t 0 50 100 150 200 250 300

5 (1.2e 20.02t )(1 1 3e 20.02t )22

As t approaches ` , e

20.02t

1 e0.02t

approaches 0.

e. P grows exponentially until the point of inflection, then the growth rate decreases and the curve becomes concave down. 4. a. P ( x ) 5 106 31 1 ( x 2 1)e2 0.001x4 , 0 # x # 2000 Using the Algorithm for Extreme Values, we have P (0) 5 106 31 2 14 5 0 P (2000) 5 106 31 1 1999e 224 8 271.5 3 106. Now, Pr ( x ) 5 106 3 (1)e 20.001x 1 ( x 2 1)( 2 0.001)e 20.001x4 5 106e 20.001x (1 2 0.001x 1 0.001)

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual

5-9

Since e 20.001x . 2 for all x, Pr ( x ) 5 0 when 1.001 2 0.001x 5 0 1.001 x5 5 1001. 0.001 P (1001) 5 106 31 1 1000e 21.0014 8 368.5 3 106 The maximum monthly profit will be 368.5 3 106 dollars when 1001 items are produced and sold. b. The domain for P ( x ) becomes 0 # x # 500. P (500) 5 106 31 1 499e 20.54 5 303.7 3 106 Since there are no critical values in the domain, the maximum occurs at an endpoint. The maximum monthly profit when 500 items are produced and sold is 303.7 3 106 dollars. 5. R ( x ) 5 40x 2e 20.4x 1 30, 0 # x # 8 We use the Algorithm for Extreme Values: Rr ( x ) 5 80xe 20.4x 1 40x 2 ( 2 0.4)e 20.4x 5 40xe 20.4x (2 2 0.4x ) Since e 20.4x . 0 for all x, Rr ( x ) 5 0 when x 5 0 or 2 2 0.4x 5 0 x 5 5. R (0) 5 30 R (5) 8 165.3 R (8) 8 134.4 The maximum monthly revenue of 165.3 thousand dollars is achieved when 500 units are produced and sold. 6. P ( t ) 5 100( e 2t 2 e 24t ), 0 # t # 3 Pr ( t ) 5 100( 2 e 2t 1 4e 24t ) 5 100e 2t ( 2 1 1 4e 23t ) 2t Since e . 0 for all t, Pr ( t ) 5 0 when 4e 23t 5 1 1 e 23t 5 4 2 3t 5 ln (0.25) 2 ln (0.25) t5 3 5 0.462. P (0) 5 0 P (0.462) 8 47.2 P (3) 8 4.98 The highest percentage of people spreading the rumour is 47.2% and occurs at the 0.462 h point.

7. C 5 0.015 3 109e 0.075 33t, 0 # t # 100 a. C (t)

Capital investment from U.S. sources ($100 million) 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 t 20 40 60 80 100 Years since 1867

dC 5 0.015 3 109 3 0.075 33e 0.075 33t dt In 1947, t 5 80 and the growth rate was dC 5 0.468 05 3 109 dollars> year. dt In 1967, t 5 100 and the growth rate was dC 5 2.1115 3 109 dollars> year. dt The ratio of growth rates of 1967 to that of 1947 is 2.1115 3 109 4.511 . 9 5 0.468 05 3 10 1 The growth rate of capital investment grew from 468 million dollars per year in 1947 to 2.112 billion dollars per year in 1967. c. In 1967, the growth rate of investment as a percentage of the amount invested is 2.1115 3 109 3 100 5 7.5%. 28.0305 3 109 d. In 1977, t 5 110 C 5 59.537 3 109 dollars dC 5 4.4849 3 109 dollars> year. dt e. Statistics Canada data shows the actual amount of U.S. investment in 1977 was 62.5 3 109 dollars. The error in the model is 3.5%. f. In 2007, t 5 140. The expected investment and growth rates are

b.

C 5 570.490 3 109 dollars and dC 5 42.975 3 109 dt dollars> year.

5-10

Chapter 5: Derivatives of Exponential and Trigonometric Functions

8. a. The growth function is N 5 25. The number killed is given by K 5 e . After 60 minutes, N 5 212. Let T be the number of minutes after 60 minutes. The population of the colony at any time, T after the first 60 minutes is P5N2k 60 1 T T 5 2 5 2 e3 , T $ 0 dP 1 1 T 60 1 T 5 2 5 a b ln 2 2 e 3 dt 5 3 ln 2 1 T 12 1 T 52 5 a b 2 e3 5 3 ln 2 1 T T 5 212 ? 2 5 a b 2 e3 5 3 dP ln 2 T 1 T 5 0 when 212 2 5 5 e 3 or dt 5 3 ln 2 12 T T 3 ? 2 25 5 e3 . 5 We take the natural logarithm of both sides: ln 2 T T ln a 3.212 b 1 ln 2 5 5 5 3 1 ln 2 b 7.4404 5 T a 2 3 5 7.4404 5 38.2 min. T5 0.1947 At T 5 0, P 5 212 5 4096. At T 5 38.2, P 5 478 158. For T . 38.2, dP is always negative. dt The maximum number of bacteria in the colony occurs 38.2 min after the drug was introduced. At this time the population numbers 478 158. 60 1 T T b. P 5 0 when 2 5 5 e 3 T 60 1 T ln 2 5 5 3 ln 2 1 b 12 ln 2 5 T a 2 3 5 T 5 42.72 The colony will be obliterated 42.72 minutes after the drug was introduced. 9. Let t be the number of minutes assigned to study for the first exam and 30 2 t minutes assigned to study for the second exam. The measure of study effectiveness for the two exams is given by E ( t ) 5 E1 ( t ) 1 E2 (30 2 t ), 0 # t # 30
5 0.5( 10 1 te 210 ) 1 0.6( 9 1 (30 2 t )e 2
t 30 2 t 20

t 3

Er ( t ) 5 0.5 a e 210 2
t

1 210 t te b 10 1 30 2 t 30 2 t 1 0.6 a 2 e 2 5 1 (30 2 t )e 2 20 b 20 t 30 2 t 5 0.05e 210 (10 2 t ) 1 0.03e 2 5 ( 2 20 1 30 2 t )

t 30 2 t 5

5 ( 0.05e 210 1 0.03e 2

) (10 2 t )

Er ( t ) 5 0 when 10 2 t 5 0 t 5 10 (The first factor is always a positive number.) 3 E (0) 5 5 1 5.4 1 18e 22 5 14.42 E (10) 5 16.65 E (30) 5 11.15 For maximum study effectiveness, 10 h of study should be assigned to the firs exam and 20 h of study for the second exam. 10. Use the algorithm for finding extreme values. First, find the derivative f r ( x ). Then, find any critical points by setting f r ( x ) 5 0 and solving for x. Also, find the values of x for which f r ( x ) is undefined. Together these are the critical values. Now, evaluate f ( x ) for the critical values and the endpoints 2 and 2 2. The highest value will be the absolute maximum on the interval and the lowest value will be the absolute minimum on the interval. 11. a. f r ( x ) 5 ( x 2 )( e x ) 1 ( e x )(2x ) 5 e x ( x 2 1 2x ) The function is increasing when f r ( x ) . 0 and decreasing when f r ( x ) , 0. First, find the critical values of f r ( x ). Solve e x 5 0 and ( x 2 1 2x ) 5 0 ex is never equal to zero. x 2 1 2x 5 0 x ( x 1 2) 5 0. So, the critical values are 0 and 2 2.
Interval ex (x2 1 2 x)

x , 22 22 , x , 0 0,x

1 2 1

So, f ( x ) is increasing on the intervals ( 2 ` , 2 2) and (0, ` ). Also, f ( x ) is decreasing on the interval ( 2 2, 0). b. At x 5 0, f r ( x ) switches from decreasing on the left of zero to increasing on the right of zero. So, x 5 0 is a minimum. Since it is the only critical point that is a minimum, it is the x-coordinate of the

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual

5-11

absolute minimum value of f ( x ). The absolute minimum value is f (0) 5 0. 12. a. yr 5 e x Setting e x 5 0 yields no solutions for x. ex is a function that is always increasing. So, there is no maximum or minimum value for y 5 e x 1 2.
8 6 4 2 8 6 4 2 0 2 y

Interval

2e 2x (2x 1 1)

x,2 x.2

1 2 1 2

2 1

x 2 4 6 8

So y is decreasing on the left of x 5 2 1 2 and 1 increasing on the right of x 5 2 1 2 . So x 5 2 2 is the x-coordinate of the minimum of y. The minimum value is 1 1 2 a2 b ( e2(22 ) ) 2 5 2 e21 8 2 0.37. There is no maximum value.
8 6 4 2 8 6 4 2 0 2 y

b. yr 5 ( x )( e x ) 1 ( e x )(1) 5 e x ( x 1 1) Solve e x 5 0 and ( x 1 1) 5 0 ex is never equal to zero. x1150 x 5 2 1. So there is one critical point: x 5 2 1.
Interval ex ( x 1 1)

x 2

x , 21 x . 21

2 1

So y is decreasing on the left of x 5 2 1 and increasing on the right of x 5 2 1. So x 5 2 1 is the x-coordinate of the minimum of y. The minimum value is 2 e21 1 3 8 2.63. There is no maximum value.
8 6 4 2 8 6 4 2 0 2 y

d. yr 5 (3x )( 2 e 2x ) 1 ( e 2x )(3) 1 1 5 3e 2x (1 2 x ) 1 1 Solve 3e 2x (1 2 x ) 1 1 5 0. This gives no real solutions. By looking at the graph of y 5 f ( x ), one can see that the function is always increasing. So, there is no maximum or minimum value for y 5 3xe 2x 1 x.
8 4 8 4 0 4 8 x 4 8 y

x 2 4 6 8

c. yr 5 (2x )(2e2x ) 1 ( e2x )(2) 5 2e2x (2x 1 1) Solve 2e2x 5 0 and (2x 1 1) 5 0 2e 2x is never equal to zero. 2x 1 1 5 0 1 x52 2 So there is one critical point: x 5 2 1 2.

13. Pr ( x ) 5 ( x )( 2 xe 20.5x ) 1 ( e 20.5x )(1) 2 5 e 20.5x ( 2 x 2 1 1) 2 Solve e 20.5x 5 0 and (1 2 x 2 ) 5 0. 2 e 20.5x gives no critical points. 1 2 x2 5 0 (1 2 x )(1 1 x ) 5 0

5-12

Chapter 5: Derivatives of Exponential and Trigonometric Functions

So x 5 1 and x 5 2 1 are the critical points. So P ( x ) is decreasing on the left of x 5 2 1 and on

Interval e20.5x ( 2x2 1 1)
2

c. There is a maximum at t 5 for t ,

1 ln 2

1 ln 2

since dr ( t ) , 0
1 . ln 2

and dr ( t ) . 0 for t .

x , 21 21 , x , 1 1,x

2 1 2

The maximum speed is

d

(ln12) 5 200 (ln12) (2)

1 2In 2

the right of x 5 1 and it is increasing between x 5 2 1 and x 5 1. So x 5 2 1 is the x-coordinate of the minimum of P ( x ). Also, x 5 1 is the x-coordinate of the maximum of P ( x ). The minimum value is 2 P ( 2 1) 5 ( 2 1)( e 20.5(21) ) 5 2 e 20.5 8 2 0.61. The maximum value is 2 P (1) 5 (1)( e 20.5(1) ) 5 e 20.5 8 0.61. 14. a. d(t)
120 100 80 60 40 20 0 t 0 2 4 6 8 10 12

d. The door seems to be closed for t . 10 s. 15. The solution starts in a similar way to that of 9. The effectiveness function is t 25 2 t E ( t ) 5 0.5( 10 1 te 210) 1 0.6( 9 1 (25 2 t )e 2 20 ) . The derivative simplifies to t 25 2 t Er ( t ) 5 0.05e 210 (10 2 t ) 1 0.03e 2 20 (5 2 t ). This expression is very difficult to solve analytically. By calculation on a graphing calculator, we can determine the maximum effectiveness occurs when t 5 8.16 hours. aL 16. P 5 a 1 ( L 2 a )e 2kLt a. We are given a 5 100, L 5 10 000, k 5 0.0001. 106 104 P5 5 100 1 9900e 2t 1 1 99e 2t 4 2t 21 5 10 (1 1 99e )
P Number of cells (thousands) 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 2 4 6 8 Days 10 12 t

8 106.15 degrees> s

b. The speed is increasing when dr ( t ) . 0 and the speed is decreasing when dr ( t ) , 0. dr ( t ) 5 (200t )( 2 22t )(ln 2) 1 (22t )(200) 5 200(2)2t ( 2 t ln 2 1 1) Solve 200(2)2t 5 0 and 2 t ln 2 1 1 5 0. 200(2)2t gives no critical points. 2 t ln 2 1 1 5 0 1 t5 8 1.44 ln 2 So t 5
1 ln 2

is the critical point.

200(2) ( 2t ln2 1 1)
2t

b. We need to determine when the derivative of the growth rate dt is zero, i.e., when dt 2 5 0. dP 2 104 ( 2 99e 2t ) 990 000e 2t 5 2t 2 5 dt (1 1 99e ) (1 1 99e 2t )2 d 2P 2 990 000e 2t (1 1 99e 2t )2 2 990 000e 2t 5 dt 2 (1 1 99e 2t )4 (2)(1 1 99e 2t )( 2 99e 2t ) 3 (1 1 99e 2t )4 2990 000e2t (1 1 99e 2t ) 1 198(990 000)e 22t 5 (1 1 99e 2t )3

Interval

(dP)

d 2P

1 t, ln2 t. 1 ln2

1 2

So the speed of the closing door is increasing when

0,t,
1 ln 2

and decreasing when t .

1 . ln 2

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual

5-13

dP 2 5 0 dt

when

990 000e 2t ( 2 1 2 99e 2t 1 198e 2t ) 5 0 99e 2t 5 1 e t 5 99 t 5 ln 99 8 4.6 After 4.6 days, the rate of change of the growth rate is zero. At this time the population numbers 5012.

c. When t 5 3, dt 5 (1 1 99e 23 )2 8 1402 cells> day.

dP 990 000e 23 dP 990 000e 28

When t 5 8, dt 5 (1 1 99e 28 )2 8 311 cells> day. The rate of growth is slowing down as the colony is getting closer to its limiting value.

Mid-Chapter Review, pp. 248249

d (5e 23x ) dy 5 dx dx 5 (5e 23x )( 2 3x )r 5 (5e 23x )( 2 3) 5 2 15e 23x 1 d( 7e7 x) dy b. 5 dx dx 1 r 1 b 5 ( 7e7 x) a x 7 1 1 5 ( 7e7 x) a b 7 1 5 e7 x dy c. 5 ( x 3 )( e 22x )r 1 ( x 3 )r ( e 22x ) dx 5 ( x 3 )(( e 22x )( 2 2x )r ) 1 (3x 2 )( e 22x ) 5 ( x 3 )(( e 22x ))( 2 2) 1 3x 2e 22x 5 2 2x 3e 22x 1 3x 2e 22x 5 e 22x ( 2 2x 3 1 3x 2 ) dy 5 ( x 2 1)2 ( e x )r 1 ( ( x 2 1)2 )r ( e x ) d. dx 5 ( x 2 1)2 ( e x ) 1 (2( x 2 1))( e x ) 5 ( x 2 2 2x 1 1)( e x ) 1 (2x 2 2)( e x ) 5 ( e x )( x 2 2 2x 1 1 1 2x 2 2) 5 ( e x )( x 2 2 1) dy e. 5 2( x 2 e 2x )( x 2 e 2x )r dx 5 2( x 2 e 2x )(1 2 ( e 2x )( 2 x )r ) 5 2( x 2 e 2x )(1 2 ( e 2x )( 2 1)) 5 2( x 2 e 2x )(1 1 e 2x ) 5 2( x 1 xe 2x 2 e 2x 2 e 2x 1 2 x ) 5 2( x 1 xe 2x 2 e 2x 2 e 22x )

1. a.

dy ( e x 1 e 2x )( e x 2 e 2x )r 5 dx ( e x 1 e 2x )2 ( e x 2 e 2x )( e x 1 e 2x )r 2 ( e x 1 e 2x )2 ( e x 1 e 2x )( e x 2 ( e 2x )( 2 x )r ) 5 ( e x 1 e 2x )2 ( e x 2 e 2x )( e x 1 ( e 2x )( 2 x )r ) 2 ( e x 1 e 2x )2 ( e x 1 e 2x )( e x 2 ( e 2x )( 2 1)) 5 ( e x 1 e 2x )2 ( e x 2 e 2x )( e x 1 ( e 2x )( 2 1)) 2 ( e x 1 e 2x )2 ( e x 1 e 2x )( e x 1 e 2x ) 5 ( e x 1 e 2x )2 ( e x 2 e 2x )( e x 2 e 2x ) 2 ( e x 1 e 2x )2 e 2x 1 e 0 1 e 0 1 e 22x 5 ( e x 1 e 2x )2 ( e 2x 2 e 0 2 e 0 1 e 22x ) 2 ( e x 1 e 2x )2 e 2x 1 e 0 1 e 0 1 e 22x 2 e 2x 5 ( e x 1 e 2x )2 e 0 1 e 0 2 e 22x 1 ( e x 1 e 2x )2 4 5 x ( e 1 e 2x )2 dP 2. a. 5 100e 25t ( 2 5t )r dt 5 100e 25t ( 2 5) 5 2 500e 25t b. The time is needed for when the sample of the substance is at half of the original amount. So, find t when P 5 1 2.

f.

P 5 100e 25t 1 5 100e 25t 2 1 5 e 25t 200 1 5 2 5t ln 200 1 ln 200 5t 25

5-14

Chapter 5: Derivatives of Exponential and Trigonometric Functions

Now, the question asks for dt 5 Pr when

t5 Pr a
1 ln 200 8 1.06 25

dP

1 ln 200 b 5 2 2.5 (using a calculator) 25

dy 5 ( 2 x )( e x )r 1 ( e x )( 2 x )r dx 5 ( 2 x )( e x ) 1 ( e x )( 2 1) 5 2 xe x 2 e x At the point x 5 0, dy 5 2 0e 0 2 e 0 5 2 1. dx At the point x 5 0, y 5 2 2 0e 0 5 2 So, an equation of the tangent to the curve at the point x 5 0 is y 2 2 5 2 1( x 2 0) y 2 2 5 2x y 5 2x 1 2 x1y2250 4. a. yr 5 2 3( e x )r 5 2 3e x y s 5 2 3e x b. yr 5 ( x )( e 2x )r 1 ( e 2x )( x )r 5 ( x )(( e 2x ) 1 (2x )r ) 1 ( e 2x )(1) 5 ( x )(( e 2x )(2)) 1 e 2x 5 2xe 2x 1 e 2x y s 5 (2x )( e 2x )r 1 ( e 2x )(2x )r 1 e 2x (2x )r 5 (2x )(( e 2x )(2x )r ) 1 ( e 2x )(2) 1 ( e 2x )(2) 5 (2x )(( e 2x )(2)) 1 2e 2x 1 2e 2x 5 4xe 2x 1 4e 2x c. yr 5 ( e x )(4 2 x )r 1 (4 2 x )( e x )r 5 ( e x )( 2 1) 1 (4 2 x )( e x ) 5 2 e x 1 4e x 2 xe x 5 3e x 2 xe x y s 5 (3e x )r 2 3 ( x )( e x )r 1 ( e x )( x )r 4 5 3e x 2 3xe x 1 ( e x )(1)4 5 3e x 2 xe x 2 e x 5 2e x 2 xe x dy 5 (82x 1 5 )(ln 8)(2x 1 5)r 5. a. dx 5 (82x 1 5 )(ln 8)(2) 5 2(ln 8)(82x 1 5 )

3.

dy 5 3.2((10)0.2x )(ln 10)(0.2x )r dx 5 3.2((10)0.2x )(ln 10)(0.2) 5 0.64(ln 10)((10).2x ) c. f r ( x ) 5 ( x 2 )(2x ) r 1 (2x )( x 2 ) r 5 ( x 2 )(2x )(ln 2) 1 (2x )(2x ) 5 (ln 2)( x 22x ) 1 2x2x 5 2x ((ln 2)( x 2 ) 1 2x ) d. Hr ( x ) 5 300((5)3x 2 1 )(ln 5)(3x 2 1)r 5 300((5)3x 2 1 )(ln 5)(3) 5 900(ln 5)(5)3x 2 1 5 900(ln 5)(5)3x 2 1 e. qr ( x ) 5 (1.9)x ? (ln 1.9) 1 1.9( x )1.9 2 1 5 (1.9)x ? (ln 1.9) 1 1.9( x )0.9 5 (ln 1.9)(1.9)x 1 1.9x 0.9 f. f r ( x ) 5 ( x 2 2)2 (4x )r 1 (4x )( ( x 2 2)2 )r 5 ( x 2 2)2 (4x )(ln 4) 1 (4x )(2( x 2 2)) 5 (ln 4)(4x )( x 2 2)2 1 (4x )(2x 2 4) 5 4x ((ln 4)( x 2 2)2 1 2x 2 4) 6. a. The initial number of rabbits in the forest is given by the time t 5 0. 0 R (0) 5 500( 10 1 e 2 10) 5 500(10 1 1) 5 500(11) 5 5500

b.

b. The rate of change is the derivative, dt . t R ( t ) 5 5000 1 500( e210)

dR t r t 5 0 1 500( e210) a 2 b dt 10 1 t 5 500( e210) a 2 b 10 t 210 5 2 50( e ) c. 1 year 5 12 months

dR

The question asks for dt 5 Rr when t 5 12. 12 Rr (12) 5 2 50( e210) 8 2 15.06 d. To find the maximum number of rabbits, optimize the function. t Rr ( t ) 5 2 50( e210)
0 5 2 50( e210) 0 5 e210
t t

dR

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual

5-15

When solving, the natural log (ln) of both sides must be taken, but (ln 0) does not exist. So there are no solutions to the equation. The function is therefore always decreasing. So, the largest number of rabbits will exist at the earliest time in the interval at time t 5 0. To check, compare R (0) and R (36). R (0) 5 5500 and R (36) 8 5013. So, the largest number of rabbits in the forest during the first 3 years is 5500. e. 6000
4000

ln

2 5 2t 3

2 2 a ln b 5 t 3 Therefore, t 5 2 ( ln 2 3 ) 8 0.41 is the critical value. Now, use the algorithm for finding extreme values. C (0) 5 10( e 0 2 e 0 ) 5 0 2 Ca 2 a ln bb 8 1.48 (using a calculator) 3 C (5) 5 0.0005

2000

10

20 30 40

The graph is constantly decreasing. The y-intercept is at the point (0, 5500). Rabbit populations normally grow exponentially, but this population is shrinking exponentially. Perhaps a large number of rabbit predators such as snakes recently began to appear in the forest. A large number of predators would quickly shrink the rabbit population. 7. The highest concentration of the drug can be found by optimizing the given function. C ( t ) 5 10e 22t 2 10e 23t Cr ( t ) 5 (10e 22t )( 2 2t )r 2 (10e 23t )( 2 3t )r 5 (10e 22t )( 2 2) 2 (10e 23t )( 2 3) 5 2 20e 22t 1 30e 23t Set the derivative of the function equal to zero and find the critical points. 0 5 2 20e 22t 1 30e 23t 22t 20e 5 30e 23t 2 2 2t e 5 e 23t 3 e 23t 2 5 22t 3 e 2 5 ( e 23t )( e 2t ) 3 2 5 e 23t 1 2t 3 2 5 e 2t 3

So, the function has a maximum when t 5 2 ( ln 2 3 ) 8 0.41. Therefore, during the first five hours, the highest concentration occurs at about 0.41 hours. 8. y 5 ce kx yr 5 cke kx The original function is increasing when its derivative is positive and decreasing when its derivative is negative. e kx . 0 for all k, x P R. So, the original function represents growth when ck . 0, meaning that c and k must have the same sign. The original function represents decay when c and k have opposite signs. 9. a. A ( t ) 5 5000e 0.02t 5 5000e 0.02(0) 5 5000 The initial population is 5000. b. at t 5 7 A (7) 5 5000e 0.02(7) 5 5751 After a week, the population is 5751. c. at t 5 30 A (30) 5 5000e 0.02(30) 5 9111 After 30 days, the population is 9111. 10. a. P (5) 5 760e 20.125(5) 8 406.80 mm Hg b. P (7) 5 760e 20.125(7) 8 316.82 mm Hg c. P (9) 5 760e 20.125(9) 8 246.74 mm Hg 11. A 5 100e 20.3x Ar 5 100e 20.3x ( 2 0.3) 5 2 30e 20.3x When 50% of the substance is gone, y 5 50 50 5 100e 20.3x 0.5 5 e 20.3x ln (0.5) 5 ln e 20.3x ln (0.5) 5 2 0.3x ln e

5-16

Chapter 5: Derivatives of Exponential and Trigonometric Functions

ln 0.5 5 2 0.3x ln e ln 0.5 5x 2 0.3 ln e x 5 2.31 Ar 5 2 30e 20.3x Ar (2.31) 5 2 30e 20.3(2.31) Ar 8 2 15 When 50% of the substance is gone, the rate of decay is 15% per year. 12. f ( x ) 5 xe x f r ( x ) 5 xe x 1 (1)e x 5 e x ( x 1 1) So e x . 0 x11.0 x . 21 This means that the function is increasing when x . 2 1. 2 13. y 5 52x When x 5 1, 1 y5 5 2 yr 5 52x ( 2 2x ) ln 5 2 yr 5 2 ln 5 5 2 1 5y 2 5 2 ln 5( x 2 1) 5 5 5y 2 1 5 2 2 ln 5( x 2 1) 5y 2 1 5 ( 2 2 ln 5)x 1 2 ln 5 (2 ln 5)x 1 5y 5 2 ln 5 1 1 y 4
2 4 2 0 2 4 x 2 4

Ar (5) 5 1000(1.06)5 ln 1.06 5 $77.98 Ar (10) 5 1000(1.06)10 ln 1.06 5 $104.35 d. No, the rate is not constant. Ar (2) 5 ln 1.06 e. A (2) Ar (5) 5 ln 1.06 A (5) Ar (10) 5 ln 1.06 A (10)

f. All the ratios are equivalent (they equal ln 1.06, which is about 0.058 27), which means that constant. 15. y 5 cex yr 5 c ( ex ) 1 (0)ex 5 cex y 5 yr 5 ce x
Ar ( t ) A (t)

is

5.4 The Derivatives of y 5 sin x and y 5 cos x, pp. 256257

d (2x ) dy 5 (cos 2x ) ? dx dx 5 2 cos 2x d (3x ) dy b. 5 2 2 (sin 3x ) ? dx dx 5 2 6 sin 3x d ( x 3 2 2x 1 4) dy c. 5 (cos ( x 3 2 2x 1 4)) ? dx dx 5 (3x 2 2 2)(cos ( x 3 2 2x 1 4)) d ( 2 4x ) dy d. 5 2 2 sin ( 2 4x ) ? dx dx 5 8 sin ( 2 4x ) d (3x ) d (4x ) dy e. 5 cos (3x ) ? 1 sin (4x ) ? dx dx dx 5 3 cos (3x ) 1 4 sin (4x ) dy f. 5 2x (ln 2) 1 2 cos x 1 2 sin x dx d (ex) dy g. 5 cos ( e x ) ? dx dx x x 5 e cos ( e ) d (3x 1 2p ) dy h. 5 3 cos (3x 1 2p ) ? dx dx 5 9 cos (3x 1 2p )

1. a.

14. a. A 5 P (1 1 i )t A ( t ) 5 1000(1 1 0.06)t 5 1000(1.06)t b. Ar ( t ) 5 1000(1.06)t (1) ln (1.06) 5 1000(1.06)t ln 1.06 c. Ar (2) 5 1000(1.06)2 ln 1.06 5 $65.47
Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual

5-17

dy 5 2x 2 sin x 1 0 dx 5 2x 2 sin x d( 1 1 dy x) j. 5 cos a b ? x dx dx 1 1 5 2 2 cos a b x x dy 2. a. 5 (2 sin x )( 2 sin x ) 1 (cos x )(2 cos x ) dx 5 2 2 sin2 x 1 2 cos2 x 5 2(cos2 x 2 sin2 x ) 5 2 cos (2x ) b. y 5 ( x 21 )(cos 2x ) dy 5 ( x 21 )( 2 2 sin 2x ) 1 (cos 2x )( 2 x 22 ) dx 2 sin 2x cos 2x 52 2 x x2 d (sin 2x ) dy c. 5 2 sin (sin 2x ) ? dx dx 5 2 sin (sin 2x ) ? 2 cos 2x d. y 5 (sin x )(1 1 cos x )21 dy 5 (sin x )( 2 (1 1 cos x )22 ? ( 2 sin x ) dx 1 (1 1 cos x )21 (cos x ) 2 sin2 x cos x 5 1 2 (1 1 cos x )2 1 1 cos x sin2 x cos x (1 1 cos x ) 5 2 1 (1 1 cos x ) (1 1 cos x )2 2 2 sin x 1 cos x 1 cos x 5 (1 1 cos x )2 1 1 cos x 5 (1 1 cos x )2 1 5 1 1 cos x dy e. 5 ( e x )( 2 sin x 1 cos x ) 1 (cos x 1 sin x )( e x ) dx 5 e x ( 2 sin x 1 cos x 1 cos x 1 sin x ) 5 e x (2 cos x )

i.

p p f r a b 5 cos 3 3 1 5 2 p So an equation for the tangent at the point x 5 is 1 p #3 5 ax 2 b 2 2 3 p 2y 2 #3 5 x 2 3 p 2 x 1 2y 1 a 2 #3 b 5 0 3 b. When x 5 0, f ( x ) 5 f (0) 5 0 1 sin (0) 5 0. f r ( x ) 5 1 1 cos x f r (0) 5 1 1 cos (0) 5111 52 So an equation for the tangent at the point x 5 0 is y 2 0 5 2( x 2 0) y 5 2x 2 2x 1 y 5 0 p p p c. When x 5 , f ( x ) 5 f a b 5 cos a 4 ? b 4 4 4 5 cos ( p ) 5 21 d (4x ) f r ( x ) 5 2 sin (4x ) ? dx 5 2 4 sin (4x ) p p f r a b 5 2 4 sin a 4 ? b 4 4 5 2 4 sin ( p ) 50 p So an equation for the tangent at the point x 5 is y2
4 3

y 2 ( 2 1) 5 0 a x 2 y1150 y 5 21

p b 4

dy f. 5 (2x 3 )(cos x ) 1 (sin x )(6x 2 ) dx 2 3 (3x )( 2 sin x ) 1 (cos x )(3)4 5 2x 3 cos x 1 6x 2 sin x 1 3x sin x 2 3 cos x p p p 3 3. a. When x 5 , f ( x ) 5 f a b 5 sin a b 5 # . 3 3 3 2 f r ( x ) 5 cos x

d. f ( x ) 5 sin 2x 1 cos x, x 5
p

p 2

The point of contact is ( 2 , 0). The slope of the tangent line at any point is f r ( x ) 5 2 cos 2x 2 sin x. At ( 2 , 0), the slope of the tangent line is
2 cos p2 sin 2 5 2 3. p An equation of the tangent line is y 5 2 3 x 2 2 .
p p

5-18

Chapter 5: Derivatives of Exponential and Trigonometric Functions

e. f ( x ) 5 cos a 2x 1

p p b, x 5 3 4
p 4

The point of tangency is a , 2 At a , 2

p 4 !3 b, 2

!3 b . The 2

5 2 sin ( !t ) ? cos ( !t ) ?

slope of the
p

tangent line at any point is f r ( x ) 5 2 2 sin (2x 1 3 ). the slope of the tangent line is

2 2 sin a y1

5p b 5 2 1. 6

An equation of the tangent line is

"3 p 52 x24 . 2

p p p p , f ( x ) 5 f a b 5 2 sin a b cos a b 2 2 2 2 5 2(1)(0) 50 f r ( x ) 5 (2 sin x )( 2 sin x ) 1 (cos x )(2 cos x ) 5 2 2 sin2 x 1 2 cos2 x 5 2(cos2 x 2 sin2 x ) 5 2 cos (2x ) p p f r a b 5 2 cos a 2 ? b 2 2 5 2 cos p 5 22 p So an equation for the tangent when x 5 is

f. When x 5

p y 2 0 5 22 ax 2 b 2 y 5 2 2x 1 p 2x 1 y 2 p 5 0 4. a. One could easily find f r ( x ) and g r ( x ) to see that they both equal 2(sin x )(cos x ). However, it is easier to notice a fundamental trigonometric identity. It is known that sin2 x 1 cos2 x 5 1. So, sin2 x 5 1 2 cos2 x. Therefore, one can notice that f ( x ) is in fact equal to g ( x ). So, because f ( x ) 5 g ( x ), f r ( x ) 5 g r ( x ). b. f r ( x ) and g r ( x ) are negatives of each other. That is, f r ( x ) 5 2(sin x )(cos x ) while g r ( x ) 5 2 2(sin x ) (cos x ).

b. v ( t ) 5 (1 1 cos t 1 sin2 t )2 1 1 vr ( t ) 5 (1 1 cos t 1 sin2 t )22 2 d (1 1 cos t 1 (sin t )2 ) 3 dt d (sin t ) 2 sin t 1 2(sin t ) ? dt 5 2# 1 1 cos t 1 sin2 t 2 sin t 1 2(sin t )(cos t ) 5 2# 1 1 cos t 1 sin2 t c. h ( x ) 5 sin x sin 2x sin 3x So, treat sin x sin 2x as one function, say f ( x ) and treat sin 3x as another function, say g ( x ). Then, the product rule may be used with the chain rule: hr ( x ) 5 f ( x )gr ( x ) 1 g ( x )f r ( x ) 5 (sin x sin 2x )(3 cos 3x ) 1 (sin 3x ) 3 (sin x )(2 cos 2x ) 1 (sin 2x )(cos x )4 5 3 sin x sin 2x cos 3x 1 2 sin x sin 3x cos 2x 1 sin 2x sin 3x cos x d ( x 2 1 (cos x )2 ) d. mr ( x ) 5 3( x 2 1 cos2 x )2 ? dx 5 3(x2 1 cos2 x)2 ? (2x 1 2(cos x) (2sin x)) 5 3( x 2 1 cos2 x )2 ? (2x 2 2 sin x cos x ) 6. By the algorithm for finding extreme values, the maximum and minimum values occur at points on the graph where f r ( x ) 5 0, or at an endpoint of the interval. dy 5 2 sin x 1 cos x a. dx Set
dy 50 dx

sin ( !t ) cos ( !t ) !t
1

1 2 !t

and solve for x to find any critical points.

5. a. v ( t ) 5 (sin ( !t ))2

vr ( t ) 5 2 sin ( !t ) ?

d (sin ( !t )) dt d ( !t ) 5 2 sin ( !t ) ? cos ( !t ) ? dt 1 21 5 2 sin ( !t ) ? cos ( !t ) ? t 2 2

cos x 2 sin x 5 0 cos x 5 sin x sin x 15 cos x 1 5 tan x p 5p x5 , 4 4 Evaluate f ( x ) at the critical numbers, including the endpoints of the interval.

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual

5-19

x f ( x ) 5 cos x 1 sin x

0 1

p 4 "2

5p 4 2 "2

2p 1

c.

dy 5 cos x 1 sin x dx
dy 50 dx

Set

and solve for x to find any critical points.

So, the absolute maximum value on the interval is

# 2 when
y

on the interval is 2 # 2 when x 5

2 1 0 1 2 x p 2p

p x5 4

and the absolute minimum value

5p . 4

cos x 1 sin x 5 0 sin x 5 2 cos x sin x 5 21 cos x tan x 5 2 1 3p 7p , x5 4 4 Evaluate f ( x ) at the critical numbers, including the endpoints of the interval.
x f ( x ) 5 sin x 2 cos x

0 21

3p 4 "2

7p 4 2 "2

2 21

b.

dy 5 1 2 2 sin x dx
dy 50 dx

So, the absolute maximum value on the interval is on the interval is 2 # 2 when x 5
2 1 0 1 2 x p 2p y

Set

and solve for x to find any critical points.

# 2 when x 5 4 and the absolute minimum value

3p 7p . 4

1 2 2 sin x 5 0 1 5 2 sin x 1 5 sin x 2 p 5p x5 , 6 6 Evaluate f ( x ) at the critical numbers, including the endpoints of the interval.
x

2p 2

p 6

p 6

p p22 8 1.14

f ( x ) 5 x 1 2 cos x

p p 1 #3 1 #3 2p 2 2 6 6 8 2 5.14 8 1.21 8 2.26

d.

dy 5 3 cos x 2 4 sin x dx
dy 50 dx

Set

and solve for x to find any critical points.

So, the absolute maximum value on the interval is p 2.26 when x 5 and the absolute minimum value 6 on the interval is 2 5.14 when x 5 2p.
8 4 p p 2 0 4 8 x p 2 p y

3 cos x 2 4 sin x 5 0 3 cos x 5 4 sin x sin x 3 5 cos x 4 3 5 tan x 4 3 tan21 a b 5 tan21 (tan x ) 4 Using a calculator, x 8 0.6435. This is a critical value, but there is also one more in the interval 0 # x # 2p. The period of tan x is p, so adding p to the one solution will give another solution in the interval. x 5 0.6435 1 p 8 3.7851

5-20

Chapter 5: Derivatives of Exponential and Trigonometric Functions

Evaluate f ( x ) at the critical numbers, including the endpoints of the interval.

x

8. a.

2 1 0 1 2

f(x)

0 4

0.64 5

3.79 25

2p 4

x p 2p

f ( x ) 5 3 sin x 1 4 cos x

So, the absolute maximum value on the interval is 5 when x 8 0.64 and the absolute minimum value on the interval is 2 5 when x 8 3.79.
y 8 4 0 4 8 x p 2p

b. The tangent to the curve f ( x ) is horizontal at the point(s) where f r ( x ) is zero. f r ( x ) 5 2 sin x 1 cos x Set f r ( x ) 5 0 and solve for x to find any critical points. cos x 2 sin x 5 0 cos x 5 sin x sin x 15 cos x 1 5 tan x
x5
p 4 p 4

7. a. The particle will change direction when the velocity, sr ( t ), changes from positive to negative. sr ( t ) 5 16 cos 2t Set sr ( t ) 5 0 and solve for t to find any critical points. 0 5 16 cos 2t 0 5 cos 2t p 3p , 5 2t 2 2 p 3p , 5t 4 4 Also, there is no given interval so it will be beneficial to locate all solutions.
1 pk for some positive Therefore, t 5 1 pk, 4 4 integer k constitutes all solutions.
p 3p

(Note: The solution x 5

5p 4

is not in the

interval 0 # x # p so it is not included.) When

x 5 , f (x) 5 f

One can create a table and notice that on each side of any value of t, the function is increasing on one side and decreasing on the other. So, each t value is either a maximum or a minimum.
t s ( t ) 5 8 sin 2t

p 4 8

3p 4 28

5p 4 8

7p 4 28

The table continues in this pattern for all critical values t. So, the particle changes direction at all critical values. That is, it changes direction for
t5
p 3p 1 pk, 1 pk 4 4

for positive integers k.

b. From the table or a graph, one can see that the particles maximum velocity is 8 at the time p t 5 1 pk.
4

So, the coordinates of the point where the tangent to p the curve of f ( x ) is horizontal is ( , # 2). 4 1 21 5 (sin x ) 9. csc x 5 sin x 1 sec x 5 5 (cos x )21 cos x Now, the power rule can be used to compute the derivates of csc x and sec x. d (sin x ) ((sin x )21 )r 5 2 (sin x )22 ? dx 5 2 (sin x )22 ? cos x cos x 52 (sin x )2 d (sin x ) ((sin x )21 )r 5 2 (sin x )22 ? dx cos x 1 ? 52 sin x sin x 5 2 csc x cot x d (cos x ) ((cos x )21 )r 5 2 (cos x )22 ? dx 22 5 2 (cos x ) ? ( 2 sin x ) sin x 5 (cos x )2 1 sin x 5 ? cos x cos x 5 sec x tan x 5-21

( 4 ) 5 # 2.
p

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual

dy 5 2 2 sin 2x dx p 1 At the point , ,

10.

( 6 2)

function is 1, so the maximum distance from the origin is 4(1) or 4. 12.

h 1m u x 1m 1m u x h

dy p 5 2 2 sin a 2 ? b dx 6 p 5 2 2 sin a b 3 5 22a !3 b 2

Label the base of a triangle x and the height h. So

cos u 5
x 5x 1

and sin u 5

h 5 h. 1

Therefore, x 5 cos u and h 5 sin u. The irrigation channel forms a trapezoid and the area of a trapezoid is
( b1 1 b2 )h 2

Therefore, at the point 6 , 2 , the slope of the tangent to the curve y 5 cos 2x is 2 #3.

5 2#3

where b1 and b2 are

(p 1)

11. a. The particle will change direction when the velocity, sr ( t ) changes from positive to negative. sr ( t ) 5 16 cos 4t Set sr ( t ) 5 0 and solve for t to find any critical points. 0 5 16 cos 4t 0 5 cos 4t p 3p , 5 4t 2 2 p 3p , 5t 8 8 Also, there is no given interval so it will be beneficial to locate all solutions. Therefore, t 5
p 3p 1 pk, 1 pk 8 8

for some positive

integer k constitutes all solutions. One can create a table and notice that on each side of any value of t, the function is increasing on one side and decreasing on the other. So, each t value is either a maximum or a minimum.
t s ( t ) 5 4 sin 4t

p 8 4

3p 8 24

5p 8 4

7p 8 24

The table continues in this pattern for all critical values t. So, the particle changes direction at all critical values. That is, it changes direction for
t5
p 3p 1 pk, 1 pk 4 4

for positive integers k.

b. From the table or a graph, one can see that the particles maximum velocity is 4 at the time p t 5 1 pk.
4

c. At t 5 0, s 5 0, so the minimum distance from the origin is 0. The maximum value of the sine 5-22

the bottom and top bases of the trapezoid and h is the height. b1 5 1 b2 5 x 1 1 1 x 5 cos u 1 1 1 cos u 5 2 cos u 1 1 h 5 sin u Therefore, the area equation is given by (2 cos u 1 1 1 1) sin u A5 2 (2 cos u 1 2) sin u 5 2 2 cos u sin u 1 2 sin u 5 2 5 sin u cos u 1 sin u To maximize the cross-sectional area, differentiate: Ar 5 (sin u )( 2 sin u ) 1 (cos u )(cos u ) 1 cos u 5 2 sin2 u 1 cos2 u 1 cos u Using the trig identity sin2 u 1 cos2 u 5 1, use the fact that sin2 u 5 1 2 cos2 u. Ar 5 2 (1 2 cos2 u ) 1 cos2 u 1 cos u 5 2 1 1 cos2 u 1 cos2 u 1 cos u 5 2 cos2 u 1 cos u2 1 Set Ar 5 0 to find the critical points. 0 5 2 cos2 u 1 cos u 2 1 0 5 (2 cos u2 1)(cos u 1 1) Solve the two expressions for u. 2 cos u 5 1 1 cos u 5 2 p u5 3 Also, cos u 5 2 1 u5p (Note: The question only seeks an answer around p 0 # u # . So, there is no need to find all solutions 2 by adding kp for all integer values of k.) The area, A, when u 5 p is 0 so that answer is disregarded for this problem.

Chapter 5: Derivatives of Exponential and Trigonometric Functions

When u 5 , 3 p p p A 5 sin cos 1 sin 3 3 3 !3 1 !3 5a ? b1 2 2 2

5

!3 2 !3 1 4 4 3 !3 5 4 p The area is maximized by the angle u 5 .

3

14. First find y s . y 5 A cos kt 1 B sin kt yr 5 2 kA sin kt 1 kB cos kt y s 5 2 k 2A cos kt 2 k 2B sin kt So, y s 1 k 2y 5 2 k 2A cos kt 2 k 2B sin kt 1 k 2 ( A cos kt 1 B sin kt ) 5 2 k 2A cos kt 2 k 2B sin kt 1 k 2A cos kt 1 k 2B sin kt 50 Therefore, y s 1 k 2y 5 0.

13. Let O be the centre of the circle with line segments drawn and labeled, as shown.
A uu R O R x 2u D C y B

5.5 The Derivative of y 5 tan x, p. 260

1. a.
d dy 5 sec2 3x a 3x b dx dx 5 3 sec2 3x

In ^ OCB, /COB 5 2u. Thus,

y 5 sin 2u R

and

x 5 cos 2u, R

so y 5 R sin 2u and x 5 R cos 2u. The area A of ^ ABD is 1 A 5 0 DB 0 0 AC 0 2 5 y (R 1 x) 5 R sin 2u ( R 1 R cos 2u ) 5 R 2 (sin 2u 1 sin 2u cos 2u ), where 0 , 2u , p dA 5 R 2 (2 cos 2u 1 2 cos 2u cos 2u du 1 sin 2u ( 2 2 sin 2u )). We solve
dA 5 0: du

d dy 5 2 sec2 x 2 sec 2x a 2x b dx dx 5 2 sec2 x 2 2 sec 2x d dy c. 5 2 tan ( x 3 ) a tan ( x 3 ) b dx dx d dy 5 2 tan ( x 3 ) a tan ( x 3 ) b dx dx d 5 2 tan ( x 3 ) sec2 ( x 3 ) a x 3 b dx 5 6x 2 tan ( x 3 ) sec2 ( x 3 )

b.

2 cos2 2u 2 2 sin2 2u 1 2 cos 2u 5 0 2 cos2 2u 1 cos 2u 2 1 5 0 (2 cos 2u2 1)(cos 2u 1 1) 5 0 1 cos 2u 5 or cos 2u 5 2 1 2 p 2u 5 or 2u 5 p (not in domain). 3 As 2u S 0, A S 0 and as 2u S p, A S 0. The

maximum area of the triangle is when 2u 5 , i.e., u 5 .

p 3 p 6

3 !3 2 R 4

2x tan px 2 x 2 sec2 px px dy dx d. 5 dx tan2 px 2x tan px 2 px 2 sec2 px 5 tan2 px x (2 tan px 2 px sec2 px ) 5 tan2 px d d dy e. 5 sec2 ( x 2 ) a x 2 b 2 2 tan x a b (tan x ) dx dx dx 5 2x sec2 ( x 2 ) 2 2 tan x sec2 x dy d f. 5 tan 5x (3 cos 5x ) a 5x b dx dx d 1 3 sin 5x sec2 5x a 5x b dx 5 15 tan 5x cos 5x 1 15 sin 5x sec2 5x 5 15 (tan 5x cos 5x 1 sin 5x sec2 5x ) 2. a. The general equation for the line tangent to the function f ( x ) at the point (a, b) is y 2 b 5 f r ( x )( x 2 a ). f ( x ) 5 tan x f r ( x ) 5 sec2 x

(d )

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual

5-23

p fa b 5 0 4 p f ra b 5 2 4 The equation for the line tangent to the function f ( x ) at x 5 4 is y 5 2 x 2 4 . b. The general equation for the line tangent to the function f ( x ) at the point (a, b) is y 2 b 5 f r ( x )( x 2 a ). f ( x ) 5 6 tan x 2 tan 2x d f r ( x ) 5 6 sec2 x 2 sec2 2x a 2x b dx f r ( x ) 5 6 sec2 x 2 2 sec2 2x f (0) 5 0 f r (0) 5 2 2 The equation for the line tangent to the function f ( x ) at x 5 0 is y 5 2 2x. d dy 5 sec2 x (sin x ) a sin x b 3. a. dx dx 5 cos x sec2 (sin x ) d dy 5 2 2 3tan ( x 2 2 1)4 23 a tan ( x 2 2 1) b b. dx dx 5 2 2 3tan ( x 2 2 1)4 23 sec2 ( x 2 2 1) d 3 a ( x 2 2 1) b dx 5 2 4x 3tan ( x 2 2 1)4 23 sec2 ( x 2 2 1) d dy 5 2 tan (cos x ) a tan (cos x ) b c. dx dx d 5 2 tan (cos x ) sec2 (cos x ) a cos x b dx 5 2 2 tan (cos x ) sec2 (cos x ) sin x dy d 5 2 (tan x 1 cos x ) a tan x 1 cos x b d. dx dx 5 2 (tan x 1 cos x )(sec2 x 2 sin x ) dy d 5 tan x (3 sin2 x ) a sin x b 1 sin3 x sec2 x e. dx dx 5 3 tan x sin2 x cos x 1 sin3 x sec2 x 5 sin2 x (3 tan x cos x 1 sin x sec2 x ) dy d 5 e tan "x a tan "x b f. dx dx d 5 e tan "x (sec2 "x ) a "x b dx 1 5 e tan "x sec2 "x 2"x
p

4. a.

dy 5 tan x cos x 1 sin x sec2 x dx sin x 1 5 ? cos x 1 sin x ? cos x cos2 x sin x 5 sin x 1 cos2 x 2 cos3 x dy 5 cos x 1 dx 2 cos4 x

sin x (2 cos x ) dx cos x 2 cos4 x cos3 x 1 2 sin2 x cos x 5 cos x 1 cos4 x 1 2 sin2 x 5 cos x 1 1 cos x cos3 x 2 sin2 x 5 cos x 1 sec x 1 cos3 x d dy 5 2 tan x a tan x b b. dx dx 5 2 tan x sec2 x 2 sin x 1 5 ? cos x cos2 x 2 sin x 5 cos3 x 2 cos4 x 2 6 sin x cos2 x dxcos x d 2y 5 dx 2 cos6 x 4 2 cos x 1 6 sin2 x cos2 x 5 cos6 x 6 sin2 x 1 2 1 ? 5 2 2 cos x cos x cos2 x 2 5 2 sec x 1 6 tan2 x sec2 x 5 2 sec2 x (1 1 3 tan2 x ) 5. The slope of f ( x ) 5 sin x tan x equals zero when the derivative equals zero. f ( x ) 5 sin x tan x f r ( x ) 5 sin x (sec2x ) 1 tan x (cos x ) sin x 5 sin x (sec2 x ) 1 (cos x ) cos x 5 sin x (sec2 x ) 1 sin x 5 sin x (sec2 x 1 1) sec2 x 1 1 is always positive, so the derivative is 0 only when sin x 5 0. So, f r ( x ) equals 0 when x 5 0, x 5 p, and x 5 2p. The solutions can be verified by examining the graph of the derivative function shown below.

(d

(d

5-24

Chapter 5: Derivatives of Exponential and Trigonometric Functions

4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4

f '(x)

x 2

cos2 x 1 sin x 1 sin2 x cos2 x 1 1 sin x 5 cos2 x The denominator is never negative. 1 1 sin x . 0 5

for 2 2 , x , 2 , since sin x reaches its minimum of 2 1 at x 5 2 . Since the derivative of the original function is always positive in the specified interval, the function is always increasing in that interval. p p 8. When x 5 , y 5 2 tan ( 4 )
52 y r 5 2 sec2 x p p 2 When x 5 , yr 5 2 a sec b 4 4
4 p

6. The local maximum point occurs when the derivative equals zero. dy 5 2 2 sec2 x dx 2 2 sec2 x 5 0 sec2 x 5 2 sec x 5 6"2 p x56 4 dy p 5 0 when x 5 6 4 , so the local maximum dx p point occurs when x 5 6 4 . Solve for y when
p x 5 4.

5 2( #2)2 54 p So an equation for the tangent at the point x 5 is 4 p y 2 2 5 4 ax 2 b 4 y 2 2 5 4x 2 p 2 4x 1 y 2 (2 2 p ) 5 0

p p y 5 2 a b 2 tan a b 4 4 p y5 21 2 y 5 0.57

Solve for y when x 5 2 .

p p y 5 2 a 2 b 2 tan a 2 b 4 4 p y52 11 2 y 5 2 0.57 p The local maximum occurs at the point 4 , 0.57 . 7. y 5 sec x 1 tan x 1 sin x 5 1 cos x cos x 1 1 sin x 5 cos x cos2 x 2 (1 1 sin x )( 2 sin x ) dy 5 dx cos2 x 2 cos x 2 ( 2 sin x 2 sin2 x ) 5 cos2 x

p 4

9. Write tan x 5 cos x and use the quotient rule to derive the derivative of the tangent function. 10. y 5 cot x 1 y5 tan x tan x (0) 2 (1) sec2 x dy 5 dx tan2 x 2 2 sec x 5 tan2 x
21 cos 2 x 5 sin2 x cos 2 x

sin x

21 sin2 x 5 2 csc2 x 11. Using the fact from question 10 that the derivative of cot x is 2 csc2 x, f r ( x ) 5 2 4 csc2 x 5 2 4 (csc x )2 d (csc x ) f s ( x ) 5 2 8 (csc x ) ? dx 5 2 8 (csc x ) ? ( 2 csc x cot x ) 5 8 csc2 x cot x 5

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual

5-25

Review Exercise, pp. 263265

1. a. yr 5 0 2 e x 5 2ex b. yr 5 2 1 3e x d (2x 1 3) c. yr 5 e 2x 1 3 ? dx 2x 1 3 5 2e d ( 2 3x 2 1 5x ) 2 d. yr 5 e 23x 1 5x ? dx 23x 2 1 5x 5 ( 2 6x 1 5)e e. yr 5 ( x )( e x ) 1 ( e x )(1) 5 e x ( x 1 1) ( e t 1 1)( e t ) 2 ( e t 2 1)( e t ) f. sr 5 ( e t 1 1)2 2t t e 1 e 2 ( e 2t 2 e t ) 5 ( e t 1 1)2 t 2e 5 t ( e 1 1)2 dy 5 10x ln 10 2. a. dx d (3x 2 ) dy 2 5 43x ? ln 4 ? b. dx dx 2 5 6x (43x )ln 4 dy 5 (5x )(5x ln 5) 1 (5x )(5) c. dx 5 5 ? 5x ( x ln 5 1 1) dy 5 ( x 4 )(2x ln 2) 1 (2x )(4x 3 ) d. dx 5 x 3 ? 2x ( x ln 2 1 4) e. y 5 (4x )(42x ) dy 5 (4x )( 2 42x ln 4) 1 (42x )(4) dx 5 4 ? 42x ( 2 x ln 4 1 1) 4 2 4x ln 4 5 4x x # f. y 5 (5 )( x 21 ) dy d ( #x ) 5 (5#x )( 2 x 22 ) 1 ( x 21 ) a 5#x ? ln 5 ? b dx dx 1 1 5 (5#x ) a 2 2 b 1 ( x 21 ) a 5#x ? ln 5 ? b x 2 !x 1 ln 5 b 5 5#x a 2 2 1 x 2x !x d (2x ) d (2x ) dy 5 3 cos (2x ) ? 1 4 sin (2x ) ? 3. a. dx dx dx 5 6 cos (2x ) 1 8 sin (2x )

d (3x ) dy 5 sec2 (3x ) ? dx dx 2 5 3 sec (3x ) c. y 5 (2 2 cos x )21 dy d (2 2 cos x ) 5 2 (2 2 cos x )22 ? dx dx sin x 52 (2 2 cos x )2 d (2x ) dy 5 ( x ) a sec2 (2x ) ? b 1 (tan (2x ))(1) d. dx dx 5 2x sec2 (2x ) 1 tan 2x d (3x ) dy 5 (sin 2x ) a e 3x ? b e. dx dx d (2x ) b 1 ( e 3x ) a cos 2x ? dx 5 3e 3x sin 2x 1 2e 3x cos 2x 5 e 3x (3 sin 2x 1 2 cos 2x ) f. y 5 (cos (2x ))2 d (cos (2x )) dy 5 2 (cos (2x )) ? dx dx d (2x ) 5 2(cos (2x )) ? 2 sin (2x ) ? dx 5 2 4 cos (2x ) sin (2x )

b.

4. a. f ( x ) 5 e x ? x 21 f r ( x ) 5 ( e x )( 2 x 22 ) 1 ( x 21 )( e x ) 1 1 5 ex a2 2 1 b x x 2 x 1 x2 b 5 ex a x3 Now, set f r ( x ) 5 0 and solve for x. 2x 1 x2 0 5 ex a b x3

5 0. Solve e x 5 0 and x3 x e is never zero. x2 2 x 50 x3 x2 2 x 5 0 x ( x 2 1) 5 0 So x 5 0 or x 5 1. (Note, however, that x cannot be zero because this would cause division by zero in the original function.) So x 5 1. b. The function has a horizontal tangent at (1, e ).
x2 2 x

5-26

Chapter 5: Derivatives of Exponential and Trigonometric Functions

5. a. f r ( x ) 5 ( x ) a e 22x ?

d ( 2 2x ) b 1 ( e 22x )(1) dx 5 2 2xe 22x 1 e 22x 5 e 22x ( 2 2x 1 1) 1 1 1 f r a b 5 e 22 2 a 2 2 ? 1 1 b 2 2 5 e 21 ( 2 1 1 1) 50 b. This means that the slope of the tangent to f ( x ) 1 at the point with x-coordinate 2 is 0. 6. a. yr 5 ( x )( e x ) 1 ( e x )(1) 2 e x 5 xe x y s 5 ( x )( e x ) 1 ( e x )(1) 5 xe x 1 e x 5 e x ( x 1 1) b. yr 5 ( x )(10e 10x ) 1 ( e 10x )(1) 5 10xe 10x 1 e 10x y s 5 (10x )(10e 10x ) 1 ( e 10x )(10) 1 10e 10x 5 100xe 10x 1 10e 10x 1 10e 10x 5 100xe 10x 1 20e 10x 5 20e 10x (5x 1 1) e 2x 2 1 7. y 5 2x e 11 dy 2e 2x ( e 2x 1 1) 2 ( e 2x 2 1)(2e 2x ) 5 dx ( e 2x 1 1)2 2e 4x 1 2e 2x 2 2e 4x 1 2e 2x 5 ( e 2x 1 1)2 2x 4e 5 2x ( e 1 1)2

The equation of the tangent line is y 1 ln 2 1 2 5 3( x 1 ln 2) or 3x 2 y 1 2 ln 2 2 2 5 0. 9. When x 5 ,

p p p p p y 5 f ( x ) 5 f a b 5 sin a b 5 (1) 5 2 2 2 2 2 yr 5 f r ( x ) 5 ( x )(cos x ) 1 (sin x )(1) 5 x cos x 1 sin x p p p p f r a b 5 cos 1 sin 2 2 2 2 p 5 (0) 1 1 2 51 p So an equation for the tangent at the point x 5 is 2 p p y 2 5 1 ax 2 b 2 2 p p y2 5x2 2 2 y5x 2x 1 y 5 0
p 2

10. If s ( t ) 5

sin t 3 1 cos 2t

is the function describing

an objects position at time t, then v ( t ) 5 sr ( t ) is the function describing the objects velocity at time t. So v ( t ) 5 sr ( t ) (3 1 cos 2t )(cos t ) 2 (sin t )( 2 2 sin 2t ) 5 (3 1 cos 2t )2
3 1 cos 2 ? 4 cos 4 p sr a b 5 4 p 2 3 1 cos 2 ? 4

Now, 1 2 y 5 1 2
4x

e 4x 2 2e 2x 1 1 (e
2x

)(

1 1)

5 5

e 1 2e 1 1 2 e 1 2e 2 1 ( e 2x 1 1)2

2x

4x

2x

4e 2x dy 2x 2 5 (3 1 1) dx 8. The slope of the required tangent line is 3. The slope at any point on the curve is given by
dy 2x dx 5 1 1 e .

( ) p p ( sin 4 )(2 2 sin 2 ? 4 ) 2 (3 1 cos 2 ? p ) 4

2

To find the point(s) on the curve where the tangent has slope 3, we solve: 1 1 e 2x 5 3 e 2x 5 2 2 x 5 ln 2 x 5 2 ln 2. The point of contact of the tangent is ( 2 ln 2,2 ln 2 2 2).

"2 ) 2 ("22)(2 2 sin p (3 1 cos p 2 )( 2 2) 5 p 2 (3 1 cos 2 ) 2 "2 (3 1 0)(" 2 ) 2 ( 2 )(2 2 ? 1) 3"2 2

(3 1 0)2

1 #2 9 3#2 1 2#2 1 5 ? 2 9 5#2 5 18 5

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual

5-27

So, the objects velocity at time t 5

5#2 8 0.3928 18

p 4

is

Since e 2t . 0 for all t, c1r( t ) 5 0 when t 5 1. Since c1r( t ) . 0 for 0 # t , 1, and c1r( t ) , 0 for all
t . 1, c1 ( t ) has a maximum value of e 8 0.368 at t 5 1 h. c2 ( t ) 5 t 2e 2t; c2 (0) 5 0 c2r( t ) 5 2te 2t 2 t 2e 2t 5 te 2t (2 2 t ) c2r( t ) 5 0 when t 5 0 or t 5 2. Since c2r( t ) . 0 for 0 , t , 2 and c2r( t ) , 0 for all t 5 2 h. The larger concentration occurs for medicine c2. b. c1 (0.5) 5 0.303 c2 (0.5) 5 0.152 In the first half-hour, the concentration of c1 increases from 0 to 0.303, and that of c2 increases from 0 to 0.152. Thus, c1 has the larger concentration over this interval. 13. a. y 5 (2 1 3e 2x )3 yr 5 3(2 1 3e 2x )2 30 1 3e 2x ( 2 1)4 5 3(2 1 3e 2x )2 ( 2 3e 2x ) 5 2 9e 2x (2 1 3e 2x )2 b. y 5 x e yr 5 ex e 2 1 x c. y 5 e e x yr 5 e e ( e x )(1) x 5 ex1e d. y 5 (1 2 e 5x )5 yr 5 5(1 2 e 5x )4 30 2 e 5x (5)4 5 2 25e 5x (1 2 e 5x )4 14. a. y 5 5x yr 5 5x ln 5 b. y 5 (0.47)x yr 5 (0.47)x ln (0.47) c. y 5 (52)2x yr 5 (52)2x (2) ln 52 5 2(52)2x ln 52 d. y 5 5(2)x yr 5 5(2)x ln 2 e. y 5 4e x yr 5 4e x (1) ln e 5 4e x f. y 5 2 2(10)3x yr 5 2 2(3)103x ln 10 5 2 6(10)3x ln 10 d (2x ) 15. a. yr 5 cos 2x ? dx 5 2x ln 2 cos 2x t . 2, c2 ( t ) has a maximum value of e 2 8 0.541 at
4 1

metres per unit of time.

11. a. The question asks for the time t when Nr ( t ) 5 0. t N ( t ) 5 60 000 1 2000te220 1 t t Nr ( t ) 5 0 1 (2000t ) a 2 e 220 b 1 ( e 220 )(2000) 20 t t 5 2 100te 220 1 2000e 220 t 5 100e 220 ( 2 t 1 20) Set Nr ( t ) 5 0 and solve for t. t 0 5 100e 220 ( 2 t 1 20) t 100e 220 is never equal to zero. 2 t 1 20 5 0 20 5 t Therefore, the rate of change of the number of bacteria is equal to zero when time t 5 20. b. The question asks for
dM 5 Mr ( t ) dt

when t 5 10.

That is, it asks for Mr (10). 1 M ( t ) 5 ( N 1 1000)3 d ( N 1 1000) 1 2 Mr ( t ) 5 ( N 1 1000)23 ? 3 dt dN 1 5 2 ? 3( N 1 1000)3 dt From part a.,
t dN 5 Nr ( t ) 5 100e 220 ( 2 t 1 20) dt t 220

and

N ( t ) 5 60 000 1 2000te 1 100e220 ( 2 t 1 20) So Mr ( t ) 5 2 3( N 1 1000)3 First calculate N(10). 10 N (10) 5 60 000 1 2000(10)e220 1 5 60 000 1 20 000e 22 8 72 131 10 100e 220 ( 2 10 1 20) So Mr (10) 5 2 3( N (10) 1 1000)3 1 100e 22 (10) 5 2 3(72 131 1 1000)3 606.53 8 5246.33 8 0.1156 So, after 10 days, about 0.1156 mice are infected per day. Essentially, almost 0 mice are infected per day when t 5 10. 12. a. c1 ( t ) 5 te 2t; c1 (0) 5 0 r ( t ) 5 e 2t 2 te 2t c1 5 e 2t (1 2 t )

5-28

Chapter 5: Derivatives of Exponential and Trigonometric Functions

b. yr 5 ( x 2 )(cos x ) 1 (sin x )(2x ) 5 x 2 cos x 1 2x sin x d (p 2 x) p c. yr 5 cos a 2 x b ? 2 2 dx p 5 2 cos a 2 x b 2 d. yr 5 (cos x )(cos x ) 1 (sin x )( 2 sin x ) 5 cos2 x 2 sin2 x e. y 5 (cos x )2 d (cos x ) yr 5 2(cos x ) ? dx 5 2 2 cos x sin x f. y 5 cos x (sin x )2 yr 5 (cos x )(2 (sin x )(cos x )) 1 (sin x )2 ( 2 sin x ) 5 2 sin x cos2 x 2 sin3 x 16. Compute
dy dx

p dv 5 2 10 cos 2t 1 dt 4 p 5 2 20 cos a 2t 1 b . 4 The maximum values of the displacement, velocity, and acceleration are 5, 10, and 20, respectively.

and a 5

))

19. Let the base angle be u, 0 , u , , and let the 2 sides of the triangle have lengths x and y, as shown. Let the perimeter of the triangle be P cm.
12 u x

when x 5

p 2

to find the slope of the

line at the given point. yr 5 2 sin x p So, at the point x 5 , yr 5 f r ( x ) is

2

Now,

so x 5 12 cos u and y 5 12 sin u. Therefore, P 5 12 1 12 cos u 1 12 sin u and For critical values, 2 12 sin u 1 12 cos u 5 0 sin u 5 cos u tan u 5 1 p p u 5 , since 0 , u , . 4 2 When u 5 , P 5 12 1 ! 2 1 ! 2 4 24 5 12 1 !2 5 12 1 12#2. 1 As u S 0 , cos u S 1, sin u S 0, and P S 12 1 12 1 0 5 24. p As u S , cos u S 0, sin u S 1 and 2 P S 12 1 0 1 12 5 24. Therefore, the maximum value of the perimeter is 12 1 12 !2 cm, and occurs when the other two p angles are each rad, or 45.
4 p 12 12 dP 5 2 12 sin u 1 12 cos u. du

x 5 cos u 12

and

y 5 sin u 12

p p f r a b 5 2 sin a b 5 2 1. 2 2 Therefore, an equation of the line tangent to the curve at the given point is p y 2 0 5 21 ax 2 b 2 p y 5 2x 1 2 p x1y2 50 2 17. The velocity of the object at any

time t is v 5

Thus, v 5 8 (cos (10pt ))(10p ) 5 80p cos (10pt ). The acceleration at any time t is a 5 Hence, a 5 80p ( 2 sin (10pt ))(10p ) 5 2 800p2 sin (10pt ). Now, dt 2 1 100p2s 5 2 800p2 sin (10pt )
1 100p2 (8 sin (10pt )) 5 0. p 18. Since s 5 5 cos 2t 1 ,
d 2s dv d 2s 5 2. dt dt

ds . dt

20. Let l be the length of the ladder, u be the angle between the foot of the ladder and the ground, and x be the distance of the foot of the ladder from the fence, as shown. Thus,
x11 5 cos u l

v5

p ds 5 5 a 2 sin a 2t 1 bb 4 dt p 5 2 10 sin a 2t 1 b 4

and x 5 tan u
1.5

1.5

x 1 1 5 l cos u where x 5 tan u.

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual

5-29

Solving du 5 0 yields:
l 1.5 u x
1.5

dl

wall

0.8 sin3 u 2 cos3 u 5 0 tan3 u 5 1.25 3 tan u 5 ! 1.25 tan u 8 1.077 u 8 0.822.

Replacing x, tan u 1 1 5 l cos u

1.5 1 p 1 ,0,u, sin u cos u 2 dl 1.5 cos u sin u 52 1 du sin2 u cos2 u 3 2 1.5 cos u 1 sin3 u . 5 sin2 u cos2 u dl 5 0 yields: Solving du sin3 u 2 1.5 cos3 u 5 0 tan3 u 5 1.5 3 tan u 5 ! 1.5 u 8 0.46365. The length of the ladder corresponding to this value p2 of u is l 8 4.5 m. As u S 0 1 and 2 , l increases without bound. Therefore, the shortest ladder that goes over the fence and reaches the wall has a length of 4.5 m. 21. The longest pole that can fit around the corner is determined by the minimum value of x 1 y. Thus, we need to find the minimum value of l 5 x 1 y. l5
0.8 y u x u 1

Now, l 5 cos (0.822) 1 sin (0.822) 8 2.5. When u 5 0, the longest possible pole would have a p length of 0.8 m. When u 5 2 , the longest possible pole would have a length of 1 m. Therefore, the longest pole that can be carried horizontally around the corner is one of length 2.5 m. 22. We want to find the value of x that maximizes u. Let /ADC 5 a and /BDC 5 b. Thus, u 5 a 2 b: tan u 5 tan ( a 2 b ) tan a 2 tan b 5 . 1 1 tan a tan b
A 6 B a u 3 C x b D

0.8

From the diagram, tan a 5 x and tan b 5 x. Hence,

9 3 x2x tan u 5 27 1 1 x2

From the diagram, y 5 sin u and x 5 cos u. Thus,

1 0.8 p l 5 cos u 1 sin u, 0 # u # 2 :

0.8

9x 2 3x x 2 1 27 6x 5 2 . x 1 27 We differentiate implicitly with respect to x: du 6( x 2 1 27) 2 6x (2x ) sec2 u 5 dx ( x 2 1 27)2 du 162 2 6x 2 5 dx sec2 u ( x 2 1 27)2 5

Solving dx 5 0 yields:
162 2 6x 2 5 0 x 2 5 27 x 5 3#3.

du

dl 1 sin u 0.8 cos u 5 2 du cos2 u sin2 u 0.8 sin3 u 2 cos3 u 5 . cos2 u sin2 u

5-30

Chapter 5: Derivatives of Exponential and Trigonometric Functions

23. a. f ( x ) 5 4 (sin ( x 2 2))2 f r ( x ) 5 8 sin ( x 2 2) cos ( x 2 2) f s ( x ) 5 (8 sin ( x 2 2))( 2 sin ( x 2 2)) 1 (cos ( x 2 2))(8 cos ( x 2 2)) 5 2 8 sin2 ( x 2 2) 1 8 cos2 ( x 2 2) b. f ( x ) 5 (2 cos x )(sec x )2 f r ( x ) 5 (2 cos x )(2 sec x ? sec x tan x ) 1 (sec x )2 ( 2 2 sin x ) 5 (4 cos x )(sec2 x tan x ) 2 2 sin x (sec x )2 Using the product rule multiple times, f s ( x ) 5 (4 cos x ) S sec2 x ? sec2 x
1 tan x (2 sec x ? sec x tan x ) T 1 (sec2 x tan x )( 2 4 sin x ) 1 ( 2 2 sin x )(2 sec x ? sec x tan x ) 1 (sec x )2 ( 2 2 cos x ) 5 4 cos x sec4 x 1 8 cos x tan2 x sec2 x 2 4 sin x tan x sec2 x 2 4 sin x tan x sec2 x 2 2 cos x sec2 x 5 4 cos x sec4 x 1 8 cos x tan2 x sec2 x 2 8 sin x tan x sec2 x 2 2 cos x sec2 x

2. The given line is 2 6x 1 y 5 2 or y 5 6x 1 2, so the slope is 6. y 5 2e 3x dy 5 2e 3x (3) dx 5 6e 3x In order for the tangent line to be parallel to the given line, the derivative has to equal 6 at the tangent point. 6e 3x 5 6 e 3x 5 1 x50 When x 5 0, y 5 2. The equation of the tangent line is y 2 2 5 6( x 2 0) or 2 6x 1 y 5 2. The tangent line is the given line. 3. y 5 e x 1 sin x dy 5 e x 1 cos x dx When x 5 0, dx 5 1 1 1 or 2, so the slope of the tangent line at (0, 1) is 2. The equation of the tangent line at (0, 1) is y 2 1 5 2( x 2 0) or 2 2x 1 y 5 1. 4. v ( t ) 5 10e2kt a. a ( t ) 5 vr ( t ) 5 2 10ke 2kt 5 2 k (10e 2kt ) 5 2 kv ( t ) Thus, the acceleration is a constant multiple of the velocity. As the velocity of the particle decreases, the acceleration increases by a factor of k. b. At time t 5 0, v 5 10 cm> s. c. When v 5 5, we have 10e 2kt 5 5 1 e 2kt 5 2 1 2 kt 5 ln a b 5 2 ln 2 2 ln 2 t5 . k After is 5 cm> s. The acceleration of the particle is 2 5k at this time. 5. a. f ( x ) 5 (cos x )2 d (cos x ) f r ( x ) 5 2 (cos x ) ? dx 5 2 (cos x ) ? ( 2 sin x ) 5 2 2 sin x cos x f s ( x ) 5 ( 2 2 sin x )( 2 sin x ) 1 (cos x )( 2 2 cos x ) 5 2 sin2 x 2 2 cos2 x 5 2 (sin2 x 2 cos2 x ) 5-31
ln 2 k dy

Chapter 5 Test, p. 266

1. a. y 5 e 22x dy 2 5 2 4xe 22x dx 2 b. y 5 3x 1 3x dy 2 5 3x 1 3x ? ln 3 ? (2x 1 3) dx e 3x 1 e 23x c. y 5 2 1 3x dy 5 33e 2 3e 23x4 dx 2 3 5 3e 3x 2 e 23x4 2 d. y 5 2 sin x 2 3 cos 5x dy 5 2 cos x 2 3( 2 sin 5x )(5) dx 5 2 cos x 1 15 sin 5x e. y 5 sin3 ( x 2 ) dy 5 3 sin2 ( x 2 )(cos ( x 2 )(2x )) dx 5 6x sin2 ( x 2 ) cos ( x 2 ) f. y 5 tan "1 2 x dy 1 1 5 sec2 "1 2 x a 3 b ( 2 1) dx 2 "1 2 x sec2 "1 2 x 52 2"1 2 x
Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual
2

s have elapsed, the velocity of the particle

b. f ( x ) 5 cos x cot x f r ( x ) 5 (cos x )( 2 csc2 x ) 1 (cot x )( 2 sin x ) cos x 1 2 ? sin x 5 2 cos x ? 2 sin x sin x 1 cos x ? 2 cos x 52 sin x sin x 5 2 cot x csc x 2 cos x f s (x) 5 ( 2 cot x )( 2 csc x cot x ) 1 (csc x )(csc2 x ) 1 sin x 5 csc x cot2 x 1 csc3 x 1 sin x 6. f ( x ) 5 (sin x )2 To find the absolute extreme values, first find the derivative, set it equal to zero, and solve for x. d (sin x ) f r ( x ) 5 2 (sin x ) ? dx 5 2 sin x cos x 5 sin 2x Now set f r ( x ) 5 0 and solve for x. 0 5 sin 2x 2x 5 0, p, 2p p x 5 0, , p in the interval 0 # x # p. 2 Evaluate f ( x ) at the critical numbers, including the endpoints of the interval.
x f ( x ) 5 (sin 2 x )

e x is never equal to zero. ( x 1 4) 5 0 So x 5 2 4. Therefore, the critical value is 2 4.

Interval ex ( x 1 4)

x , 24 24 , x

2 1

0 0

p 2 1

p 0

So, the absolute maximum value on the interval is 1 p when x 5 2 and the absolute minimum value on the interval is 0 when x 5 0 and x 5 p. 7. y 5 f ( x ) 5 5x Find the derivative, f r ( x ), and evaluate the derivative at x 5 2 to find the slope of the tangent when x 5 2. f r ( x ) 5 5x ln 5 f r (2) 5 52 ln 5 5 25 ln 5 8 40.24 8. y 5 xe x 1 3e x To find the maximum and minimum values, first find the derivative, set it equal to zero, and solve for x. y r 5 ( x )( e x ) 1 ( e x )(1) 1 3e x 5 xe x 1 e x 1 3e x 5 xe x 1 4e x 5 e x ( x 1 4) Now set y r 5 0 and solve for x. 0 5 e x ( x 1 4) 5-32

function has a minimum value at a 2 4, 2 e4 b . There is no maximum value. 9. f ( x ) 5 2 cos x 2 sin 2x So, f ( x ) 5 2 cos x 2 2 sin x cos x. a. f r ( x ) 5 2 2 sin x 2 (2 sin x )( 2 sin x ) 2 (cos x )(2 cos x ) 5 2 2 sin x 1 2 sin2 x 2 2 cos2 x Set f r ( x ) 5 0 to solve for the critical values. 2 2 sin x 1 2 sin2 x 2 2 cos2 x 5 0 2 2 sin x 1 2 sin2 x 2 2(1 2 sin2 x ) 5 0 2 2 sin x 1 2 sin2 x 2 2 1 2 sin2 x 5 0 4 sin2 x 2 2 sin x 2 2 5 0 (2 sin x 1 1)(2 sin x 2 2) 5 0 2 sin x 1 1 5 0 and 2 sin x 2 2 5 0 So, sinx 5 2 1 2. p 5p In the given interval, this occurs when x 5 2 6 , 2 6 . Also, sin x 5 1. p In the given interval, this occurs when x 5 2 . Therefore, on the given interval, the critical p 5p p numbers for f ( x ) are x 5 2 6 , 2 6 , 2 . b. To determine the intervals where f ( x ) is increasing and where f ( x ) is decreasing, find the slope of f ( x ) in the intervals between the endpoints and the critical numbers. To do this, it helps to make a table.
1
x slope of f ( x )

So f ( x ) is decreasing on the left of x 5 2 4 and increasing on the right of x 5 2 4. Therefore, the

2p # x , 2 2 5p 6 p 2 6 p ,x#p 2

5p 6 p ,x,2 6 p ,x, 2

2 1 2 2

So, f ( x ) is increasing on the interval

2 6 , x , 2 6 and f ( x ) is decreasing on the 5p p intervals 2p # x , 2 6 and 2 6 , x , p.
5p p

Chapter 5: Derivatives of Exponential and Trigonometric Functions

c. From the table in part b., it can be seen that there is p a local maximum at the point where x 5 2 6 and

5 lim

hS0

22 11h

there is a local minimum at the point where x 5 2 6 . d. y

4 3 2 1

5p

p 2

0 1 2 3 4

p 2

p x

Cumulative Review of Calculus

1. a. f ( x ) 5 3x2 1 4x 2 5 f (a 1 h) 2 f (a) m 5 lim hS0 h f (2 1 h ) 2 15 5 lim hS0 h 3(2 1 h )2 1 4(2 1 h ) 2 5 2 15 5 lim hS0 h 12 1 12h 1 3h 2 1 8 1 4h 2 20 5 lim hS0 h 3h 2 1 16h 5 lim hS0 h 5 lim 3h 1 16
hS0

5 16 2 b. f ( x ) 5 x21 f (a 1 h) 2 f (a) m 5 lim hS0 h f (2 1 h ) 2 2 5 lim hS0 h 5 lim

2 22 21h21

hS0

h
2 2(1 1 h ) 2 11h 11h

5 lim

h 2 2 2(1 1 h ) 5 lim hS0 h (1 1 h ) 2 2h 5 lim h S 0 h (1 1 h )

hS0

5 22 c. f ( x ) 5 !x 1 3 f (a 1 h) 2 f (a) m 5 lim hS0 h f (6 1 h ) 2 3 5 lim hS0 h !h 1 9 2 3 5 lim hS0 h ( !h 1 9 2 3)( !h 1 9 1 3) 5 lim hS0 h ( !h 1 9 1 3) h1929 5 lim h S 0 h ( !h 1 9 1 3) h 5 lim h S 0 h ( !h 1 9 1 3) 1 5 lim h S 0 ( !h 1 9 1 3) 1 5 6 d. f ( x ) 5 25x f (a 1 h) 2 f (a) m 5 lim hS0 h 5(1 1 h) 2 2 32 5 lim hS0 h 25 ? 25h 2 32 5 lim hS0 h 32(25h 2 1) 5 lim hS0 h 5(25h 2 1) 5 32 lim hS0 5h (25h 2 1) 5 160 lim hS0 5h 5 160 ln 2 change in distance 2. a. average velocity 5 change in time s ( t2 ) 2 s ( t1 ) 5 t2 2 t1 32(4)2 1 3(4) 1 14 2 3 (2(1)2 1 3(1) 1 1)4 5 421 45 2 6 5 3 5 13 m> s b. instantaneous velocity 5 slope of the tangent s (a 1 h) 2 s (a) m 5 lim hS0 h

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual

5-33

s (3 1 h ) 2 s (3) h 2(3 1 h )2 1 3(3 1 h ) 1 1 5 lim c hS0 h (2(3)2 1 3(3) 1 1) d 2 h 18 1 12h 1 2h 2 1 9 1 3h 1 1 2 28 5 lim hS0 h 15h 1 2h 2 5 lim hS0 h 5 lim (15 1 2h ) 5 lim
hS0

f (a 1 h) 2 f (a) hS0 h (4 1 h )3 2 64 f (4 1 h ) 2 f (4) 5 lim lim hS0 h hS0 h (4 1 h )3 2 64 5 f (4 1 h ) 2 f (4) Therefore, f ( x ) 5 x 3. 4. a. Average rate of change in distance with respect to time is average velocity, so s ( t2 ) 2 s ( t1 ) average velocity 5 t2 2 t1 s (3) 2 s (1) 5 321 4.9(3)2 2 4.9(1) 5 321 5 19.6 m> s b. Instantaneous rate of change in distance with respect to time 5 slope of the tangent. f (a 1 h) 2 f (a) m 5 lim hS0 h f (2 1 h ) 2 f (2) 5 lim hS0 h 4.9(2 1 h )2 2 4.9(2)2 5 lim hS0 h 19.6 1 19.6h 1 4.9h 2 2 19.6 5 lim hS0 h 19.6h 1 4.9h 2 5 lim hS0 h 5 lim 19.6 1 4.9h

5 15 m> s

hS0

Now use the slope of the tangent to determine the instantaneous velocity for t 5 5.475: f (5.475 1 h ) 2 f (5.475) m 5 lim hS0 h 4.9(5.475 1 h )2 2 4.9(5.475)2 5 lim hS0 h 146.9 1 53.655h 1 4.9h 2 2 146.9 5 lim hS0 h 53.655h 1 4.9h 2 5 lim hS0 h 3 5 lim 53.655 1 4.9h4
5 53.655 m> s 5. a. Average rate of population change p ( t2 ) 2 p ( t1 ) 5 t2 2 t1 2(8)2 1 3(8) 1 1 2 (2(0) 1 3(0) 1 1) 5 820 128 1 24 1 1 2 1 5 820 5 19 thousand fish> year b. Instantaneous rate of population change p (t 1 h) 2 p (t) 5 lim hS0 h p (5 1 h ) 2 p (5) 5 lim hS0 h 2(5 1 h )2 1 3(5 1 h ) 1 1 5 lim c hS0 h (2(5)2 1 3(5) 1 1) d 2 h 50 1 20h 1 2h 2 1 15 1 3h 1 1 2 66 5 lim hS0 h 2h 2 1 23h 5 lim hS0 h 5 lim 2h 1 23 5 23 thousand fish> year 6. a. i. f (2) 5 3 ii. lim2 f ( x ) 5 1
hS0 xS2 hS0

3.

m 5 lim

iii. lim1 f ( x ) 5 3
xS2

5 19.6 m> s c. First, we need to determine t for the given distance: 146.9 5 4.9t 2 29.98 5 t 2 5.475 5 t

hS0

iv. lim f ( x ) 5 2
xS6

b. No, lim f ( x ) does not exist. In order for the limit

xS4

to exist, lim2 f ( x ) and lim1 f ( x ) must exist and they

xS4 xS4

must be equal. In this case, lim2 f ( x ) 5 ` , but

xS4 xS4

lim1 f ( x ) 5 2 ` , so lim f ( x ) does not exist.

xS4

5-34

Chapter 5: Derivatives of Exponential and Trigonometric Functions

7. f ( x ) is discontinuous at x 5 2. lim2 f ( x ) 5 5, but

xS2 xS21

lim f ( x ) 5 3.

2(0)2 1 1 2x 2 1 1 5 xS0 x 2 5 025 1 52 5 x23 b. lim x S 3 !x 1 6 2 3 ( x 2 3)( !x 1 6 1 3) 5 lim x S 3 ( !x 1 6 2 3)( !x 1 6 1 3) ( x 2 3)( !x 1 6 1 3) 5 lim xS3 x1629 ( x 2 3)( !x 1 6 1 3) 5 lim xS3 x23 5 lim !x 1 6 1 3

8. a. lim

xS3

56

c. lim

1 1 13 x

x S 23

x13
x13 3x

x13 x13 5 lim x S 23 3x ( x 1 3) 1 5 lim x S 23 3x 1 52 9 x2 2 4 d. lim 2 xS2 x 2 x 2 2 ( x 1 2)( x 2 2) 5 lim x S 2 ( x 1 1)( x 2 2) x12 5 lim xS2 x 1 1 4 5 3 x22 e. lim 3 xS2 x 2 8 x22 5 lim 2 x S 2 ( x 2 2)( x 1 2x 1 4) 1 5 lim 2 x S 2 x 1 2x 1 4 1 5 12
x S 23

5 lim

!x 1 4 2 !4 2 x x xS0 ( !x 1 4 2 !4 2 x )( !x 1 4 1 !4 2 x ) 5 lim xS0 x ( !x 1 4 1 !4 2 x ) x 1 4 2 (4 2 x ) 5 lim x S 0 x ( !x 1 4 1 !4 2 x ) 2x 5 lim x S 0 x ( !x 1 4 1 !4 2 x ) 2 5 lim x S 0 ( !x 1 4 1 !4 2 x ) 1 5 2 9. a. f ( x ) 5 3x2 1 x 1 1 f (x 1 h) 2 f (x) f r ( x ) 5 lim hS0 h 3( x 1 h )2 1 ( x 1 h ) 1 1 5 lim c hS0 h (3x 2 1 x 1 1) d 2 h 3x 2 1 6hx 1 6h 2 1 x 1 h 5 lim c hS0 h 1 2 3x 2 2 x 2 1 d 1 h 6hx 1 6h 2 1 h 5 lim hS0 h 5 lim 6x 1 6h 1 1

f. lim

hS0

5 6x 1 1 1 b. f ( x ) 5 x f (x 1 h) 2 f (x) f r ( x ) 5 lim hS0 h h x 2 (x 1 h) 5 lim h S 0 h ( x )( x 1 h ) 2h 5 lim h S 0 h ( x )( x 1 h ) 21 5 lim hS0 x (x 1 h) 1 52 2 x 10. a. To determine the derivative, use the power rule: y 5 x 3 2 4x 2 1 5x 1 2 dy 5 3x 2 2 8x 1 5 dx
hS0

1 1 2x x 1 h 5 lim

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual

5-35

b. To determine the derivative, use the chain rule: y 5 "2x 3 1 1 dy 1 5 (6x 2 ) 3 dx 2"2x 1 1 3x 2 5 "2x 3 1 1 c. To determine the derivative, use the quotient rule: 2x y5 x13 dy 2( x 1 3) 2 2x 5 dx ( x 1 3)2 6 5 ( x 1 3)2 d. To determine the derivative, use the product rule: y 5 ( x 2 1 3)2 (4x 5 1 5x 1 1) dy 5 2( x 2 1 3)(2x )(4x 5 1 5x 1 1) dx 1 ( x 2 1 3)2 (20x 4 1 5) 5 4x ( x 2 1 3)(4x 5 1 5x 1 1) 1 ( x 2 1 3)2 (20x 4 1 5) e. To determine the derivative, use the quotient rule: (4x 2 1 1)5 y5 (3x 2 2)3 dy 5(4x 2 1 1)4 (8x )(3x 2 2)3 5 dx (3x 2 2)6 3(3x 2 2)2 (3)(4x 2 1 1)5 2 (3x 2 2)6 2 4 5 (4x 1 1) (3x 2 2)2 40x (3x 2 2) 2 9(4x 2 1 1) 3 (3x 2 2)6 (4x 2 1 1)4 (120x 2 2 80x 2 36x 2 2 9) 5 (3x 2 2)4 (4x 2 1 1)4 (84x 2 2 80x 2 9) 5 (3x 2 2)4 f. y 5 3x 2 1 (2x 1 1)34 5 Use the chain rule dy 5 5 3x 2 1 (2x 1 1)34 4 32x 1 6(2x 1 1)24 dx 11. To determine the equation of the tangent line, we need to determine its slope at the point (1, 2). To do this, determine the derivative of y and evaluate for x 5 1: 18 y5 ( x 1 2)2 5 18( x 1 2)22

dy 5 2 36( x 1 2)23 dx 2 36 5 ( x 1 2)3 2 36 m5 ( x 1 2)3 24 2 36 5 5 27 3 Since we have a given point and we know the slope, use point-slope form to write the equation of the tangent line: 24 ( x 2 1) y225 3 3y 2 6 5 2 4x 1 4 4x 1 3y 2 10 5 0 12. The intersection point of the two curves occurs when x 2 1 9x 1 9 5 3x x 2 1 6x 1 9 5 0 ( x 1 3)2 5 0 x 5 2 3. At a point x, the slope of the line tangent to the curve y 5 x 2 1 9x 1 9 is given by d 2 dy 5 ( x 1 9x 1 9) dx dx 5 2x 1 9. At x 5 2 3, this slope is 2( 2 3) 1 9 5 3. d 13. a. pr ( t ) 5 (2t2 1 6t 1 1100) dt 5 4t 1 6 b. 1990 is 10 years after 1980, so the rate of change of population in 1990 corresponds to the value pr (10) 5 4(10) 1 6 5 46 people per year. c. The rate of change of the population will be 110 people per year when 4t 1 6 5 110 t 5 26. This corresponds to 26 years after 1980, which is the year 2006. d 14. a. f r ( x ) 5 ( x 5 2 5x 3 1 x 1 12) dx 5 5x 4 2 15x 2 1 1 d (5x 4 2 15x 2 1 1) f s (x) 5 dx 5 20x 3 2 30x

5-36

Chapter 5: Derivatives of Exponential and Trigonometric Functions

b. f ( x ) can be rewritten as f ( x ) 5 2 2x 22 d f r (x) 5 ( 2 2x 22 ) dx 5 4x 23 4 5 3 x d f s (x) 5 (4x 23 ) dx 5 2 12x 24 12 52 4 x 1 c. f ( x ) can be rewritten as f ( x ) 5 4x 22 d 1 f r (x) 5 (4x 2 2 ) dx 3 5 2 2x22 2 52 "x 3 d 3 f s (x) 5 ( 2 2x 22 ) dx 5 5 3x 22 3 5 "x 5 d. f(x) can be rewritten as f ( x ) 5 x 4 2 x 24 d 4 f r (x) 5 ( x 2 x 24 ) dx 5 4x 3 1 4x 25 4 5 4x 3 1 5 x d f s (x) 5 (4x 3 1 4x 25 ) dx 5 12x 2 2 20x 26 20 5 12x 2 2 6 x 15. Extreme values of a function on an interval will only occur at the endpoints of the interval or at a critical point of the function. d a. f r ( x ) 5 (1 1 ( x 1 3)2 ) dx 5 2( x 1 3) The only place where f r ( x ) 5 0 is at x 5 2 3, but that point is outside of the interval in question. The extreme values therefore occur at the endpoints of the interval: f ( 2 2) 5 1 1 ( 2 2 1 3)2 5 2 f (6) 5 1 1 (6 1 3)2 5 82 The maximum value is 82, and the minimum value is 6

b. f ( x ) can be rewritten as f ( x ) 5 x 1 x 22 d 1 f r (x) 5 ( x 1 x 22 ) dx 1 3 5 1 1 2 x 22 2 1 512 2"x 3 On this interval, x $ 1, so the fraction on the right is always less than or equal to 1 2 . This means that f r ( x ) . 0 on this interval and so the extreme values occur at the endpoints. 1 52 f (1) 5 1 1 !1 1 1 59 f (9) 5 9 1 !9 3 The maximum value is 9 1 3 , and the minimum value is 2. d ex b c. f r ( x ) 5 a dx 1 1 e x
(1 1 e x )( e x ) 2 ( e x )( e x ) (1 1 e x )2 ex 5 (1 1 e x )2 Since e x is never equal to zero, f r ( x ) is never zero, and so the extreme values occur at the endpoints of the interval. e0 1 f (0) 5 0 5 11e 2 e4 f (4) 5 1 1 e4 e4 The maximum value is 1 1 e 4, and the minimum value is 1 2. d d. f r ( x ) 5 (2 sin (4x ) 1 3) dx 5 8 cos (4x ) p Cosine is 0 when its argument is a multiple of 2 5

or 2 .
4x 5

3p

Since x P 30, p4 , x 5 8 , 8 , 8 , 8 . Also test the function at the endpoints of the interval. f (0) 5 2 sin 0 1 3 5 3 p p f a b 5 2 sin 1 3 5 5 8 2
p 3p 5p 7p

p 3p 1 2kp or 4x 5 1 2kp 2 2 p p p 3p x5 1 k 1 k x5 8 2 8 2

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual

5-37

3p 3p b 5 2 sin 1351 8 2 5p 5p 1355 f a b 5 2 sin 8 2 7p 7p f a b 5 2 sin 1351 8 2 f ( p ) 5 2 sin (4p ) 1 3 5 3 The maximum value is 5, and the minimum value is 1. 16. a. The velocity of the particle is given by v ( t ) 5 sr ( t ) d 5 (3t 3 2 40.5t 2 1 162t ) dt 5 9t 2 2 81t 1 162. The acceleration is a ( t ) 5 vr ( t ) d 5 (9t 2 2 81t 1 162) dt 5 18t 2 81 b. The object is stationary when v ( t ) 5 0: 9t 2 2 81t 1 162 5 0 9( t 2 6)( t 2 3) 5 0 t 5 6 or t 5 3 The object is advancing when v ( t ) . 0 and retreating when v ( t ) , 0. Since v ( t ) is the product of two linear factors, its sign can be determined using the signs of the factors: fa
t-values t23 t26 v (t) Object

17.
w l

0,t,3 3,t,6 6,t,8

,0 .0 .0

,0 ,0 .0

.0 ,0 .0

Advancing Retreating Advancing

c. The velocity of the object is unchanging when the acceleration is 0; that is, when a ( t ) 5 18t 2 81 5 0 t 5 4.5 d. The object is decelerating when a ( t ) , 0, which occurs when 18t 2 81 , 0 0 # t , 4.5 e. The object is accelerating when a ( t ) . 0, which occurs when 18t 2 81 . 0 4.5 , t # 8

Let the length and width of the field be l and w, as shown. The total amount of fencing used is then 2l 1 5w. Since there is 750 m of fencing available, this gives 2l 1 5w 5 750 5 l 5 375 2 w 2 The total area of the pens is A 5 lw 5 5 375w 2 w 2 2 The maximum value of this area can be found by expressing A as a function of w and examining its derivative to determine critical points. 2 A ( w ) 5 375w 2 5 2 w , which is defined for 0 # w and 0 # l. Since l 5 375 2 5 2 w, 0 # l gives the restriction w # 150. The maximum area is therefore the maximum value of the function A ( w ) on the interval 0 # w # 150. 5 d a 375w 2 w 2 b Ar ( w ) 5 dw 2 5 375 2 5w Setting Ar ( w ) 5 0 shows that w 5 75 is the only critical point of the function. The only values of interest are therefore: 5 A (0) 5 375(0) 2 (0)2 5 0 2 5 A (75) 5 375(75) 2 (75)2 5 14 062.5 2 5 A (150) 5 375(150) 2 (150)2 5 0 2 The maximum area is 14 062.5 m2 18. r
h

Let the height and radius of the can be h and r, as shown. The total volume of the can is then pr 2h. The volume of the can is also give at 500 mL, so pr 2h 5 500 500 h5 pr 2

5-38

Chapter 5: Derivatives of Exponential and Trigonometric Functions

The total surface area of the can is A 5 2prh 1 2pr 2 1000 1 2pr 2 5 r The minimum value of this surface area can be found by expressing A as a function of r and examining its derivative to determine critical points. 1000 A (r) 5 1 2pr 2, which is defined for 0 , r and r
0 , h. Since h 5 pr 2 , 0 , h gives no additional restriction on r. The maximum area is therefore the maximum value of the function A ( r ) on the interval 0 , r. d 1000 Ar ( r ) 5 a 1 2pr 2 b r dr 1000 5 2 2 1 4pr r The critical points of A ( r ) can be found by setting Ar ( r ) 5 0: 2
1000 1 4pr 5 0 r2 500

So r 5 4.3 cm is the only critical point of the function. This gives the value 500 h5 8 8.6 cm. p (4.3)2 19. r
h

4pr 3 5 1000 3 r 5 # 1000 8 4.3 cm

4p

20 0.02p r 8 6.8 Using the max min algorithm: C (1) 5 20.03, C (6.8) 5 4.39, C (36) 5 41.27. The dimensions for the cheapest container are a radius of 6.8 cm and a height of 27.5 cm. 20. a. Let the length, width, and depth be l, w, and d, respectively. Then, the given information is that l 5 x, w 5 x, and l 1 w 1 d 5 140. Substituting gives 2x 1 d 5 140 d 5 140 2 2x b. The volume of the box is V 5 lwh. Substituting in the values from part a. gives V 5 ( x )( x )(140 2 2x ) 5 140x 2 2 2x 3 In order for the dimensions of the box to make sense, the inequalities l $ 0, w $ 0, and h $ 0 must be satisfied. The first two give x $ 0, the third requires x # 70. The maximum volume is therefore the maximum value of V ( x ) 5 140x 2 2 2x 3 on the interval 0 # x # 70, which can be found by determining the critical points of the derivative V r ( x ). d V r (x) 5 (140x 2 2 2x 3 ) dx 5 280x 2 6x 2 5 2x (140 2 3x ) Setting V r ( x ) 5 0 shows that x 5 0 and r3 5 x 5 3 8 46.7 are the critical points of the function. The maximum value therefore occurs at one of these points or at one of the endpoints of the interval: V (0) 5 140(0)2 2 2(0)3 5 0 V (46.7) 5 140(46.7)2 2 2(46.7)3 5 101 629.5 V (0) 5 140(70)2 2 2(70)3 5 0 So the maximum volume is 101 629.5 cm3, from a box with length and width 46.7 cm and depth 140 2 2(46.7) 5 46.6 cm. 21. The revenue function is R ( x ) 5 x (50 2 x 2 ) 5 50x 2 x 3. Its maximum for x $ 0 can be found by examining its derivative to determine critical points. d Rr ( x ) 5 (50x 2 x 3 ) dx 5 50 2 3x 2 The critical points can be found by setting R r ( x ) 5 0: 50 2 3x 2 5 0 50 x5 6 8 64.1 3 5-39
140

Let the radius be r and the height h. Minimize the cost: C 5 2pr 2 (0.005) 1 2prh (0.0025) V 5 pr2 h 5 4000 4000 h5 pr 2 4000 b (0.0025) C ( r ) 5 2pr 2 (0.005) 1 2pr a pr 2 20 5 0.01pr 2 1 , 1 # r # 36 r 20 C r ( r ) 5 0.02pr 2 2 . r For a maximum or minimum value, let C r ( r ) 5 0.
0.02pr 2 2
20

r2

50

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual

Only the positive root is of interest since the number of MP3 players sold must be positive. The number must also be an integer, so both x 5 4 and x 5 5 must be tested to see which is larger. R (4) 5 50(4) 2 43 5 136 R (4) 5 50(5) 2 53 5 125 So the maximum possible revenue is $136, coming from a sale of 4 MP3 players. 22. Let x be the fare, and p ( x ) be the number of passengers per year. The given information shows that p is a linear function of x such that an increase of 10 in x results in a decrease of 1000 in p. This means that the slope of the line described by p ( x ) is 2 1000 10 5 2 100. Using the initial point given, p ( x ) 5 2 100( x 2 50) 1 10 000 5 2 100x 1 15 000 The revenue function can now be written: R ( x ) 5 xp ( x ) 5 x ( 2 100x 1 15 000) 5 15 000x 2 100x 2 Its maximum for x $ 0 can be found by examining its derivative to determine critical points. d (15 000x 2 100x 2 ) Rr ( x ) 5 dx 5 15 000 2 200x Setting Rr ( x ) 5 0 shows that x 5 75 is the only critical point of the function. The problem states that only $10 increases in fare are possible, however, so the two nearest must be tried to determine the maximum possible revenue: R (70) 5 15 000(70) 2 100(70)2 5 560 000 R (80) 5 15 000(80) 2 100(80)2 5 560 000 So the maximum possible revenue is $560 000, which can be achieved by a fare of either $70 or $80. 23. Let the number of $30 price reductions be n. The resulting number of tourists will be 80 1 n where 0 # n # 70. The price per tourist will be 5000 2 30n dollars. The revenue to the travel agency will be (5000 2 30n )(80 1 n ) dollars. The cost to the agency will be 250 000 1 300(80 1 n ) dollars. Profit 5 Revenue 2 Cost P ( n ) 5 (5000 2 30n )(80 1 n ) 2 250 000 2 300(80 1 n ), 0 # n # 70 P r ( n ) 5 2 30(80 1 n ) 1 (5000 2 30n )(1) 2 300 5 2300 2 60n 1 P r ( n ) 5 0 when n 5 38 3 Since n must be an integer, we now evaluate P ( n ) for n 5 0, 38, 39, and 70. (Since P ( n ) is a quadratic 5-40

function whose graph opens downward with vertex at 38 1 3 , we know P (38) . P (39).) P (0) 5 126 000 P (38) 5 (3860)(118) 2 250 000 2 300(118) 5 170 080 P (39) 5 (3830)(119) 2 250 000 2 300(119) 5 170 070 P (70) 5 (2900)(150) 2 250 000 2 300(150) 5 140 000 The price per person should be lowered by $1140 (38 decrements of $30) to realize a maximum profit of $170 080. dy d 5 ( 2 5x 2 1 20x 1 2) 24. a. dx dx 5 2 10x 1 20 dy Setting dx 5 0 shows that x 5 2 is the only critical number of the function.
x y9 Graph

x,2 1 Inc.

x52 0 Local Max

x.2 2 Dec.

b.

dy d 5 (6x 2 1 16x 2 40) dx dx 5 12x 1 16

dy

Setting dx 5 0 shows that x 5 2 4 3 is the only critical number of the function.

x y9 Graph

x,2 2 Dec.

4 3

x52 0

4 3

x.2 1 Inc.

4 3

Local Min

dy d 5 (2x 3 2 24x ) dx dx 5 6x 2 2 24 dy The critical numbers are found by setting dx 5 0: 6x 2 2 24 5 0 6x 2 5 24 x 5 62

c.

x y9 Graph

x , 22 1 Inc.

x 5 22 0 Local Max

22 , x , 2 2 Dec.

x52 0 Local Min

x.2 1 Inc.

d.

dy d x 5 a b dx dx x 2 2 ( x 2 2)(1) 2 x (1) 5 ( x 2 2)2 22 5 ( x 2 2)2

Chapter 5: Derivatives of Exponential and Trigonometric Functions

This derivative is never equal to zero, so the function has no critical numbers. Since the numerator is always negative and the denominator is never negative, the derivative is always negative. This means that the function is decreasing everywhere it is defined, that is, x 2 2. 25. a. This function is discontinuous when x2 2 9 5 0 x 5 63. The numerator is non-zero at these points, so these are the equations of the vertical asymptotes. To check for a horizontal asymptote: 8 8 lim 2 5 lim xS` x 2 9 xS` 2 9 x a1 2 2 b x lim (8) xS` 5 9 lim x 2 a 1 2 2 b xS` x lim (8) xS` 5 9 lim ( x )2 3 lim a 1 2 2 b xS` xS` x 1 8 5 lim 2 3 xS` x 120 50 Similarly, lim x 2 2 9 5 0, so y 5 0 is a horizontal x S 2` asymptote of the function. There is no oblique asymptote because the degree of the numerator does not exceed the degree of the denominator by 1. Local extrema can be found by examining the derivative to determine critical points: ( x 2 2 9)(0) 2 (8)(2x ) yr 5 ( x 2 2 9)2 2 16x 5 2 ( x 2 9)2 Setting yr 5 0 shows that x 5 0 is the only critical point of the function.
x y9 Graph

To check for a horizontal asymptote: 4x 3 x 3 (4) lim 2 5 lim xS` x 2 1 xS` 2 1 x 12 2 x x (4) 5 lim 1 xS` 1 2 x2

xS`

lim ( x (4))

lim 1 2 x 2 xS` lim ( x ) 3 lim (4) 5

xS` xS`

lim 1 2 x 2 4 5 lim ( x ) 3 xS` 120 5`

xS`

Similarly, lim x 2 2 1 5 lim ( x ) 5 2` , so this x S 2` x S 2` function has no horizontal asymptote. To check for an oblique asymptote: 4x x2 2 1 q 4x3 1 0x2 1 0x 1 0 4x3 1 0x2 2 4x 0 1 0 1 4x 1 0 So y can be written in the form 4x y 5 4x 1 2 . Since x 21 4x x (4) lim 2 5 lim xS` x 2 1 xS` 2 1 x 12 2 x

4x 3

5 lim

4 x 1 2 x2 lim (4)

xS`

) )) (
1

5
xS`

xS`

lim x 1 2 x 2
xS`

((

lim (4)

5
xS`

x,0 1 Inc.

x50 0 Local Max

x.0 1 Dec.

lim ( x ) 3 lim 1 2 x 2 xS`

1 4 5 lim a b 3 x 120 5 0,

So (0, 2 8 9 ) is a local maximum. b. This function is discontinuous when x2 2 1 5 0 x 5 61. The numerator is non-zero at these points, so these are the equations of the vertical asymptotes.
Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual

and similarly lim x 2 2 1 5 0, the line y 5 4x is an x S 2` asymptote to the function y. Local extrema can be found by examining the derivative to determine critical points: 5-41

4x

( x 2 2 1)(12x 2 ) 2 (4x 3 )(2x ) ( x 2 2 1)2 4 12x 2 12x 2 2 8x 4 5 ( x 2 2 1)2 4x 4 2 12x 2 5 ( x 2 2 1)2 Setting yr 5 0: 4x 4 2 12x 2 5 0 x 2 ( x 2 2 3) 5 0 so x 5 0, x 5 6 !3 are the critical points of the function ( 2!3, 2 6 !3) is a local maximum, ( !3, 6 !3) is a local minimum, and (0, 0) is neither. yr 5
x y9 Graph

5 24x 1 12 Letting f r ( x ) 5 0 shows that x 5 2 2 and x 5 1 are critical points of the function. Letting y s 5 0 shows that x 5 2 1 2 is an inflection point of the function.

x y9 Graph y0 Concavity

x , 22 1 Inc. 2 Down 2 1 ,x,1 2 2 Dec. 1 Up

x 5 22 0 Local Max 2 Down x51 0 Local Min 1 Up

22 , x 2 Dec. 2 Down x.1 1 Inc. 1 Up

x52 2 Dec. 0 Infl.

1 2

x , 2 !3 1 Inc.

x 5 2 !3 0 Local Max

2 !3 , x , 0 2 Dec. x . !3 2 Inc.

x y9 Graph y0

x50 0 Horiz.

x y9 Graph

0 , x , !3 2 Dec.

x 5 !3 0 Local Min

Concavity

26. a. This function is continuous everywhere, so it has no vertical asymptotes. To check for a horizontal asymptote: lim (4x 3 1 6x 2 2 24x 2 2)
xS`

30 20 10 3 2 1 0 10

x 1 2

24 6 2 5 lim x a 4 1 2 2 2 3 b x xS` x x 6 2 24 5 lim ( x 3 ) 3 lim a 4 1 2 2 2 3 b x xS` xS` x x 3 5 lim ( x ) 3 (4 1 0 2 0 2 0)

3

y = 4x3 + 6x2 24x 2

5` Similarly, lim (4x 3 1 6x 2 2 24x 2 2) 5 lim ( x 3 ) 5 2` ,

x S 2` x S 2`

xS`

b. This function is discontinuous when x2 2 4 5 0 ( x 1 2)( x 2 2) 5 0 x 5 2 or x 5 2 2. The numerator is non-zero at these points, so the function has vertical asymptotes at both of them. The behaviour of the function near these asymptotes is:
x-values 3x x12 x22 y
xS`

lim y

so this function has no horizontal asymptote. The y-intercept can be found by letting x 5 0, which gives y 5 4(0)3 1 6(0)2 2 24(0) 2 2 5 22 The derivative is of the function is d (4x 3 1 6x 2 2 24x 2 2) yr 5 dx 5 12x 2 1 12x 2 24 5 12( x 1 2)( x 2 1), and the second derivative is d (12x 2 1 12x 2 24) ys 5 dx

x S 2 22 x S 22 xS2
2 1

,0 ,0 .0 .0

,0 .0 .0 .0

,0 ,0 ,0 .0

,0 .0 ,0 .0

2` 1` 2` 1`

x S 21

To check for a horizontal asymptote: 3x x (3) lim 2 5 lim xS` x 2 4 xS` 2 4 x 1 2 x2

5 lim

3 x 1 2 x2

xS`

5-42

Chapter 5: Derivatives of Exponential and Trigonometric Functions

xS`

lim (3)

4 lim x 1 2 2 x xS`
xS`

((

)) (
4

lim (3)
xS`

6 4 2

3x y = x2 4 x 2 4 6

5
xS`

lim ( x ) 3 lim 1 2 x 2

1 3 5 lim 3 xS` x 120 50

6 4 2 0 2 4 6

Similarly, so y 5 0 is a horizontal asymptote of the function. This function has y 5 0 when x 5 0, so the origin is both the x- and y-intercept. The derivative is ( x 2 2 4)(3) 2 (3x )(2x ) yr 5 ( x 2 2 4)2 2 3x 2 2 12 5 , and the second derivative is ( x 2 2 4)2 ( x 2 2 4)2 ( 2 6x ) ys 5 ( x 2 2 4)4 ( 2 3x 2 2 12)(2( x 2 2 4)(2x )) 2 ( x 2 2 4)4 2 6x 3 1 24x 1 12x 3 1 48x 5 ( x 2 2 4)3 3 6x 1 72x 5 ( x 2 2 4)3 The critical points of the function can be found by letting yr 5 0, so 2 3x 2 2 12 5 0 x 2 1 4 5 0. This has no real solutions, so the function y has no critical points. The inflection points can be found by letting y s 5 0, so 6x 3 1 72x 5 0 6x ( x 2 1 12) 5 0 The only real solution to this equation is x 5 0, so that is the only possible inflection point.
x y9 Graph y0 Concavity

3x lim 2 5 0, x 24 xS`

d (( 2 4)e 5x 1 1 ) dx d 5 ( 2 4)e 5x 1 1 3 (5x 1 1) dx 5 ( 2 20)e 5x 1 1 d b. f r ( x ) 5 ( xe 3x ) dx d (3x ) 1 (1)e 3x 5 xe 3x 3 dx 5 e 3x (3x 1 1) d c. yr 5 (63x 2 8 ) dx d 5 (ln 6)63x 2 8 3 (3x 2 8) dx 5 (3 ln 6)63x 2 8 d d. yr 5 ( e sin x ) dx d 5 e sin x 3 (sin x ) dx 5 (cos x )e sin x 28. The slope of the tangent line at x 5 1 can be

27. a. f r ( x ) 5

x , 22 22 , x , 0 2 Dec. 2 Down 2 Dec. 1 Up

x50 2 Dec. 0 Infl.

0,x,2 2 Dec. 2 Down

x.2 2 Dec. 1 Up

found by evaluating the derivative dx for x 5 1: dy d 2x 2 1 5 (e ) dx dx d 5 e 2x 2 1 3 (2x 2 1) dx 5 2e 2x 2 1 Substituting x 5 1 shows that the slope is 2e. The value of the original function at x 5 1 is e, so the equation of the tangent line at x 5 1 is y 5 2e ( x 2 1) 1 e. 29. a. The maximum of the function modelling the number of bacteria infected can be found by examining its derivative. d t N r ( t ) 5 ((15t )e 2 5 ) dt d t t t 5 15te 25 3 a 2 b 1 (15)e 25 dt 5 t 5 e25 (15 2 3t ) 5-43

dy

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual

Setting N r ( t ) 5 0 shows that t 5 5 is the only critical point of the function (since the exponential function is never zero). The maximum number of infected bacteria therefore occurs after 5 days. 5 b. N (5) 5 (15(5))e 25 5 27 bacteria d dy 5 (2 sin x 2 3 cos 5x ) 30. a. dx dx d (5x ) 5 2 cos x 2 3( 2 sin 5x ) 3 dx 5 2 cos x 1 15 sin 5x d dy 5 (sin 2x 1 1)4 b. dx dx d (sin 2x 1 1) 5 4(sin 2x 1 1)3 3 dx d 5 4(sin 2x 1 1)3 3 (cos 2x ) 3 (2x ) dx 5 8 cos 2x (sin 2x 1 1)3 1 c. y can be rewritten as y 5 ( x 2 1 sin 3x )2 . Then, d dy 1 5 ( x 2 1 sin 3x )2 dx dx 1 d 1 5 ( x 2 1 sin 3x )22 3 ( x 2 1 sin 3x ) 2 dx 1 1 5 ( x 2 1 sin 3x )22 2 d 3 a 2x 1 cos 3x 3 (3x )b dx 2x 1 3 cos 3x 5 2 !x 2 1 sin 3x dy d sin x 5 a b d. dx dx cos x 1 2 (cos x 1 2)(cos x ) 2 (sin x )( 2 sin x ) 5 (cos x 1 2)2 cos2 x 1 sin2 x 1 2 cos x 5 (cos x 1 2)2 1 1 2 cos x 5 (cos x 1 2)2 d dy 5 (tan x 2 2 tan2 x ) e. dx dx d d sec2 x 2 3 (x2) 5 dx dx d (tan x ) 2 2 tan x 3 dx 5 2x sec2 x 2 2 2 tan x sec2 x

f.

d dy 5 (sin (cos x 2 )) dx dx d (cos x 2 ) 5 cos (cos x 2 ) 3 dx 5 cos (cos x 2 ) 3 ( 2 sin x 2 ) 3 5 2 2x sin x 2 cos(cos x 2 ) d (x2) dx

31.
l2 u 100 l1

250

As shown in the diagram, let u be the angle between the ladder and the ground, and let the total length of the ladder be l 5 l1 1 l2, where l1 is the length from the ground to the top corner of the shed and l2is the length from the corner of the shed to the wall. 250 100 sin u 5 cos u 5 l1 l2 l1 5 250 csc u l2 5 100 sec u l 5 250 csc u 1 100 sec u dl 5 2 250 csc u cot u 1 100 sec u tan u du 100 sin u 250 cos u 1 52 2 sin u cos2 u To determine the minimum, solve du 5 0.
100 sin u 250 cos u 5 sin2 u cos2 u 250 cos3 u 5 100 sin3 u 2.5 5 tan3 u 3 tan u 5 "2.5 u 8 0.94 At u 5 0.94, l 5 250 csc 0.94 1 100 sec 0.94 8 479 cm The shortest ladder is about 4.8 m long. 32. The longest rod that can fit around the corner is determined by the minimum value of x 1 y. So, determine the minimum value of l 5 x 1 y.
dl

5-44

Chapter 5: Derivatives of Exponential and Trigonometric Functions

y u x u 3

Solving du 5 0 yields:
3 sin3 u 2 3 cos3 u 5 0 tan3 u 5 1 tan u 5 1 p u5 4 3 3 So l 5 p 1 p cos 4 sin 4 5 3 !2 1 3 !2 5 6 !2

dl

From the diagram, sin u 5 y and cos u 5 x. So,

3 3 l5 1 , cos u sin u

for

p 0 # u # 2.

3 sin u 3 cos u dl 5 2 2 du cos u sin2 u 3 3 sin u 2 3 cos3 u 5 cos2 u sin2 u

When u 5 0 or u 5 2 , the longest possible rod would have a length of 3 m. Therefore the longest rod that can be carried horizontally around the corner is one of length 6 !2, or about 8.5 m.

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual

5-45

CHAPTER 5: Derivatives of Exponential and Trigonometric Functions

Review of Prerequisite Skills, pp. 224225
1 32 1 5 9 2 5 32 R 2 b. 325 5 Q " 5 22 54 1 2 c. 2723 5 3 2 Q "27 R 1 5 2 3 1 5 9 3 2 2 22 d. a b 5 a b 3 2 9 5 4 2. a. log5 625 5 4 1 b. log4 5 22 16 c. logx 3 5 3 d. log10 450 5 w e. log3 z 5 8 f. loga T 5 b 3. a. y 3 2 1 0 5 log10 ( x 1 2) 100 5 x 1 2 x 5 21 The x-intercept is ( 2 1, 0). b. 10 y 8 6 4 2
8 6 4 2 0 2 2 4 6 8

1. a. 322 5

An exponential function is always positive, so there is no x-intercept. y 4. a. sin u 5 r x b. cos u 5 r y c. tan u 5 x 5. To convert to radian measure from degree measure, multiply the degree measure by 180. p 5 2p a. 360 3 180 p p 5 b. 45 3 180 4 p p 52 c. 2 90 3 180 2 p p 5 d. 30 3 180 6 3p p 5 e. 270 3 180 2 2p p 52 f. 2 120 3 180 3 p 5p 5 g. 225 3 180 4
p

3 2 1 0 1 2 3

x 1 2 3

The x-intercept occurs where y 5 0.

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual

5-1

11p p 5 180 6 6. For the unit circle, sine is associated with the y-coordinate of the point where the terminal arm of the angle meets the circle, and cosine is associated with the x-coordinate. a. sin u 5 b b b. tan u 5 a c. cos u 5 a p d. sin a 2 u b 5 a 2 p e. cos a 2 u b 5 b 2 f. sin ( 2u ) 5 2 b 7. a. The angle is in the second quadrant, so cosine and tangent will be negative. 12 cos u 5 2 13 5 tan u 5 2 12 b. The angle is in the third quadrant, so sine will be negative and tangent will be positive. sin2 u 1 cos2 u 5 1 4 sin2 u 1 5 1 9 5 sin2 u 5 9 !5 sin u 5 2 3 sin u tan u 5 cos u !5 5 2 c. The angle is in the fourth quadrant, so cosine will be positive and sine will be negative. Because tan u 5 2 2, the point (1, 2 2) is on the terminal arm of the angle. The reference triangle for this angle has a hypotenuse of "22 1 12 or !5. 2 sin u 5 2 !5 1 cos u 5 !5 d. The sine is only equal to 1 for one angle between

h. 330 3

cos

p 50 2
p 2p

tan 2 is undefined

8. a. The period is 2 or p. The amplitude is 1. 2p b. The period is 1 or 4p. The amplitude is 2.

2

2p c. The period is p or 2. The amplitude is 3. 2p p d. The period is 12 or 6 . The amplitude is 2 7.

e. The period is 2p. The amplitude is 5. f. The period is 2p. Because of the absolute value being taken, the amplitude is 3 2. 9. a. The period is 2 or p. Graph the function from x 5 0 to x 5 2p.
4 3 2 1 0 x p 2 p 3p 2 2p y
2p

b. The period is 2p, so graph the function from x 5 0 to x 5 4p.

3 2 1 0 1 2 3 x p 2 p 3p 2p 5p 3p 7p 4p 2 2 2 y

0 and p, so u 5 2 .

10. a. tan x 1 cot x 5 sec x csc x LS 5 tan x 1 cot x sin x cos x 5 1 cos x sin x sin2 x 1 cos2 x 5 cos x 1 sin x

5-2

Chapter 5: Derivatives of Exponential and Trigonometric Functions

1 cos x 1 sin x RS 5 sec x 1 csc x 1 1 5 ? cos x sin x 1 5 cos x sin x Therefore, tan x 1 cot x 5 sec x csc x. sin x b. 5 tan x 1 sec x 1 2 sin2 x sin x LS 5 1 2 sin2 x sin x 5 cos2 x RS 5 tan x sec x sin x 1 5 ? cos x cos x sin x 5 cos2 x sin x 5 tan x sec x. Therefore, 1 2 sin2 x 11. a. 3 sin x 5 sin x 1 1 2 sin x 5 1 1 sin x 5 2 p 5p x5 , 6 6 b. cos x 2 1 5 2 cos x 2 cos x 5 1 1 cos x 5 2 p 5p x5 , 3 3 5

c. y 5 2e 10t dy 5 20e 10t dt d. y 5 e 23x dy 5 2 3e 23x dx 2 e. y 5 e 5 2 6x 1 x dy 2 5 ( 2 6 1 2x )e 5 2 6x 1 x dx f. y 5 e "x dy 1 "x 5 e dx 2 !x 3 3. a. y 5 2e x dy 3 5 2(3x 2 )e x dx 3 5 6x 2 e x 3x dy d ( xe ) 5 b. dx dx 5 ( x )(3e 3x ) 1 ( e 3x )(1) 5 3xe 3x 1 e 3x 5 e 3x (3x 1 1)
e 2x x 3 3 2 3x 2e 2x ( x ) 2 e 2x f r (x) 5 x2 d. f ( x ) 5 !xe x 1 f r ( x ) 5 "xe x 1 e x a b 2 !x 2 e. h ( t ) 5 e t 1 3e 2t 2 hr ( t ) 5 2te t 2 3e 2t e 2t f. g ( t ) 5 1 1 e 2t 2e 2t (1 1 e 2t ) 2 2e 2t ( e 2t ) g r (t) 5 (1 1 e 2t )2 2t 2e 5 (1 1 e 2t )2 1 4. a. f r ( x ) 5 (3e 3x 2 3e 23x ) 3 5 e 3x 2 e 23x f r (1) 5 e 3 2 e 23
3

c. f ( x ) 5

5.1 Derivatives of Exponential Functions, y 5 e x, pp. 232234

1. You can only use the power rule when the term containing variables is in the base of the exponential expression. In the case of y 5 e x, the exponent contains a variable. 2. a. y 5 e 3x dy 5 3e 3x dx b. s 5 e 3t 2 5 ds 5 3e 3t 2 5 dt

b. f ( x ) 5 e 2x 1 1
1 b ( x 1 1)2 f r (0) 5 e 21 (1) 1 5 e
1

f r ( x ) 5 e 2x 1 1 a

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual

5-3

1 cos x 1 sin x RS 5 sec x 1 csc x 1 1 5 ? cos x sin x 1 5 cos x sin x Therefore, tan x 1 cot x 5 sec x csc x. sin x b. 5 tan x 1 sec x 1 2 sin2 x sin x LS 5 1 2 sin2 x sin x 5 cos2 x RS 5 tan x sec x sin x 1 5 ? cos x cos x sin x 5 cos2 x sin x 5 tan x sec x. Therefore, 1 2 sin2 x 11. a. 3 sin x 5 sin x 1 1 2 sin x 5 1 1 sin x 5 2 p 5p x5 , 6 6 b. cos x 2 1 5 2 cos x 2 cos x 5 1 1 cos x 5 2 p 5p x5 , 3 3 5

c. y 5 2e 10t dy 5 20e 10t dt d. y 5 e 23x dy 5 2 3e 23x dx 2 e. y 5 e 5 2 6x 1 x dy 2 5 ( 2 6 1 2x )e 5 2 6x 1 x dx f. y 5 e "x dy 1 "x 5 e dx 2 !x 3 3. a. y 5 2e x dy 3 5 2(3x 2 )e x dx 3 5 6x 2 e x 3x dy d ( xe ) 5 b. dx dx 5 ( x )(3e 3x ) 1 ( e 3x )(1) 5 3xe 3x 1 e 3x 5 e 3x (3x 1 1)
e 2x x 3 3 2 3x 2e 2x ( x ) 2 e 2x f r (x) 5 x2 d. f ( x ) 5 !xe x 1 f r ( x ) 5 "xe x 1 e x a b 2 !x 2 e. h ( t ) 5 e t 1 3e 2t 2 hr ( t ) 5 2te t 2 3e 2t e 2t f. g ( t ) 5 1 1 e 2t 2e 2t (1 1 e 2t ) 2 2e 2t ( e 2t ) g r (t) 5 (1 1 e 2t )2 2t 2e 5 (1 1 e 2t )2 1 4. a. f r ( x ) 5 (3e 3x 2 3e 23x ) 3 5 e 3x 2 e 23x f r (1) 5 e 3 2 e 23
3

c. f ( x ) 5

5.1 Derivatives of Exponential Functions, y 5 e x, pp. 232234

1. You can only use the power rule when the term containing variables is in the base of the exponential expression. In the case of y 5 e x, the exponent contains a variable. 2. a. y 5 e 3x dy 5 3e 3x dx b. s 5 e 3t 2 5 ds 5 3e 3t 2 5 dt

b. f ( x ) 5 e 2x 1 1
1 b ( x 1 1)2 f r (0) 5 e 21 (1) 1 5 e
1

f r ( x ) 5 e 2x 1 1 a

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual

5-3

c. h r ( z ) 5 2z (1 1 e 2z ) 1 z 2 ( 2 e 2z ) hr ( 2 1) 5 2( 2 1)(1 1 e ) 1 ( 2 1)2 ( 2 e 1 ) 5 2 2 2 2e 2 e 5 2 2 2 3e 2e x 5. a. y 5 1 1 ex dy (1 1 e x )2e x 2 2e x ( e x ) 5 dx (1 1 e x )2 dy 2(2) 2 2(1)(1) 5 dx 22 1 5 2 When x 5 0, the slope of the tangent is 1 2. The equation of the tangent is y 5 1 2 x 1 1, since the y-intercept was given as (0, 1). b.

At the point (1, e 21 ), the slope is e 21 (0) 5 0. The equation of the tangent line at the point A is
y 2 e 21 5 0( x 2 1) or y 5 e . 8. The slope of the tangent line at any point on the
1

curve is

5 (2x 2 x 2 )( e 2x ) 2x 2 x 2 5 . ex Horizontal lines have slope equal to 0.

dy 5 2xe 2x 1 x 2 ( e 2x ) dx

We solve 5 0 dx x (2 2 x ) 5 0. ex Since e x . 0 for all x, the solutions are x 5 0 and x 5 2. The points on the curve at which the tangents are horizontal are (0, 0) and (2, e2). 5 x x 9. If y 5 ( e5 1 e 25 ), then 2 5 1 x 1 x yr 5 a e5 2 e25 b , and 2 5 5 5 1 x 1 x y s 5 a e 5 1 e 25 b 2 25 25 1 5 5x x 5 c ( e 1 e 25 ) d 25 2 1 5 y. 25 10. a. y 5 e 23x dy 5 2 3e 23x dx d 2y 5 9e 23x dx 2 d 3y 5 2 27e 23x dx 3 d ny b. n 5 ( 2 1)n (3n )e 23x dx dy d ( 2 3e x ) 5 11. a. dx dx 5 2 3e x d 2y 5 2 3e x dx 2 d ( xe 2x ) dy 5 b. dx dx 5 ( x )(2e 2x ) 1 ( e 2x )(1) 5 2xe 2x 1 e 2x 5 e 2x (2x 1 1)
4

dy

c. The answers agree very well; the calculator does not show a slope of exactly 0.5, due to internal rounding. 6. y 5 e 2x dy 5 2 e 2x dx When x 5 2 1, The equation of the tangent is y 2 e 5 2 e ( x 1 1) or ex 1 y 5 0.
3 2 1 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 y
dy 5 2 e. And dx

when x 5 2 1, y 5 e.

x 1 2 3

7. The slope of the tangent line at any point is given by dy 5 (1)( e 2x ) 1 x ( 2 e 2x ) dx 5 e 2x (1 2 x ).

5-4

Chapter 5: Derivatives of Exponential and Trigonometric Functions

d 2y 5 e2x (2) 1 (2x 1 1)(2e2x ) dx2 5 4xe2x 1 4e2x d ( e x (4 2 x )) dy c. 5 dx dx x 5 ( e )( 2 1) 1 (4 2 x )( e x ) 5 2 e x 1 4e x 2 xe x 5 3e x 2 xe x 5 e x (3 2 x ) d 2y 5 e x ( 2 1) 1 (3 2 x )( e x ) dx2 5 2e x 2 xe x 5 e x (2 2 x ) 12. a. When t 5 0, N 5 1000 330 1 e 04 5 31 000. dN 1 2t 100 230 t b. 5 1000 c 0 2 e 30 d 5 2 e dt 30 3 dN 100 22 c. When t 5 20h, 52 e 3 8 2 17 bacteria> h. dt 3 t d. Since e 230 . 0 for all t, there is no solution to dN dt 5 0. Hence, the maximum number of bacteria in the culture occurs at an endpoint of the interval of domain. 5 When t 5 50, N 5 1000 330 1 e 23 4 8 30 189. The largest number of bacteria in the culture is 31 000 at time t 5 0. e. The number of bacteria is constantly decreasing as time passes. ds 1 1 t 5 160 a 2 e 24 b 13. a. v 5 dt 4 4 t 5 40(1 2 e24 ) dv 1 t t 5 40 a e 24 b 5 10e 24 b. a 5 dt 4

d. 95% of the terminal velocity is 95 (40) 5 38 m> s. 100 To determine when this velocity occurs, we solve t 40(1 2 e 24 ) 5 38 38 t 1 2 e 24 5 40 1 t e 24 5 20 t e4 5 20 t and 5 ln 20, 4 which gives t 5 4 ln 20 8 12 s. The skydivers velocity is 38 m> s, 12 s after jumping. The distance she has fallen at this time is S 5 160(ln 20 2 1 1 e 220 ) 1 5 160 a ln 20 2 1 1 b 20 8 327.3 m. x 14. a. i. Let f ( x ) 5 ( 1 1 1 x ) . Then,
x 1 10 100 1000 10 000 2 2.5937 2.7048 2.7169 2.7181
x

f (x)

So, from the table one can see that lim (1 1 1 x ) 5 e. ii. Let f ( x ) 5 (1 1 x ) .
x 2 0.1 2 0.01 2 0.001 2 0.0001 ? 0.0001 f (x) 2.8680 2.7320 2.7196 2.7184 ? 2.7181 2.7169 2.7048 2.5937
1

1 x

xS`

From a., v 5 40(1 2 e 24 ), which gives e 24 5 1 2 40. Thus, a 5 10 a 1 2 c. vT 5 lim v

tS` tS`

1 v b 5 10 2 v. 40 4
t 24

vT 5 lim 40(1 2 e ) 1 5 40 lim a 1 2 4t b tS` e 1 t 5 0 t S ` e4 The terminal velocity of the skydiver is 40 m> s. 5 40(1), since lim

0.001 0.01 0.1

So, from the table one can see that lim (1 1 x )x 5 e.

xS0

That is, the limit approaches the value of e 5 2.718 281 828 c b. The limits have the same value because as 1 x S ` , x S 0.

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual

5-5

15. a. The given limit can be rewritten as eh 2 1 e01h 2 e0 5 lim lim hS0 h hS0 h This expression is the limit definition of the derivative at x 5 0 for f ( x ) 5 e x. e01h 2 e0 d c f r (0) 5 lim hS0 h Since f r ( x ) 5 dx 5 e x, the value of the given limit is e 0 5 1. e21h 2 e2 b. Again, lim is the derivative of e x at hS0 h x 5 2. e21h 2 e2 5 e2. Thus, lim hS0 h dy d 2y 5 Ame ex and 2 5 Am 2e ex. 16. For y 5 Ae ex, dt dt Substituting in the differential equation gives Am 2e ex 1 Ame ex 2 6Ae ex 5 0 Ae ex ( m 2 1 m 2 6) 5 0. ex Since Ae 2 0, m 2 1 m 2 6 5 0 ( m 1 3)( m 2 2) 5 0 m 5 2 3 or m 5 2. d 1 x d sinh x 5 c ( e 2 e 2x ) d 17. a. dx dx 2 1 5 ( e x 1 e 2x ) 2 5 cosh x 1 x d cosh x 5 ( e 2 e 2x ) b. dx 2 5 sinh x sinh x , c. Since tanh x 5 cosh x d tanh x dx
d d ( sinh x) (cosh x ) 2 (sinh x )(dx cosh x) dx 5 dex

1 4 (4)

(cosh x )2 1 5 (cosh x )2

18. a. Four terms: 1 1 1 e511 1 1 5 2.666 666 1! 2! 3! Five terms: 1 1 1 1 e511 1 1 1 5 2.708 333 1! 2! 3! 4! Six terms: 1 1 1 1 1 e511 1 1 1 1 5 2.716 666 1! 2! 3! 4! 5! Seven terms: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 2.718 055 e511 1! 2! 3! 4! 5! 6! b. The expression for e in part a. is a special case of
e x 5 1 1 1! 1 2! 1 3! 1 4! 1 c . in that it is the case when x 5 1. Then e x 5 e 1 5 e is in fact 1 1 1 1 1 e 1 5 e 5 1 1 1! 1 2! 1 3! 1 4! 1 5! 1 c . The value of x is 1.
x1 x2 x3 x4

5.2 Derivatives of the General Exponential Function, y 5 b x, p. 240

1. a.
d (23x ) dy 5 dx dx 5 3(23x ) ln 2

b.

dy d (3.1x 1 x 3 ) 5 dx dx 5 ln 3.1(3.1)x 1 3x 2 d (103t 2 5 ) ds 5 dt dt 5 3(103t 2 5 ) ln 10

2

c.

(cosh x )2
2

1 x 2 (e

2 x 2x 1 e 2x )( 1 ) 2 ) (cosh x ) ( e 1 e

d (105 2 6n 1 n ) dw 5 d. dn dn 2 5 ( 2 6 1 2n )(105 2 6n 1 n )ln 10

(cosh x ) 2
1 x 2 (e 2x

e.

x 2x 2 e )( 1 ) 2) ( e 2 e

d (3x 1 2 ) dy 5 dx dx 2 5 2x (3x 1 2 )ln 3 d (400(2)x 1 3 ) dy 5 dx dx 5 400(2)x 1 3 ln 2

(cosh x )2
2x

1 4

S (e

121e

22x

) 2 (e 2 2 1 e

2x

22x

(cosh x )2

)T

f.

5-6

Chapter 5: Derivatives of Exponential and Trigonometric Functions

15. a. The given limit can be rewritten as eh 2 1 e01h 2 e0 5 lim lim hS0 h hS0 h This expression is the limit definition of the derivative at x 5 0 for f ( x ) 5 e x. e01h 2 e0 d c f r (0) 5 lim hS0 h Since f r ( x ) 5 dx 5 e x, the value of the given limit is e 0 5 1. e21h 2 e2 b. Again, lim is the derivative of e x at hS0 h x 5 2. e21h 2 e2 5 e2. Thus, lim hS0 h dy d 2y 5 Ame ex and 2 5 Am 2e ex. 16. For y 5 Ae ex, dt dt Substituting in the differential equation gives Am 2e ex 1 Ame ex 2 6Ae ex 5 0 Ae ex ( m 2 1 m 2 6) 5 0. ex Since Ae 2 0, m 2 1 m 2 6 5 0 ( m 1 3)( m 2 2) 5 0 m 5 2 3 or m 5 2. d 1 x d sinh x 5 c ( e 2 e 2x ) d 17. a. dx dx 2 1 5 ( e x 1 e 2x ) 2 5 cosh x 1 x d cosh x 5 ( e 2 e 2x ) b. dx 2 5 sinh x sinh x , c. Since tanh x 5 cosh x d tanh x dx
d d ( sinh x) (cosh x ) 2 (sinh x )(dx cosh x) dx 5 dex

1 4 (4)

(cosh x )2 1 5 (cosh x )2

18. a. Four terms: 1 1 1 e511 1 1 5 2.666 666 1! 2! 3! Five terms: 1 1 1 1 e511 1 1 1 5 2.708 333 1! 2! 3! 4! Six terms: 1 1 1 1 1 e511 1 1 1 1 5 2.716 666 1! 2! 3! 4! 5! Seven terms: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 2.718 055 e511 1! 2! 3! 4! 5! 6! b. The expression for e in part a. is a special case of
e x 5 1 1 1! 1 2! 1 3! 1 4! 1 c . in that it is the case when x 5 1. Then e x 5 e 1 5 e is in fact 1 1 1 1 1 e 1 5 e 5 1 1 1! 1 2! 1 3! 1 4! 1 5! 1 c . The value of x is 1.
x1 x2 x3 x4

5.2 Derivatives of the General Exponential Function, y 5 b x, p. 240

1. a.
d (23x ) dy 5 dx dx 5 3(23x ) ln 2

b.

dy d (3.1x 1 x 3 ) 5 dx dx 5 ln 3.1(3.1)x 1 3x 2 d (103t 2 5 ) ds 5 dt dt 5 3(103t 2 5 ) ln 10

2

c.

(cosh x )2
2

1 x 2 (e

2 x 2x 1 e 2x )( 1 ) 2 ) (cosh x ) ( e 1 e

d (105 2 6n 1 n ) dw 5 d. dn dn 2 5 ( 2 6 1 2n )(105 2 6n 1 n )ln 10

(cosh x ) 2
1 x 2 (e 2x

e.

x 2x 2 e )( 1 ) 2) ( e 2 e

d (3x 1 2 ) dy 5 dx dx 2 5 2x (3x 1 2 )ln 3 d (400(2)x 1 3 ) dy 5 dx dx 5 400(2)x 1 3 ln 2

(cosh x )2
2x

1 4

S (e

121e

22x

) 2 (e 2 2 1 e

2x

22x

(cosh x )2

)T

f.

5-6

Chapter 5: Derivatives of Exponential and Trigonometric Functions

d ( x 5 3 (5)x ) dy 5 dx dx 5 ( x 5 )((5)x (ln 5)) 1 ((5)x )(5x 4 ) 5 5x 3 ( x 5 3 ln 5) 1 5x 44 2 d ( x (3)x ) dy 5 b. dx dx 2 2 5 ( x )(2x (3)x ln 3) 1 (3)x (1) 2 5 (3)x 3 (2x 2 ln 3) 1 14 c. v 5 (2t )( t 21 ) d ((2t )( t 21 )) dv 5 dt dx 5 (2t )( 2 1t 22 ) 1 ( t 21 )(2t ln 2) 2t 2t ln 2 52 21 t t x 2 3 d. f ( x ) 5 2 x x x 1 ln 3(32 )( x 2 ) 2 2x (32 ) f r (x) 5 2 x4 x x x ln 3(32 ) 2 4(32 ) 5 x4 x 32 3x ln 3 2 44 5 x3 2 3t 2 5 3. f ( t ) 5 10 ? e 2t 2 2 f r ( t ) 5 (103t 2 5 )(4te 2t ) 1 ( e 2t )(3(10)3t 2 5 ln 10) 2 5 103t 2 5e 2t (4t 1 3 ln 10) Now, set f r ( t ) 5 0. 2 So, f r ( t ) 5 0 5 103t 2 5e 2t (4t 1 3ln 10) 2 So 103t 2 5e 2t 5 0 and 4t 1 3 ln 10 5 0. The first equation never equals zero because solving would force one to take the natural log of both sides, but ln 0 is undefined. So the first equation does not produce any values for which f r ( t ) 5 0. The second equation does give one value. 4t 1 3 ln 10 5 0 4t 5 2 3 ln 10 3 ln 10 t52 4 4. When x 5 3, the function y 5 f ( x ) evaluated at 3 is f (3) 5 3(23 ) 5 3(8) 5 24. Also, d (3(2)x ) dy 5 dx dx 5 3(2x )ln 2 So, at x 5 3, dy 5 3(23 )(ln 2) 5 24(ln 2) 8 16.64 dx Therefore, y 2 24 5 16.64( x 2 3) y 2 24 5 16.64x 2 49.92 2 16.64x 1 y 1 25.92 5 0

2. a.

d (10x ) dy 5 dx dx 5 10x ln 10 So, at x 5 1, dy 5 101 ln 10 5 10(ln 10) 8 23.03 dx Therefore, y 2 10 5 23.03( x 2 1) y 2 10 5 23.03x 2 23.03 2 23.03x 1 y 1 13.03 5 0 6. a. The half-life of the substance is the time required for half of the substance to decay. That is, it is when 50% of the substance is left, so P ( t ) 5 50. 50 5 100(1.2)2t 1 5 (1.2)2t 2 1 1 5 2 (1.2)t t (1.2) 5 2 t (ln 1.2) 5 ln 2 ln 1.2 t5 ln 2 t 8 3.80 years Therefore, the half-life of the substance is about 3.80 years. b. The problem asks for the rate of change when t 8 3.80 years. Pr ( t ) 5 2 100(1.2)2t (ln 1.2) Pr (3.80) 5 2 100(1.2)2(3.80) (ln 1.2) 8 2 9.12 So, the substance is decaying at a rate of about 2 9.12 percent> year at the time 3.80 years where the half-life is reached. 7. P 5 0.5(109 )e 0.200 15t dP 5 0.5(109 )(0.200 15)e 0.200 15t a. dt

5.

In 1968, t 5 1 and dt 5 0.5(109 )(0.200 15)e 0.200 15 8 0.122 25 3 109 dollars> annum In 1978, t 5 11 and
8 0.904 67 3 109 dollars> annum. In 1978, the rate of increase of debt payments was $904 670 000> annum compared to $122 250 000> annum in 1968. As a ratio,
dP 5 0.5(109 )(0.200 15)e 11 3 0.200 15 dt

dP

The rate of increase for 1978 is 7.4 times larger than that for 1968.

Rate in 1978 7.4 5 . Rate in 1968 1

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual

5-7

b. In 1988, t 5 21 and dP 5 0.5(109 )(0.200 15)e 21 3 0.200 15 dt 8 6.694 69 3 109 dollars> annum In 1998, t 5 31 and dP 5 0.5(109 )(0.200 15)e 31 3 0.200 15 dt 8 49.541 69 3 109 dollars> annum As a ratio, Rate in 1988 5 1 . The rate of increase for 1998 is 7.4 times larger than that for 1988. c. Answers may vary. For example, data from the past are not necessarily good indicators of what will happen in the future. Interest rates change, borrowing may decrease, principal may be paid off early. 8. When x 5 0, the function y 5 f ( x ) evaluated at 0 2 is f (0) 5 220 5 20 5 1. Also, 2 d (22x ) dy 5 dx dx 2 5 2 2x (22x )ln 2 So, at x 5 0, dy 2 5 2 2(0)(220 )ln 2 5 0 dx Therefore, y 2 1 5 0( x 2 0) So, y 2 1 5 0 or y 5 1.
2 1 8 6 4 2 0 1 2 x 2 4 6 8 y
Rate in 1998 7.4

From the graph, one can notice that the values of v ( t ) quickly rise in the range of about 0 # t # 15. The slope for these values is positive and steep. Then as the graph nears t 5 20 the steepness of the slope decreases and seems to get very close to 0. One can reason that the car quickly accelerates for the first 20 units of time. Then, it seems to maintain a constant acceleration for the rest of the time. To verify this, one could differentiate and look at values where vr ( t ) is increasing.

5.3 Optimization Problems Involving Exponential Functions, pp. 245247

1. a.

The maximum value is about 0.3849. The minimum value is 0. b.

9.
120 100 80 60 40 20 0

v(t)

t 0 20 40 60 80 100 120

The maximum value is about 10.043. The minimum value is about 2 5961.916. 2. a. f ( x ) 5 e 2x 2 e 23x on 0 # x # 10 f r ( x ) 5 2 e 2x 1 3e 23x Let f r ( x ) 5 0, therefore e 2x 1 3e 23x 5 0. Let e 2x 5 w, when 2 w 1 3w 3 5 0. w ( 2 1 1 3w 2 ) 5 0. Therefore, w 5 0 or w 2 5 1 3 1 . w56 "3 But w $ 0, w 5 1
"3 1

5-8

Chapter 5: Derivatives of Exponential and Trigonometric Functions

b. In 1988, t 5 21 and dP 5 0.5(109 )(0.200 15)e 21 3 0.200 15 dt 8 6.694 69 3 109 dollars> annum In 1998, t 5 31 and dP 5 0.5(109 )(0.200 15)e 31 3 0.200 15 dt 8 49.541 69 3 109 dollars> annum As a ratio, Rate in 1988 5 1 . The rate of increase for 1998 is 7.4 times larger than that for 1988. c. Answers may vary. For example, data from the past are not necessarily good indicators of what will happen in the future. Interest rates change, borrowing may decrease, principal may be paid off early. 8. When x 5 0, the function y 5 f ( x ) evaluated at 0 2 is f (0) 5 220 5 20 5 1. Also, 2 d (22x ) dy 5 dx dx 2 5 2 2x (22x )ln 2 So, at x 5 0, dy 2 5 2 2(0)(220 )ln 2 5 0 dx Therefore, y 2 1 5 0( x 2 0) So, y 2 1 5 0 or y 5 1.
2 1 8 6 4 2 0 1 2 x 2 4 6 8 y
Rate in 1998 7.4

From the graph, one can notice that the values of v ( t ) quickly rise in the range of about 0 # t # 15. The slope for these values is positive and steep. Then as the graph nears t 5 20 the steepness of the slope decreases and seems to get very close to 0. One can reason that the car quickly accelerates for the first 20 units of time. Then, it seems to maintain a constant acceleration for the rest of the time. To verify this, one could differentiate and look at values where vr ( t ) is increasing.

5.3 Optimization Problems Involving Exponential Functions, pp. 245247

1. a.

The maximum value is about 0.3849. The minimum value is 0. b.

9.
120 100 80 60 40 20 0

v(t)

t 0 20 40 60 80 100 120

The maximum value is about 10.043. The minimum value is about 2 5961.916. 2. a. f ( x ) 5 e 2x 2 e 23x on 0 # x # 10 f r ( x ) 5 2 e 2x 1 3e 23x Let f r ( x ) 5 0, therefore e 2x 1 3e 23x 5 0. Let e 2x 5 w, when 2 w 1 3w 3 5 0. w ( 2 1 1 3w 2 ) 5 0. Therefore, w 5 0 or w 2 5 1 3 1 . w56 "3 But w $ 0, w 5 1
"3 1

5-8

Chapter 5: Derivatives of Exponential and Trigonometric Functions

When w 5 "3, e 2x 5 "3,

x5

2 x ln e 5 ln 1 2 ln "3

ln "3 2 ln 1 1 5 ln "3 8 0.55.

f (0) 5 e 0 2 e 0 50 f (0.55) 8 0.3849 f (10) 5 e 210 2 e 230 8 0.000 05 Absolute maximum is about 0.3849 and absolute minimum is 0. m ( x ) 5 ( x 1 2)e 22x on 2 4 # x # 4 mr ( x ) 5 e 22x 1 ( 2 2)( x 1 2)e 22x Let mr ( x ) 5 0. e 22x 2 0, therefore, 1 1 ( 2 2)( x 1 2) 5 0 23 x5 2 5 2 1.5. m ( 2 4) 5 2 2e 8 8 2 5961 m ( 2 1.5) 5 0.5e 3 8 10 m (4) 5 6e 28 8 0.0002 The maximum value is about 10 and the minimum value is about 2 5961. b. The graphing approach seems to be easier to use for the functions. It is quicker and it gives the graphs of the functions in a good viewing rectangle. The only problem may come in the second function, m ( x ), because for x , 1.5 the function quickly approaches values in the negative thousands. 20 3. a. P ( t ) 5 1 1 3e 20.02t 20 P (0) 5 1 1 3e 20.02(0) 20 5 1 1 3e 0 20 5 4 55 So, the population at the start of the study when t 5 0 is 500 squirrels. b. The question asks for lim P ( t ).
tS`

20 20.02t tS` t S ` 1 1 3e 20 5 1 1 3(0) 5 20. Therefore, the largest population of squirrels that the forest can sustain is 2000 squirrels. c. A point of inflection can only occur when P s ( t ) 5 0 and concavity changes around the point. 20 P (t) 5 1 1 3e 20.02t P ( t ) 5 20(1 1 3e 20.02t )21

So, lim P ( t ) 5 lim

Pr ( t ) 5 20( 2 (1 1 3e 20.02t )22 ( 2 0.06e 20.02t )) P s ( t ) 5 3(1.2e20.02t )(22(1 1 3e20.02t )23 (2 0.06e 20.02t )4 1 (1 1 3e 20.02t )22 ( 2 0.024e 20.02t ) 0.144e 20.04t 0.024e 20.02t 2 (1 1 3e 20.02t )3 (1 1 3e 20.02t )2 0.144e 20.04t 0.024e 20.02t P s (0) when 2 50 (1 1 3e 20.02t )3 (1 1 3e 20.02t )2 Solving for t after setting the second derivative equal to 0 is very tedious. Use a graphing calculator to determine the value of t for which the second derivative is 0, 54.9. Evaluate P(54.9). The point of inflection is (54.9, 10). d. P(t) 25 5
20 15 10 5 0 t 0 50 100 150 200 250 300

5 (1.2e 20.02t )(1 1 3e 20.02t )22

As t approaches ` , e 20.02t 5

1 e0.02t

approaches 0.

e. P grows exponentially until the point of inflection, then the growth rate decreases and the curve becomes concave down. 4. a. P ( x ) 5 106 31 1 ( x 2 1)e2 0.001x4 , 0 # x # 2000 Using the Algorithm for Extreme Values, we have P (0) 5 106 31 2 14 5 0 P (2000) 5 106 31 1 1999e 224 8 271.5 3 106. Now, Pr ( x ) 5 106 3 (1)e 20.001x 1 ( x 2 1)( 2 0.001)e 20.001x4 5 106e 20.001x (1 2 0.001x 1 0.001)

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual

5-9

Since e 20.001x . 2 for all x, Pr ( x ) 5 0 when 1.001 2 0.001x 5 0 1.001 x5 5 1001. 0.001 P (1001) 5 106 31 1 1000e 21.0014 8 368.5 3 106 The maximum monthly profit will be 368.5 3 106 dollars when 1001 items are produced and sold. b. The domain for P ( x ) becomes 0 # x # 500. P (500) 5 106 31 1 499e 20.54 5 303.7 3 106 Since there are no critical values in the domain, the maximum occurs at an endpoint. The maximum monthly profit when 500 items are produced and sold is 303.7 3 106 dollars. 5. R ( x ) 5 40x 2e 20.4x 1 30, 0 # x # 8 We use the Algorithm for Extreme Values: Rr ( x ) 5 80xe 20.4x 1 40x 2 ( 2 0.4)e 20.4x 5 40xe 20.4x (2 2 0.4x ) Since e 20.4x . 0 for all x, Rr ( x ) 5 0 when x 5 0 or 2 2 0.4x 5 0 x 5 5. R (0) 5 30 R (5) 8 165.3 R (8) 8 134.4 The maximum monthly revenue of 165.3 thousand dollars is achieved when 500 units are produced and sold. 6. P ( t ) 5 100( e 2t 2 e 24t ), 0 # t # 3 Pr ( t ) 5 100( 2 e 2t 1 4e 24t ) 5 100e 2t ( 2 1 1 4e 23t ) Since e 2t . 0 for all t, Pr ( t ) 5 0 when 4e 23t 5 1 1 e 23t 5 4 2 3t 5 ln (0.25) 2 ln (0.25) t5 3 5 0.462. P (0) 5 0 P (0.462) 8 47.2 P (3) 8 4.98 The highest percentage of people spreading the rumour is 47.2% and occurs at the 0.462 h point.

7. C 5 0.015 3 109e 0.075 33t, 0 # t # 100 a. C (t)

Capital investment from U.S. sources ($100 million) 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 t 20 40 60 80 100 Years since 1867

dC 5 0.015 3 109 3 0.075 33e 0.075 33t dt In 1947, t 5 80 and the growth rate was dC 5 0.468 05 3 109 dollars> year. dt In 1967, t 5 100 and the growth rate was dC 5 2.1115 3 109 dollars> year. dt The ratio of growth rates of 1967 to that of 1947 is 2.1115 3 109 4.511 . 9 5 0.468 05 3 10 1 The growth rate of capital investment grew from 468 million dollars per year in 1947 to 2.112 billion dollars per year in 1967. c. In 1967, the growth rate of investment as a percentage of the amount invested is 2.1115 3 109 3 100 5 7.5%. 28.0305 3 109 d. In 1977, t 5 110 C 5 59.537 3 109 dollars dC 5 4.4849 3 109 dollars> year. dt e. Statistics Canada data shows the actual amount of U.S. investment in 1977 was 62.5 3 109 dollars. The error in the model is 3.5%. f. In 2007, t 5 140. The expected investment and growth rates are

b.

C 5 570.490 3 109 dollars and dC 5 42.975 3 109 dt dollars> year.

5-10

Chapter 5: Derivatives of Exponential and Trigonometric Functions

8. a. The growth function is N 5 25. The number killed is given by K 5 e . After 60 minutes, N 5 212. Let T be the number of minutes after 60 minutes. The population of the colony at any time, T after the first 60 minutes is P5N2k 60 1 T T 5 2 5 2 e3 , T $ 0 dP 1 1 T 60 1 T 5 2 5 a b ln 2 2 e 3 dt 5 3 ln 2 1 T 12 1 T 52 5 a b 2 e3 5 3 ln 2 1 T T 5 212 ? 2 5 a b 2 e3 5 3 dP ln 2 1 T T 5 0 when 212 2 5 5 e 3 or dt 5 3 ln 2 12 T T 3 ? 2 25 5 e3 . 5 We take the natural logarithm of both sides: ln 2 T T ln a 3.212 b 1 ln 2 5 5 5 3 1 ln 2 b 7.4404 5 T a 2 3 5 7.4404 5 38.2 min. T5 0.1947 At T 5 0, P 5 212 5 4096. At T 5 38.2, P 5 478 158. For T . 38.2, dP is always negative. dt The maximum number of bacteria in the colony occurs 38.2 min after the drug was introduced. At this time the population numbers 478 158. 60 1 T T b. P 5 0 when 2 5 5 e 3 T 60 1 T ln 2 5 5 3 ln 2 1 b 12 ln 2 5 T a 2 3 5 T 5 42.72 The colony will be obliterated 42.72 minutes after the drug was introduced. 9. Let t be the number of minutes assigned to study for the first exam and 30 2 t minutes assigned to study for the second exam. The measure of study effectiveness for the two exams is given by E ( t ) 5 E1 ( t ) 1 E2 (30 2 t ), 0 # t # 30
5 0.5( 10 1 te 210 ) 1 0.6( 9 1 (30 2 t )e 2
t 30 2 t 20

t 3

Er ( t ) 5 0.5 a e 210 2
t

1 210 t te b 10 1 30 2 t 30 2 t 1 0.6 a 2 e 2 5 1 (30 2 t )e 2 20 b 20 t 30 2 t 210 5 0.05e (10 2 t ) 1 0.03e 2 5 ( 2 20 1 30 2 t )

t 30 2 t 5

5 ( 0.05e 210 1 0.03e 2

) (10 2 t )

Er ( t ) 5 0 when 10 2 t 5 0 t 5 10 (The first factor is always a positive number.) 3 E (0) 5 5 1 5.4 1 18e 22 5 14.42 E (10) 5 16.65 E (30) 5 11.15 For maximum study effectiveness, 10 h of study should be assigned to the firs exam and 20 h of study for the second exam. 10. Use the algorithm for finding extreme values. First, find the derivative f r ( x ). Then, find any critical points by setting f r ( x ) 5 0 and solving for x. Also, find the values of x for which f r ( x ) is undefined. Together these are the critical values. Now, evaluate f ( x ) for the critical values and the endpoints 2 and 2 2. The highest value will be the absolute maximum on the interval and the lowest value will be the absolute minimum on the interval. 11. a. f r ( x ) 5 ( x 2 )( e x ) 1 ( e x )(2x ) 5 e x ( x 2 1 2x ) The function is increasing when f r ( x ) . 0 and decreasing when f r ( x ) , 0. First, find the critical values of f r ( x ). Solve e x 5 0 and ( x 2 1 2x ) 5 0 ex is never equal to zero. x 2 1 2x 5 0 x ( x 1 2) 5 0. So, the critical values are 0 and 2 2.
Interval ex (x2 1 2 x)

x , 22 22 , x , 0 0,x

1 2 1

So, f ( x ) is increasing on the intervals ( 2 ` , 2 2) and (0, ` ). Also, f ( x ) is decreasing on the interval ( 2 2, 0). b. At x 5 0, f r ( x ) switches from decreasing on the left of zero to increasing on the right of zero. So, x 5 0 is a minimum. Since it is the only critical point that is a minimum, it is the x-coordinate of the

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual

5-11

absolute minimum value of f ( x ). The absolute minimum value is f (0) 5 0. 12. a. yr 5 e x Setting e x 5 0 yields no solutions for x. ex is a function that is always increasing. So, there is no maximum or minimum value for y 5 e x 1 2.
8 6 4 2 8 6 4 2 0 2 y

Interval

2e 2x (2x 1 1)

x,2 x.2

1 2 1 2

2 1

x 2 4 6 8

So y is decreasing on the left of x 5 2 1 2 and x 5 21 . increasing on the right of x 5 2 1 So 2 2 is the x-coordinate of the minimum of y. The minimum value is 1 1 2 a2 b ( e2(22 ) ) 2 5 2 e21 8 2 0.37. There is no maximum value.
8 6 4 2 8 6 4 2 0 2 y

b. yr 5 ( x )( e x ) 1 ( e x )(1) 5 e x ( x 1 1) Solve e x 5 0 and ( x 1 1) 5 0 ex is never equal to zero. x1150 x 5 2 1. So there is one critical point: x 5 2 1.
Interval ex ( x 1 1)

x 2

x , 21 x . 21

2 1

So y is decreasing on the left of x 5 2 1 and increasing on the right of x 5 2 1. So x 5 2 1 is the x-coordinate of the minimum of y. The minimum value is 2 e21 1 3 8 2.63. There is no maximum value.
8 6 4 2 8 6 4 2 0 2
2x

d. yr 5 (3x )( 2 e 2x ) 1 ( e 2x )(3) 1 1 5 3e 2x (1 2 x ) 1 1 Solve 3e 2x (1 2 x ) 1 1 5 0. This gives no real solutions. By looking at the graph of y 5 f ( x ), one can see that the function is always increasing. So, there is no maximum or minimum value for y 5 3xe 2x 1 x.
8 4 8 4 0 4 8 x 4 8 y

x 2 4 6 8
2x

c. yr 5 (2x )(2e ) 1 ( e )(2) 5 2e2x (2x 1 1) Solve 2e2x 5 0 and (2x 1 1) 5 0 2e 2x is never equal to zero. 2x 1 1 5 0 1 x52 2 So there is one critical point: x 5 2 1 2.

13. Pr ( x ) 5 ( x )( 2 xe 20.5x ) 1 ( e 20.5x )(1) 2 5 e 20.5x ( 2 x 2 1 1) 2 Solve e 20.5x 5 0 and (1 2 x 2 ) 5 0. 20.5x 2 e gives no critical points. 1 2 x2 5 0 (1 2 x )(1 1 x ) 5 0

5-12

Chapter 5: Derivatives of Exponential and Trigonometric Functions

So x 5 1 and x 5 2 1 are the critical points. So P ( x ) is decreasing on the left of x 5 2 1 and on

Interval e20.5x ( 2x2 1 1)
2

c. There is a maximum at t 5 for t ,

1 ln 2

1 ln 2

since dr ( t ) , 0
1 . ln 2

and dr ( t ) . 0 for t .

x , 21 21 , x , 1 1,x

2 1 2

The maximum speed is

d

(ln12) 5 200 (ln12) (2)

1 2In 2

the right of x 5 1 and it is increasing between x 5 2 1 and x 5 1. So x 5 2 1 is the x-coordinate of the minimum of P ( x ). Also, x 5 1 is the x-coordinate of the maximum of P ( x ). The minimum value is 2 P ( 2 1) 5 ( 2 1)( e 20.5(21) ) 5 2 e 20.5 8 2 0.61. The maximum value is 2 P (1) 5 (1)( e 20.5(1) ) 5 e 20.5 8 0.61. 14. a. d(t)
120 100 80 60 40 20 0 t 0 2 4 6 8 10 12

d. The door seems to be closed for t . 10 s. 15. The solution starts in a similar way to that of 9. The effectiveness function is t 25 2 t E ( t ) 5 0.5( 10 1 te 210) 1 0.6( 9 1 (25 2 t )e 2 20 ) . The derivative simplifies to t 25 2 t Er ( t ) 5 0.05e 210 (10 2 t ) 1 0.03e 2 20 (5 2 t ). This expression is very difficult to solve analytically. By calculation on a graphing calculator, we can determine the maximum effectiveness occurs when t 5 8.16 hours. aL 16. P 5 a 1 ( L 2 a )e 2kLt a. We are given a 5 100, L 5 10 000, k 5 0.0001. 106 104 P5 2t 5 100 1 9900e 1 1 99e 2t 4 2t 21 5 10 (1 1 99e )
P Number of cells (thousands) 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 2 4 6 8 Days 10 12 t

8 106.15 degrees> s

b. The speed is increasing when dr ( t ) . 0 and the speed is decreasing when dr ( t ) , 0. dr ( t ) 5 (200t )( 2 22t )(ln 2) 1 (22t )(200) 5 200(2)2t ( 2 t ln 2 1 1) Solve 200(2)2t 5 0 and 2 t ln 2 1 1 5 0. 200(2)2t gives no critical points. 2 t ln 2 1 1 5 0 1 t5 8 1.44 ln 2 So t 5
1 ln 2

is the critical point.

200(2)2t ( 2t ln2 1 1)

b. We need to determine when the derivative of the growth rate dt is zero, i.e., when dt 2 5 0. dP 2 104 ( 2 99e 2t ) 990 000e 2t 5 5 dt (1 1 99e 2t )2 (1 1 99e 2t )2 d 2P 2 990 000e 2t (1 1 99e 2t )2 2 990 000e 2t 2 5 dt (1 1 99e 2t )4 (2)(1 1 99e 2t )( 2 99e 2t ) 3 (1 1 99e 2t )4 2990 000e2t (1 1 99e 2t ) 1 198(990 000)e 22t 5 (1 1 99e 2t )3

Interval

(dP)

d 2P

t, t.

1 ln2 1 ln2

1 2

So the speed of the closing door is increasing when

0,t,
1 ln 2

and decreasing when t .

1 . ln 2

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual

5-13

dP 2 5 0 dt

when

990 000e 2t ( 2 1 2 99e 2t 1 198e 2t ) 5 0 99e 2t 5 1 e t 5 99 t 5 ln 99 8 4.6 After 4.6 days, the rate of change of the growth rate is zero. At this time the population numbers 5012.

c. When t 5 3, dt 5 (1 1 99e 23 )2 8 1402 cells> day.

dP 990 000e 23 dP 990 000e 28

When t 5 8, dt 5 (1 1 99e 28 )2 8 311 cells> day. The rate of growth is slowing down as the colony is getting closer to its limiting value.

Mid-Chapter Review, pp. 248249

d (5e 23x ) dy 5 dx dx 5 (5e 23x )( 2 3x )r 5 (5e 23x )( 2 3) 5 2 15e 23x 1 d( 7e7 x) dy b. 5 dx dx 1 r 1 b 5 ( 7e7 x) a x 7 1 1 5 ( 7e7 x) a b 7 1 5 e7 x dy c. 5 ( x 3 )( e 22x )r 1 ( x 3 )r ( e 22x ) dx 5 ( x 3 )(( e 22x )( 2 2x )r ) 1 (3x 2 )( e 22x ) 5 ( x 3 )(( e 22x ))( 2 2) 1 3x 2e 22x 5 2 2x 3e 22x 1 3x 2e 22x 5 e 22x ( 2 2x 3 1 3x 2 ) dy 5 ( x 2 1)2 ( e x )r 1 ( ( x 2 1)2 )r ( e x ) d. dx 5 ( x 2 1)2 ( e x ) 1 (2( x 2 1))( e x ) 5 ( x 2 2 2x 1 1)( e x ) 1 (2x 2 2)( e x ) 5 ( e x )( x 2 2 2x 1 1 1 2x 2 2) 5 ( e x )( x 2 2 1) dy e. 5 2( x 2 e 2x )( x 2 e 2x )r dx 5 2( x 2 e 2x )(1 2 ( e 2x )( 2 x )r ) 5 2( x 2 e 2x )(1 2 ( e 2x )( 2 1)) 5 2( x 2 e 2x )(1 1 e 2x ) 5 2( x 1 xe 2x 2 e 2x 2 e 2x 1 2 x ) 5 2( x 1 xe 2x 2 e 2x 2 e 22x )

1. a.

dy ( e x 1 e 2x )( e x 2 e 2x )r 5 dx ( e x 1 e 2x )2 ( e x 2 e 2x )( e x 1 e 2x )r 2 ( e x 1 e 2x )2 ( e x 1 e 2x )( e x 2 ( e 2x )( 2 x )r ) 5 ( e x 1 e 2x )2 ( e x 2 e 2x )( e x 1 ( e 2x )( 2 x )r ) 2 ( e x 1 e 2x )2 x 2x ( e 1 e )( e x 2 ( e 2x )( 2 1)) 5 ( e x 1 e 2x )2 ( e x 2 e 2x )( e x 1 ( e 2x )( 2 1)) 2 ( e x 1 e 2x )2 ( e x 1 e 2x )( e x 1 e 2x ) 5 ( e x 1 e 2x )2 ( e x 2 e 2x )( e x 2 e 2x ) 2 ( e x 1 e 2x )2 e 2x 1 e 0 1 e 0 1 e 22x 5 ( e x 1 e 2x )2 ( e 2x 2 e 0 2 e 0 1 e 22x ) 2 ( e x 1 e 2x )2 e 2x 1 e 0 1 e 0 1 e 22x 2 e 2x 5 ( e x 1 e 2x )2 e 0 1 e 0 2 e 22x 1 ( e x 1 e 2x )2 4 5 x ( e 1 e 2x )2 dP 2. a. 5 100e 25t ( 2 5t )r dt 5 100e 25t ( 2 5) 5 2 500e 25t b. The time is needed for when the sample of the substance is at half of the original amount. So, find t when P 5 1 2.

f.

P 5 100e 25t 1 5 100e 25t 2 1 5 e 25t 200 1 5 2 5t ln 200 1 ln 200 5t 25

5-14

Chapter 5: Derivatives of Exponential and Trigonometric Functions

dP 2 5 0 dt

when

990 000e 2t ( 2 1 2 99e 2t 1 198e 2t ) 5 0 99e 2t 5 1 e t 5 99 t 5 ln 99 8 4.6 After 4.6 days, the rate of change of the growth rate is zero. At this time the population numbers 5012.

c. When t 5 3, dt 5 (1 1 99e 23 )2 8 1402 cells> day.

dP 990 000e 23 dP 990 000e 28

When t 5 8, dt 5 (1 1 99e 28 )2 8 311 cells> day. The rate of growth is slowing down as the colony is getting closer to its limiting value.

Mid-Chapter Review, pp. 248249

d (5e 23x ) dy 5 dx dx 5 (5e 23x )( 2 3x )r 5 (5e 23x )( 2 3) 5 2 15e 23x 1 d( 7e7 x) dy b. 5 dx dx 1 r 1 b 5 ( 7e7 x) a x 7 1 1 5 ( 7e7 x) a b 7 1 5 e7 x dy c. 5 ( x 3 )( e 22x )r 1 ( x 3 )r ( e 22x ) dx 5 ( x 3 )(( e 22x )( 2 2x )r ) 1 (3x 2 )( e 22x ) 5 ( x 3 )(( e 22x ))( 2 2) 1 3x 2e 22x 5 2 2x 3e 22x 1 3x 2e 22x 5 e 22x ( 2 2x 3 1 3x 2 ) dy 5 ( x 2 1)2 ( e x )r 1 ( ( x 2 1)2 )r ( e x ) d. dx 5 ( x 2 1)2 ( e x ) 1 (2( x 2 1))( e x ) 5 ( x 2 2 2x 1 1)( e x ) 1 (2x 2 2)( e x ) 5 ( e x )( x 2 2 2x 1 1 1 2x 2 2) 5 ( e x )( x 2 2 1) dy e. 5 2( x 2 e 2x )( x 2 e 2x )r dx 5 2( x 2 e 2x )(1 2 ( e 2x )( 2 x )r ) 5 2( x 2 e 2x )(1 2 ( e 2x )( 2 1)) 5 2( x 2 e 2x )(1 1 e 2x ) 5 2( x 1 xe 2x 2 e 2x 2 e 2x 1 2 x ) 5 2( x 1 xe 2x 2 e 2x 2 e 22x )

1. a.

dy ( e x 1 e 2x )( e x 2 e 2x )r 5 dx ( e x 1 e 2x )2 ( e x 2 e 2x )( e x 1 e 2x )r 2 ( e x 1 e 2x )2 ( e x 1 e 2x )( e x 2 ( e 2x )( 2 x )r ) 5 ( e x 1 e 2x )2 ( e x 2 e 2x )( e x 1 ( e 2x )( 2 x )r ) 2 ( e x 1 e 2x )2 x 2x ( e 1 e )( e x 2 ( e 2x )( 2 1)) 5 ( e x 1 e 2x )2 ( e x 2 e 2x )( e x 1 ( e 2x )( 2 1)) 2 ( e x 1 e 2x )2 ( e x 1 e 2x )( e x 1 e 2x ) 5 ( e x 1 e 2x )2 ( e x 2 e 2x )( e x 2 e 2x ) 2 ( e x 1 e 2x )2 e 2x 1 e 0 1 e 0 1 e 22x 5 ( e x 1 e 2x )2 ( e 2x 2 e 0 2 e 0 1 e 22x ) 2 ( e x 1 e 2x )2 e 2x 1 e 0 1 e 0 1 e 22x 2 e 2x 5 ( e x 1 e 2x )2 e 0 1 e 0 2 e 22x 1 ( e x 1 e 2x )2 4 5 x ( e 1 e 2x )2 dP 2. a. 5 100e 25t ( 2 5t )r dt 5 100e 25t ( 2 5) 5 2 500e 25t b. The time is needed for when the sample of the substance is at half of the original amount. So, find t when P 5 1 2.

f.

P 5 100e 25t 1 5 100e 25t 2 1 5 e 25t 200 1 5 2 5t ln 200 1 ln 200 5t 25

5-14

Chapter 5: Derivatives of Exponential and Trigonometric Functions

Now, the question asks for dt 5 Pr when

t5 Pr a
1 ln 200 8 1.06 25

dP

1 ln 200 b 5 2 2.5 (using a calculator) 25

dy 5 ( 2 x )( e x )r 1 ( e x )( 2 x )r dx 5 ( 2 x )( e x ) 1 ( e x )( 2 1) 5 2 xe x 2 e x At the point x 5 0, dy 5 2 0e 0 2 e 0 5 2 1. dx At the point x 5 0, y 5 2 2 0e 0 5 2 So, an equation of the tangent to the curve at the point x 5 0 is y 2 2 5 2 1( x 2 0) y 2 2 5 2x y 5 2x 1 2 x1y2250 4. a. yr 5 2 3( e x )r 5 2 3e x y s 5 2 3e x b. yr 5 ( x )( e 2x )r 1 ( e 2x )( x )r 5 ( x )(( e 2x ) 1 (2x )r ) 1 ( e 2x )(1) 5 ( x )(( e 2x )(2)) 1 e 2x 5 2xe 2x 1 e 2x y s 5 (2x )( e 2x )r 1 ( e 2x )(2x )r 1 e 2x (2x )r 5 (2x )(( e 2x )(2x )r ) 1 ( e 2x )(2) 1 ( e 2x )(2) 5 (2x )(( e 2x )(2)) 1 2e 2x 1 2e 2x 5 4xe 2x 1 4e 2x c. yr 5 ( e x )(4 2 x )r 1 (4 2 x )( e x )r 5 ( e x )( 2 1) 1 (4 2 x )( e x ) 5 2 e x 1 4e x 2 xe x 5 3e x 2 xe x y s 5 (3e x )r 2 3 ( x )( e x )r 1 ( e x )( x )r 4 5 3e x 2 3xe x 1 ( e x )(1)4 5 3e x 2 xe x 2 e x 5 2e x 2 xe x dy 5 (82x 1 5 )(ln 8)(2x 1 5)r 5. a. dx 5 (82x 1 5 )(ln 8)(2) 5 2(ln 8)(82x 1 5 )

3.

dy 5 3.2((10)0.2x )(ln 10)(0.2x )r dx 5 3.2((10)0.2x )(ln 10)(0.2) 5 0.64(ln 10)((10).2x ) c. f r ( x ) 5 ( x 2 )(2x ) r 1 (2x )( x 2 ) r 5 ( x 2 )(2x )(ln 2) 1 (2x )(2x ) 5 (ln 2)( x 22x ) 1 2x2x 5 2x ((ln 2)( x 2 ) 1 2x ) d. Hr ( x ) 5 300((5)3x 2 1 )(ln 5)(3x 2 1)r 5 300((5)3x 2 1 )(ln 5)(3) 5 900(ln 5)(5)3x 2 1 5 900(ln 5)(5)3x 2 1 e. qr ( x ) 5 (1.9)x ? (ln 1.9) 1 1.9( x )1.9 2 1 5 (1.9)x ? (ln 1.9) 1 1.9( x )0.9 5 (ln 1.9)(1.9)x 1 1.9x 0.9 f. f r ( x ) 5 ( x 2 2)2 (4x )r 1 (4x )( ( x 2 2)2 )r 5 ( x 2 2)2 (4x )(ln 4) 1 (4x )(2( x 2 2)) 5 (ln 4)(4x )( x 2 2)2 1 (4x )(2x 2 4) 5 4x ((ln 4)( x 2 2)2 1 2x 2 4) 6. a. The initial number of rabbits in the forest is given by the time t 5 0. 0 R (0) 5 500( 10 1 e 2 10) 5 500(10 1 1) 5 500(11) 5 5500

b.

b. The rate of change is the derivative, dt . t R ( t ) 5 5000 1 500( e210)

dR t r t 5 0 1 500( e210) a 2 b dt 10 1 t 5 500( e210) a 2 b 10 t 5 2 50( e210) c. 1 year 5 12 months

dR

The question asks for dt 5 Rr when t 5 12. 12 Rr (12) 5 2 50( e210) 8 2 15.06 d. To find the maximum number of rabbits, optimize the function. t Rr ( t ) 5 2 50( e210)
0 5 2 50( e210) 0 5 e210
t t

dR

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual

5-15

When solving, the natural log (ln) of both sides must be taken, but (ln 0) does not exist. So there are no solutions to the equation. The function is therefore always decreasing. So, the largest number of rabbits will exist at the earliest time in the interval at time t 5 0. To check, compare R (0) and R (36). R (0) 5 5500 and R (36) 8 5013. So, the largest number of rabbits in the forest during the first 3 years is 5500. e. 6000
4000

ln

2 5 2t 3

2 2 a ln b 5 t 3 Therefore, t 5 2 ( ln 2 3 ) 8 0.41 is the critical value. Now, use the algorithm for finding extreme values. C (0) 5 10( e 0 2 e 0 ) 5 0 2 Ca 2 a ln bb 8 1.48 (using a calculator) 3 C (5) 5 0.0005

2000

10

20 30 40

The graph is constantly decreasing. The y-intercept is at the point (0, 5500). Rabbit populations normally grow exponentially, but this population is shrinking exponentially. Perhaps a large number of rabbit predators such as snakes recently began to appear in the forest. A large number of predators would quickly shrink the rabbit population. 7. The highest concentration of the drug can be found by optimizing the given function. C ( t ) 5 10e 22t 2 10e 23t Cr ( t ) 5 (10e 22t )( 2 2t )r 2 (10e 23t )( 2 3t )r 5 (10e 22t )( 2 2) 2 (10e 23t )( 2 3) 5 2 20e 22t 1 30e 23t Set the derivative of the function equal to zero and find the critical points. 0 5 2 20e 22t 1 30e 23t 20e 22t 5 30e 23t 2 2 2t e 5 e 23t 3 e 23t 2 5 22t 3 e 2 5 ( e 23t )( e 2t ) 3 2 5 e 23t 1 2t 3 2 5 e 2t 3

So, the function has a maximum when t 5 2 ( ln 2 3 ) 8 0.41. Therefore, during the first five hours, the highest concentration occurs at about 0.41 hours. 8. y 5 ce kx yr 5 cke kx The original function is increasing when its derivative is positive and decreasing when its derivative is negative. e kx . 0 for all k, x P R. So, the original function represents growth when ck . 0, meaning that c and k must have the same sign. The original function represents decay when c and k have opposite signs. 9. a. A ( t ) 5 5000e 0.02t 5 5000e 0.02(0) 5 5000 The initial population is 5000. b. at t 5 7 A (7) 5 5000e 0.02(7) 5 5751 After a week, the population is 5751. c. at t 5 30 A (30) 5 5000e 0.02(30) 5 9111 After 30 days, the population is 9111. 10. a. P (5) 5 760e 20.125(5) 8 406.80 mm Hg b. P (7) 5 760e 20.125(7) 8 316.82 mm Hg c. P (9) 5 760e 20.125(9) 8 246.74 mm Hg 11. A 5 100e 20.3x Ar 5 100e 20.3x ( 2 0.3) 5 2 30e 20.3x When 50% of the substance is gone, y 5 50 50 5 100e 20.3x 0.5 5 e 20.3x ln (0.5) 5 ln e 20.3x ln (0.5) 5 2 0.3x ln e

5-16

Chapter 5: Derivatives of Exponential and Trigonometric Functions

ln 0.5 5 2 0.3x ln e ln 0.5 5x 2 0.3 ln e x 5 2.31 Ar 5 2 30e 20.3x Ar (2.31) 5 2 30e 20.3(2.31) Ar 8 2 15 When 50% of the substance is gone, the rate of decay is 15% per year. 12. f ( x ) 5 xe x f r ( x ) 5 xe x 1 (1)e x 5 e x ( x 1 1) x So e . 0 x11.0 x . 21 This means that the function is increasing when x . 2 1. 2 13. y 5 52x When x 5 1, 1 y5 5 2 yr 5 52x ( 2 2x ) ln 5 2 yr 5 2 ln 5 5 2 1 5y 2 5 2 ln 5( x 2 1) 5 5 5y 2 1 5 2 2 ln 5( x 2 1) 5y 2 1 5 ( 2 2 ln 5)x 1 2 ln 5 (2 ln 5)x 1 5y 5 2 ln 5 1 1 y 4
2 4 2 0 2 4 x 2 4

Ar (5) 5 1000(1.06)5 ln 1.06 5 $77.98 Ar (10) 5 1000(1.06)10 ln 1.06 5 $104.35 d. No, the rate is not constant. Ar (2) 5 ln 1.06 e. A (2) Ar (5) 5 ln 1.06 A (5) Ar (10) 5 ln 1.06 A (10)

f. All the ratios are equivalent (they equal ln 1.06, which is about 0.058 27), which means that constant. 15. y 5 cex yr 5 c ( ex ) 1 (0)ex 5 cex y 5 yr 5 ce x
Ar ( t ) A (t)

is

5.4 The Derivatives of y 5 sin x and y 5 cos x, pp. 256257

d (2x ) dy 5 (cos 2x ) ? dx dx 5 2 cos 2x d (3x ) dy b. 5 2 2 (sin 3x ) ? dx dx 5 2 6 sin 3x d ( x 3 2 2x 1 4) dy c. 5 (cos ( x 3 2 2x 1 4)) ? dx dx 2 3 5 (3x 2 2)(cos ( x 2 2x 1 4)) d ( 2 4x ) dy d. 5 2 2 sin ( 2 4x ) ? dx dx 5 8 sin ( 2 4x ) d (3x ) d (4x ) dy e. 5 cos (3x ) ? 1 sin (4x ) ? dx dx dx 5 3 cos (3x ) 1 4 sin (4x ) dy f. 5 2x (ln 2) 1 2 cos x 1 2 sin x dx d (ex) dy g. 5 cos ( e x ) ? dx dx 5 e xcos ( e x ) d (3x 1 2p ) dy h. 5 3 cos (3x 1 2p ) ? dx dx 5 9 cos (3x 1 2p )

1. a.

14. a. A 5 P (1 1 i )t A ( t ) 5 1000(1 1 0.06)t 5 1000(1.06)t b. Ar ( t ) 5 1000(1.06)t (1) ln (1.06) 5 1000(1.06)t ln 1.06 c. Ar (2) 5 1000(1.06)2 ln 1.06 5 $65.47
Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual

5-17

ln 0.5 5 2 0.3x ln e ln 0.5 5x 2 0.3 ln e x 5 2.31 Ar 5 2 30e 20.3x Ar (2.31) 5 2 30e 20.3(2.31) Ar 8 2 15 When 50% of the substance is gone, the rate of decay is 15% per year. 12. f ( x ) 5 xe x f r ( x ) 5 xe x 1 (1)e x 5 e x ( x 1 1) x So e . 0 x11.0 x . 21 This means that the function is increasing when x . 2 1. 2 13. y 5 52x When x 5 1, 1 y5 5 2 yr 5 52x ( 2 2x ) ln 5 2 yr 5 2 ln 5 5 2 1 5y 2 5 2 ln 5( x 2 1) 5 5 5y 2 1 5 2 2 ln 5( x 2 1) 5y 2 1 5 ( 2 2 ln 5)x 1 2 ln 5 (2 ln 5)x 1 5y 5 2 ln 5 1 1 y 4
2 4 2 0 2 4 x 2 4

Ar (5) 5 1000(1.06)5 ln 1.06 5 $77.98 Ar (10) 5 1000(1.06)10 ln 1.06 5 $104.35 d. No, the rate is not constant. Ar (2) 5 ln 1.06 e. A (2) Ar (5) 5 ln 1.06 A (5) Ar (10) 5 ln 1.06 A (10)

f. All the ratios are equivalent (they equal ln 1.06, which is about 0.058 27), which means that constant. 15. y 5 cex yr 5 c ( ex ) 1 (0)ex 5 cex y 5 yr 5 ce x
Ar ( t ) A (t)

is

5.4 The Derivatives of y 5 sin x and y 5 cos x, pp. 256257

d (2x ) dy 5 (cos 2x ) ? dx dx 5 2 cos 2x d (3x ) dy b. 5 2 2 (sin 3x ) ? dx dx 5 2 6 sin 3x d ( x 3 2 2x 1 4) dy c. 5 (cos ( x 3 2 2x 1 4)) ? dx dx 2 3 5 (3x 2 2)(cos ( x 2 2x 1 4)) d ( 2 4x ) dy d. 5 2 2 sin ( 2 4x ) ? dx dx 5 8 sin ( 2 4x ) d (3x ) d (4x ) dy e. 5 cos (3x ) ? 1 sin (4x ) ? dx dx dx 5 3 cos (3x ) 1 4 sin (4x ) dy f. 5 2x (ln 2) 1 2 cos x 1 2 sin x dx d (ex) dy g. 5 cos ( e x ) ? dx dx 5 e xcos ( e x ) d (3x 1 2p ) dy h. 5 3 cos (3x 1 2p ) ? dx dx 5 9 cos (3x 1 2p )

1. a.

14. a. A 5 P (1 1 i )t A ( t ) 5 1000(1 1 0.06)t 5 1000(1.06)t b. Ar ( t ) 5 1000(1.06)t (1) ln (1.06) 5 1000(1.06)t ln 1.06 c. Ar (2) 5 1000(1.06)2 ln 1.06 5 $65.47
Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual

5-17

dy 5 2x 2 sin x 1 0 dx 5 2x 2 sin x d( 1 1 dy x) j. 5 cos a b ? x dx dx 1 1 5 2 2 cos a b x x dy 2. a. 5 (2 sin x )( 2 sin x ) 1 (cos x )(2 cos x ) dx 5 2 2 sin2 x 1 2 cos2 x 5 2(cos2 x 2 sin2 x ) 5 2 cos (2x ) b. y 5 ( x 21 )(cos 2x ) dy 5 ( x 21 )( 2 2 sin 2x ) 1 (cos 2x )( 2 x 22 ) dx 2 sin 2x cos 2x 52 2 x x2 d (sin 2x ) dy c. 5 2 sin (sin 2x ) ? dx dx 5 2 sin (sin 2x ) ? 2 cos 2x d. y 5 (sin x )(1 1 cos x )21 dy 5 (sin x )( 2 (1 1 cos x )22 ? ( 2 sin x ) dx 1 (1 1 cos x )21 (cos x ) 2 sin2 x cos x 5 2 1 2 (1 1 cos x ) 1 1 cos x sin2 x cos x (1 1 cos x ) 5 1 (1 1 cos x )2 (1 1 cos x )2 2 2 sin x 1 cos x 1 cos x 5 (1 1 cos x )2 1 1 cos x 5 (1 1 cos x )2 1 5 1 1 cos x dy e. 5 ( e x )( 2 sin x 1 cos x ) 1 (cos x 1 sin x )( e x ) dx 5 e x ( 2 sin x 1 cos x 1 cos x 1 sin x ) 5 e x (2 cos x )

i.

p p f r a b 5 cos 3 3 1 5 2 p So an equation for the tangent at the point x 5 is 1 p #3 5 ax 2 b 2 2 3 p 2y 2 #3 5 x 2 3 p 2 x 1 2y 1 a 2 #3 b 5 0 3 b. When x 5 0, f ( x ) 5 f (0) 5 0 1 sin (0) 5 0. f r ( x ) 5 1 1 cos x f r (0) 5 1 1 cos (0) 5111 52 So an equation for the tangent at the point x 5 0 is y 2 0 5 2( x 2 0) y 5 2x 2 2x 1 y 5 0 p p p c. When x 5 , f ( x ) 5 f a b 5 cos a 4 ? b 4 4 4 5 cos ( p ) 5 21 d (4x ) f r ( x ) 5 2 sin (4x ) ? dx 5 2 4 sin (4x ) p p f r a b 5 2 4 sin a 4 ? b 4 4 5 2 4 sin ( p ) 50 p So an equation for the tangent at the point x 5 is y2
4 3

y 2 ( 2 1) 5 0 a x 2 y1150 y 5 21

p b 4

dy f. 5 (2x 3 )(cos x ) 1 (sin x )(6x 2 ) dx 2 3 (3x )( 2 sin x ) 1 (cos x )(3)4 5 2x 3 cos x 1 6x 2 sin x 1 3x sin x 2 3 cos x p p p 3 3. a. When x 5 , f ( x ) 5 f a b 5 sin a b 5 # . 3 3 3 2 f r ( x ) 5 cos x

d. f ( x ) 5 sin 2x 1 cos x, x 5
p

p 2

The point of contact is ( 2 , 0). The slope of the tangent line at any point is f r ( x ) 5 2 cos 2x 2 sin x. At ( 2 , 0), the slope of the tangent line is
2 cos p2 sin 2 5 2 3. p An equation of the tangent line is y 5 2 3 x 2 2 .
p p

5-18

Chapter 5: Derivatives of Exponential and Trigonometric Functions

e. f ( x ) 5 cos a 2x 1

p p b, x 5 3 4
p 4

The point of tangency is a , 2 At a , 2

p 4 !3 b, 2

!3 b . The 2

5 2 sin ( !t ) ? cos ( !t ) ?

slope of the
p

tangent line at any point is f r ( x ) 5 2 2 sin (2x 1 3 ). the slope of the tangent line is

2 2 sin a y1

5p b 5 2 1. 6

An equation of the tangent line is

"3 p 52 x24 . 2

p p p p , f ( x ) 5 f a b 5 2 sin a b cos a b 2 2 2 2 5 2(1)(0) 50 f r ( x ) 5 (2 sin x )( 2 sin x ) 1 (cos x )(2 cos x ) 5 2 2 sin2 x 1 2 cos2 x 5 2(cos2 x 2 sin2 x ) 5 2 cos (2x ) p p f r a b 5 2 cos a 2 ? b 2 2 5 2 cos p 5 22 p So an equation for the tangent when x 5 is

f. When x 5

p y 2 0 5 22 ax 2 b 2 y 5 2 2x 1 p 2x 1 y 2 p 5 0 4. a. One could easily find f r ( x ) and g r ( x ) to see that they both equal 2(sin x )(cos x ). However, it is easier to notice a fundamental trigonometric identity. It is known that sin2 x 1 cos2 x 5 1. So, sin2 x 5 1 2 cos2 x. Therefore, one can notice that f ( x ) is in fact equal to g ( x ). So, because f ( x ) 5 g ( x ), f r ( x ) 5 g r ( x ). b. f r ( x ) and g r ( x ) are negatives of each other. That is, f r ( x ) 5 2(sin x )(cos x ) while g r ( x ) 5 2 2(sin x ) (cos x ).

b. v ( t ) 5 (1 1 cos t 1 sin2 t )2 1 1 vr ( t ) 5 (1 1 cos t 1 sin2 t )22 2 d (1 1 cos t 1 (sin t )2 ) 3 dt d (sin t ) 2 sin t 1 2(sin t ) ? dt 5 2# 1 1 cos t 1 sin2 t 2 sin t 1 2(sin t )(cos t ) 5 2# 1 1 cos t 1 sin2 t c. h ( x ) 5 sin x sin 2x sin 3x So, treat sin x sin 2x as one function, say f ( x ) and treat sin 3x as another function, say g ( x ). Then, the product rule may be used with the chain rule: hr ( x ) 5 f ( x )gr ( x ) 1 g ( x )f r ( x ) 5 (sin x sin 2x )(3 cos 3x ) 1 (sin 3x ) 3 (sin x )(2 cos 2x ) 1 (sin 2x )(cos x )4 5 3 sin x sin 2x cos 3x 1 2 sin x sin 3x cos 2x 1 sin 2x sin 3x cos x d ( x 2 1 (cos x )2 ) d. mr ( x ) 5 3( x 2 1 cos2 x )2 ? dx 5 3(x2 1 cos2 x)2 ? (2x 1 2(cos x) (2sin x)) 5 3( x 2 1 cos2 x )2 ? (2x 2 2 sin x cos x ) 6. By the algorithm for finding extreme values, the maximum and minimum values occur at points on the graph where f r ( x ) 5 0, or at an endpoint of the interval. dy 5 2 sin x 1 cos x a. dx Set
dy 50 dx

sin ( !t ) cos ( !t ) !t
1

1 2 !t

and solve for x to find any critical points.

5. a. v ( t ) 5 (sin ( !t ))2

vr ( t ) 5 2 sin ( !t ) ?

d (sin ( !t )) dt d ( !t ) 5 2 sin ( !t ) ? cos ( !t ) ? dt 1 21 5 2 sin ( !t ) ? cos ( !t ) ? t 2 2

cos x 2 sin x 5 0 cos x 5 sin x sin x 15 cos x 1 5 tan x p 5p x5 , 4 4 Evaluate f ( x ) at the critical numbers, including the endpoints of the interval.

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual

5-19

x f ( x ) 5 cos x 1 sin x

0 1

p 4 "2

5p 4 2 "2

2p 1

c.

dy 5 cos x 1 sin x dx
dy 50 dx

Set

and solve for x to find any critical points.

So, the absolute maximum value on the interval is

# 2 when x 5
y

on the interval is 2 # 2 when x 5

2 1 0 1 2 x p 2p

p 4

and the absolute minimum value

5p . 4

cos x 1 sin x 5 0 sin x 5 2 cos x sin x 5 21 cos x tan x 5 2 1 3p 7p , x5 4 4 Evaluate f ( x ) at the critical numbers, including the endpoints of the interval.
x f ( x ) 5 sin x 2 cos x

0 21

3p 4 "2

7p 4 2 "2

2 21

b.

dy 5 1 2 2 sin x dx
dy 50 dx

So, the absolute maximum value on the interval is on the interval is 2 # 2 when x 5
2 1 0 1 2 x p 2p y

Set

and solve for x to find any critical points.

# 2 when x 5 4 and the absolute minimum value

3p 7p . 4

1 2 2 sin x 5 0 1 5 2 sin x 1 5 sin x 2 p 5p x5 , 6 6 Evaluate f ( x ) at the critical numbers, including the endpoints of the interval.
x

2p 2p 2 2 2

p 6

p 6

p p22 8 1.14

f ( x ) 5 x 1 2 cos x

p p 1 #3 1 #3 6 6 8 2 5.14 8 1.21 8 2.26

d.

dy 5 3 cos x 2 4 sin x dx
dy 50 dx

Set

and solve for x to find any critical points.

So, the absolute maximum value on the interval is p 2.26 when x 5 and the absolute minimum value 6 on the interval is 2 5.14 when x 5 2p.
8 4 p p 2 0 4 8 x p 2 p y

3 cos x 2 4 sin x 5 0 3 cos x 5 4 sin x sin x 3 5 cos x 4 3 5 tan x 4 3 tan21 a b 5 tan21 (tan x ) 4 Using a calculator, x 8 0.6435. This is a critical value, but there is also one more in the interval 0 # x # 2p. The period of tan x is p, so adding p to the one solution will give another solution in the interval. x 5 0.6435 1 p 8 3.7851

5-20

Chapter 5: Derivatives of Exponential and Trigonometric Functions

Evaluate f ( x ) at the critical numbers, including the endpoints of the interval.

x

8. a.

2 1 0 1 2

f(x)

0 4

0.64 5

3.79 25

2p 4

x p 2p

f ( x ) 5 3 sin x 1 4 cos x

So, the absolute maximum value on the interval is 5 when x 8 0.64 and the absolute minimum value on the interval is 2 5 when x 8 3.79.
y 8 4 0 4 8 x p 2p

b. The tangent to the curve f ( x ) is horizontal at the point(s) where f r ( x ) is zero. f r ( x ) 5 2 sin x 1 cos x Set f r ( x ) 5 0 and solve for x to find any critical points. cos x 2 sin x 5 0 cos x 5 sin x sin x 15 cos x 1 5 tan x
x5
p 4 p 4

7. a. The particle will change direction when the velocity, sr ( t ), changes from positive to negative. sr ( t ) 5 16 cos 2t Set sr ( t ) 5 0 and solve for t to find any critical points. 0 5 16 cos 2t 0 5 cos 2t p 3p , 5 2t 2 2 p 3p , 5t 4 4 Also, there is no given interval so it will be beneficial to locate all solutions.
1 pk for some positive Therefore, t 5 1 pk, 4 4 integer k constitutes all solutions.
p 3p

(Note: The solution x 5

5p 4

is not in the

interval 0 # x # p so it is not included.) When

x 5 , f (x) 5 f

One can create a table and notice that on each side of any value of t, the function is increasing on one side and decreasing on the other. So, each t value is either a maximum or a minimum.
t s ( t ) 5 8 sin 2t

p 4 8

3p 4 28

5p 4 8

7p 4 28

The table continues in this pattern for all critical values t. So, the particle changes direction at all critical values. That is, it changes direction for
t5
p 3p 1 pk, 1 pk 4 4

for positive integers k.

b. From the table or a graph, one can see that the particles maximum velocity is 8 at the time p t 5 1 pk.
4

So, the coordinates of the point where the tangent to p the curve of f ( x ) is horizontal is ( , # 2). 4 1 5 (sin x )21 9. csc x 5 sin x 1 sec x 5 5 (cos x )21 cos x Now, the power rule can be used to compute the derivates of csc x and sec x. d (sin x ) ((sin x )21 )r 5 2 (sin x )22 ? dx 5 2 (sin x )22 ? cos x cos x 52 (sin x )2 d (sin x ) ((sin x )21 )r 5 2 (sin x )22 ? dx cos x 1 ? 52 sin x sin x 5 2 csc x cot x d (cos x ) ((cos x )21 )r 5 2 (cos x )22 ? dx 5 2 (cos x )22 ? ( 2 sin x ) sin x 5 (cos x )2 1 sin x 5 ? cos x cos x 5 sec x tan x 5-21

( 4 ) 5 # 2.
p

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual

dy 5 2 2 sin 2x dx p 1 At the point , ,

10.

( 6 2)

function is 1, so the maximum distance from the origin is 4(1) or 4. 12.

h 1m u x 1m 1m u x h

dy p 5 2 2 sin a 2 ? b dx 6 p 5 2 2 sin a b 3 5 22a !3 b 2

Label the base of a triangle x and the height h. So

cos u 5
x 5x 1

and sin u 5

h 5 h. 1

Therefore, x 5 cos u and h 5 sin u. The irrigation channel forms a trapezoid and the area of a trapezoid is
( b1 1 b2 )h 2

Therefore, at the point 6 , 2 , the slope of the tangent to the curve y 5 cos 2x is 2 #3.

5 2#3

where b1 and b2 are

(p 1)

11. a. The particle will change direction when the velocity, sr ( t ) changes from positive to negative. sr ( t ) 5 16 cos 4t Set sr ( t ) 5 0 and solve for t to find any critical points. 0 5 16 cos 4t 0 5 cos 4t p 3p , 5 4t 2 2 p 3p , 5t 8 8 Also, there is no given interval so it will be beneficial to locate all solutions. Therefore, t 5
p 3p 1 pk, 1 pk 8 8

for some positive

integer k constitutes all solutions. One can create a table and notice that on each side of any value of t, the function is increasing on one side and decreasing on the other. So, each t value is either a maximum or a minimum.
t s ( t ) 5 4 sin 4t

p 8 4

3p 8 24

5p 8 4

7p 8 24

The table continues in this pattern for all critical values t. So, the particle changes direction at all critical values. That is, it changes direction for
t5
p 3p 1 pk, 1 pk 4 4

for positive integers k.

b. From the table or a graph, one can see that the particles maximum velocity is 4 at the time p t 5 1 pk.
4

c. At t 5 0, s 5 0, so the minimum distance from the origin is 0. The maximum value of the sine 5-22

the bottom and top bases of the trapezoid and h is the height. b1 5 1 b2 5 x 1 1 1 x 5 cos u 1 1 1 cos u 5 2 cos u 1 1 h 5 sin u Therefore, the area equation is given by (2 cos u 1 1 1 1) sin u A5 2 (2 cos u 1 2) sin u 5 2 2 cos u sin u 1 2 sin u 5 2 5 sin u cos u 1 sin u To maximize the cross-sectional area, differentiate: Ar 5 (sin u )( 2 sin u ) 1 (cos u )(cos u ) 1 cos u 5 2 sin2 u 1 cos2 u 1 cos u Using the trig identity sin2 u 1 cos2 u 5 1, use the fact that sin2 u 5 1 2 cos2 u. Ar 5 2 (1 2 cos2 u ) 1 cos2 u 1 cos u 5 2 1 1 cos2 u 1 cos2 u 1 cos u 5 2 cos2 u 1 cos u2 1 Set Ar 5 0 to find the critical points. 0 5 2 cos2 u 1 cos u 2 1 0 5 (2 cos u2 1)(cos u 1 1) Solve the two expressions for u. 2 cos u 5 1 1 cos u 5 2 p u5 3 Also, cos u 5 2 1 u5p (Note: The question only seeks an answer around p 0 # u # . So, there is no need to find all solutions 2 by adding kp for all integer values of k.) The area, A, when u 5 p is 0 so that answer is disregarded for this problem.

Chapter 5: Derivatives of Exponential and Trigonometric Functions

When u 5 , 3 p p p A 5 sin cos 1 sin 3 3 3 !3 1 !3 5a ? b1 2 2 2

5

!3 2 !3 1 4 4 3 !3 5 4 p The area is maximized by the angle u 5 .

3

14. First find y s . y 5 A cos kt 1 B sin kt yr 5 2 kA sin kt 1 kB cos kt y s 5 2 k 2A cos kt 2 k 2B sin kt So, y s 1 k 2y 5 2 k 2A cos kt 2 k 2B sin kt 1 k 2 ( A cos kt 1 B sin kt ) 5 2 k 2A cos kt 2 k 2B sin kt 1 k 2A cos kt 1 k 2B sin kt 50 Therefore, y s 1 k 2y 5 0.

13. Let O be the centre of the circle with line segments drawn and labeled, as shown.
A uu R O R x 2u D C y B

5.5 The Derivative of y 5 tan x, p. 260

1. a.
d dy 5 sec2 3x a 3x b dx dx 5 3 sec2 3x

In ^ OCB, /COB 5 2u. Thus,

y 5 sin 2u R

and

x 5 cos 2u, R

so y 5 R sin 2u and x 5 R cos 2u. The area A of ^ ABD is 1 A 5 0 DB 0 0 AC 0 2 5 y (R 1 x) 5 R sin 2u ( R 1 R cos 2u ) 5 R 2 (sin 2u 1 sin 2u cos 2u ), where 0 , 2u , p dA 5 R 2 (2 cos 2u 1 2 cos 2u cos 2u du 1 sin 2u ( 2 2 sin 2u )). We solve
dA 5 0: du

d dy 5 2 sec2 x 2 sec 2x a 2x b dx dx 5 2 sec2 x 2 2 sec 2x d dy c. 5 2 tan ( x 3 ) a tan ( x 3 ) b dx dx d dy 5 2 tan ( x 3 ) a tan ( x 3 ) b dx dx d 5 2 tan ( x 3 ) sec2 ( x 3 ) a x 3 b dx 5 6x 2 tan ( x 3 ) sec2 ( x 3 )

b.

2 cos2 2u 2 2 sin2 2u 1 2 cos 2u 5 0 2 cos2 2u 1 cos 2u 2 1 5 0 (2 cos 2u2 1)(cos 2u 1 1) 5 0 1 cos 2u 5 or cos 2u 5 2 1 2 p 2u 5 or 2u 5 p (not in domain). 3 As 2u S 0, A S 0 and as 2u S p, A S 0. The

maximum area of the triangle is when 2u 5 , i.e., u 5 .

p 3 p 6

3 !3 2 R 4

2x tan px 2 x 2 sec2 px px dy dx d. 5 dx tan2 px 2x tan px 2 px 2 sec2 px 5 tan2 px x (2 tan px 2 px sec2 px ) 5 tan2 px d d dy e. 5 sec2 ( x 2 ) a x 2 b 2 2 tan x a b (tan x ) dx dx dx 5 2x sec2 ( x 2 ) 2 2 tan x sec2 x dy d f. 5 tan 5x (3 cos 5x ) a 5x b dx dx d 1 3 sin 5x sec2 5x a 5x b dx 5 15 tan 5x cos 5x 1 15 sin 5x sec2 5x 5 15 (tan 5x cos 5x 1 sin 5x sec2 5x ) 2. a. The general equation for the line tangent to the function f ( x ) at the point (a, b) is y 2 b 5 f r ( x )( x 2 a ). f ( x ) 5 tan x f r ( x ) 5 sec2 x

(d )

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual

5-23

When u 5 , 3 p p p A 5 sin cos 1 sin 3 3 3 !3 1 !3 5a ? b1 2 2 2

5

!3 2 !3 1 4 4 3 !3 5 4 p The area is maximized by the angle u 5 .

3

14. First find y s . y 5 A cos kt 1 B sin kt yr 5 2 kA sin kt 1 kB cos kt y s 5 2 k 2A cos kt 2 k 2B sin kt So, y s 1 k 2y 5 2 k 2A cos kt 2 k 2B sin kt 1 k 2 ( A cos kt 1 B sin kt ) 5 2 k 2A cos kt 2 k 2B sin kt 1 k 2A cos kt 1 k 2B sin kt 50 Therefore, y s 1 k 2y 5 0.

13. Let O be the centre of the circle with line segments drawn and labeled, as shown.
A uu R O R x 2u D C y B

5.5 The Derivative of y 5 tan x, p. 260

1. a.
d dy 5 sec2 3x a 3x b dx dx 5 3 sec2 3x

In ^ OCB, /COB 5 2u. Thus,

y 5 sin 2u R

and

x 5 cos 2u, R

so y 5 R sin 2u and x 5 R cos 2u. The area A of ^ ABD is 1 A 5 0 DB 0 0 AC 0 2 5 y (R 1 x) 5 R sin 2u ( R 1 R cos 2u ) 5 R 2 (sin 2u 1 sin 2u cos 2u ), where 0 , 2u , p dA 5 R 2 (2 cos 2u 1 2 cos 2u cos 2u du 1 sin 2u ( 2 2 sin 2u )). We solve
dA 5 0: du

d dy 5 2 sec2 x 2 sec 2x a 2x b dx dx 5 2 sec2 x 2 2 sec 2x d dy c. 5 2 tan ( x 3 ) a tan ( x 3 ) b dx dx d dy 5 2 tan ( x 3 ) a tan ( x 3 ) b dx dx d 5 2 tan ( x 3 ) sec2 ( x 3 ) a x 3 b dx 5 6x 2 tan ( x 3 ) sec2 ( x 3 )

b.

2 cos2 2u 2 2 sin2 2u 1 2 cos 2u 5 0 2 cos2 2u 1 cos 2u 2 1 5 0 (2 cos 2u2 1)(cos 2u 1 1) 5 0 1 cos 2u 5 or cos 2u 5 2 1 2 p 2u 5 or 2u 5 p (not in domain). 3 As 2u S 0, A S 0 and as 2u S p, A S 0. The

maximum area of the triangle is when 2u 5 , i.e., u 5 .

p 3 p 6

3 !3 2 R 4

2x tan px 2 x 2 sec2 px px dy dx d. 5 dx tan2 px 2x tan px 2 px 2 sec2 px 5 tan2 px x (2 tan px 2 px sec2 px ) 5 tan2 px d d dy e. 5 sec2 ( x 2 ) a x 2 b 2 2 tan x a b (tan x ) dx dx dx 5 2x sec2 ( x 2 ) 2 2 tan x sec2 x dy d f. 5 tan 5x (3 cos 5x ) a 5x b dx dx d 1 3 sin 5x sec2 5x a 5x b dx 5 15 tan 5x cos 5x 1 15 sin 5x sec2 5x 5 15 (tan 5x cos 5x 1 sin 5x sec2 5x ) 2. a. The general equation for the line tangent to the function f ( x ) at the point (a, b) is y 2 b 5 f r ( x )( x 2 a ). f ( x ) 5 tan x f r ( x ) 5 sec2 x

(d )

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual

5-23

p fa b 5 0 4 p f ra b 5 2 4 The equation for the line tangent to the function f ( x ) at x 5 4 is y 5 2 x 2 4 . b. The general equation for the line tangent to the function f ( x ) at the point (a, b) is y 2 b 5 f r ( x )( x 2 a ). f ( x ) 5 6 tan x 2 tan 2x d f r ( x ) 5 6 sec2 x 2 sec2 2x a 2x b dx f r ( x ) 5 6 sec2 x 2 2 sec2 2x f (0) 5 0 f r (0) 5 2 2 The equation for the line tangent to the function f ( x ) at x 5 0 is y 5 2 2x. d dy 5 sec2 x (sin x ) a sin x b 3. a. dx dx 5 cos x sec2 (sin x ) d dy 5 2 2 3tan ( x 2 2 1)4 23 a tan ( x 2 2 1) b b. dx dx 5 2 2 3tan ( x 2 2 1)4 23 sec2 ( x 2 2 1) d 3 a ( x 2 2 1) b dx 5 2 4x 3tan ( x 2 2 1)4 23 sec2 ( x 2 2 1) d dy 5 2 tan (cos x ) a tan (cos x ) b c. dx dx d 5 2 tan (cos x ) sec2 (cos x ) a cos x b dx 5 2 2 tan (cos x ) sec2 (cos x ) sin x dy d 5 2 (tan x 1 cos x ) a tan x 1 cos x b d. dx dx 5 2 (tan x 1 cos x )(sec2 x 2 sin x ) dy d 5 tan x (3 sin2 x ) a sin x b 1 sin3 x sec2 x e. dx dx 2 5 3 tan x sin x cos x 1 sin3 x sec2 x 5 sin2 x (3 tan x cos x 1 sin x sec2 x ) dy d 5 e tan "x a tan "x b f. dx dx d 5 e tan "x (sec2 "x ) a "x b dx 1 5 e tan "x sec2 "x 2"x
p

4. a.

dy 5 tan x cos x 1 sin x sec2 x dx sin x 1 5 ? cos x 1 sin x ? cos x cos2 x sin x 5 sin x 1 cos2 x 2 cos3 x dy 5 cos x 1 dx 2 cos4 x

sin x (2 cos x ) dx cos x 2 cos4 x cos3 x 1 2 sin2 x cos x 5 cos x 1 cos4 x 1 2 sin2 x 5 cos x 1 1 cos x cos3 x 2 sin2 x 5 cos x 1 sec x 1 cos3 x d dy 5 2 tan x a tan x b b. dx dx 5 2 tan x sec2 x 2 sin x 1 5 ? cos x cos2 x 2 sin x 5 cos3 x 2 cos4 x 2 6 sin x cos2 x dxcos x d 2y 5 dx 2 cos6 x 4 2 cos x 1 6 sin2 x cos2 x 5 cos6 x 6 sin2 x 1 2 1 ? 5 2 2 cos x cos x cos2 x 2 5 2 sec x 1 6 tan2 x sec2 x 5 2 sec2 x (1 1 3 tan2 x ) 5. The slope of f ( x ) 5 sin x tan x equals zero when the derivative equals zero. f ( x ) 5 sin x tan x f r ( x ) 5 sin x (sec2x ) 1 tan x (cos x ) sin x 5 sin x (sec2 x ) 1 (cos x ) cos x 5 sin x (sec2 x ) 1 sin x 5 sin x (sec2 x 1 1) 2 sec x 1 1 is always positive, so the derivative is 0 only when sin x 5 0. So, f r ( x ) equals 0 when x 5 0, x 5 p, and x 5 2p. The solutions can be verified by examining the graph of the derivative function shown below.

(d

(d

5-24

Chapter 5: Derivatives of Exponential and Trigonometric Functions

4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4

f '(x)

x 2

cos2 x 1 sin x 1 sin2 x cos2 x 1 1 sin x 5 cos2 x The denominator is never negative. 1 1 sin x . 0 5

for 2 2 , x , 2 , since sin x reaches its minimum of 2 1 at x 5 2 . Since the derivative of the original function is always positive in the specified interval, the function is always increasing in that interval. p p 8. When x 5 , y 5 2 tan ( 4 )
52 y r 5 2 sec2 x p p 2 When x 5 , yr 5 2 a sec b 4 4
4 p

6. The local maximum point occurs when the derivative equals zero. dy 5 2 2 sec2 x dx 2 2 sec2 x 5 0 sec2 x 5 2 sec x 5 6"2 p x56 4 dy p 5 0 when x 5 6 4 , so the local maximum dx p point occurs when x 5 6 4 . Solve for y when
p x 5 4.

5 2( #2)2 54 p So an equation for the tangent at the point x 5 is 4 p y 2 2 5 4 ax 2 b 4 y 2 2 5 4x 2 p 2 4x 1 y 2 (2 2 p ) 5 0

p p y 5 2 a b 2 tan a b 4 4 p y5 21 2 y 5 0.57

Solve for y when x 5 2 .

p p y 5 2 a 2 b 2 tan a 2 b 4 4 p y52 11 2 y 5 2 0.57 p The local maximum occurs at the point 4 , 0.57 . 7. y 5 sec x 1 tan x 1 sin x 5 1 cos x cos x 1 1 sin x 5 cos x cos2 x 2 (1 1 sin x )( 2 sin x ) dy 5 dx cos2 x 2 cos x 2 ( 2 sin x 2 sin2 x ) 5 cos2 x

p 4

9. Write tan x 5 cos x and use the quotient rule to derive the derivative of the tangent function. 10. y 5 cot x 1 y5 tan x tan x (0) 2 (1) sec2 x dy 5 dx tan2 x 2 2 sec x 5 tan2 x
21 cos 2 x 5 sin2 x cos 2 x

sin x

21 sin2 x 5 2 csc2 x 11. Using the fact from question 10 that the derivative of cot x is 2 csc2 x, f r ( x ) 5 2 4 csc2 x 5 2 4 (csc x )2 d (csc x ) f s ( x ) 5 2 8 (csc x ) ? dx 5 2 8 (csc x ) ? ( 2 csc x cot x ) 5 8 csc2 x cot x 5

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual

5-25

Review Exercise, pp. 263265

1. a. yr 5 0 2 e x 5 2ex b. yr 5 2 1 3e x d (2x 1 3) c. yr 5 e 2x 1 3 ? dx 5 2e 2x 1 3 d ( 2 3x 2 1 5x ) 2 d. yr 5 e 23x 1 5x ? dx 2 5 ( 2 6x 1 5)e 23x 1 5x e. yr 5 ( x )( e x ) 1 ( e x )(1) 5 e x ( x 1 1) ( e t 1 1)( e t ) 2 ( e t 2 1)( e t ) f. sr 5 ( e t 1 1)2 2t t e 1 e 2 ( e 2t 2 e t ) 5 ( e t 1 1)2 t 2e 5 t ( e 1 1)2 dy 5 10x ln 10 2. a. dx d (3x 2 ) dy 2 5 43x ? ln 4 ? b. dx dx 3x 2 5 6x (4 )ln 4 dy 5 (5x )(5x ln 5) 1 (5x )(5) c. dx 5 5 ? 5x ( x ln 5 1 1) dy 5 ( x 4 )(2x ln 2) 1 (2x )(4x 3 ) d. dx 5 x 3 ? 2x ( x ln 2 1 4) e. y 5 (4x )(42x ) dy 5 (4x )( 2 42x ln 4) 1 (42x )(4) dx 5 4 ? 42x ( 2 x ln 4 1 1) 4 2 4x ln 4 5 4x x f. y 5 (5# )( x 21 ) dy d ( #x ) 5 (5#x )( 2 x 22 ) 1 ( x 21 ) a 5#x ? ln 5 ? b dx dx 1 1 5 (5#x ) a 2 2 b 1 ( x 21 ) a 5#x ? ln 5 ? b x 2 !x 1 ln 5 b 5 5#x a 2 2 1 x 2x !x d (2x ) d (2x ) dy 5 3 cos (2x ) ? 1 4 sin (2x ) ? 3. a. dx dx dx 5 6 cos (2x ) 1 8 sin (2x )

d (3x ) dy 5 sec2 (3x ) ? dx dx 5 3 sec2 (3x ) c. y 5 (2 2 cos x )21 dy d (2 2 cos x ) 5 2 (2 2 cos x )22 ? dx dx sin x 52 (2 2 cos x )2 d (2x ) dy 5 ( x ) a sec2 (2x ) ? b 1 (tan (2x ))(1) d. dx dx 5 2x sec2 (2x ) 1 tan 2x d (3x ) dy 5 (sin 2x ) a e 3x ? b e. dx dx d (2x ) b 1 ( e 3x ) a cos 2x ? dx 5 3e 3x sin 2x 1 2e 3x cos 2x 5 e 3x (3 sin 2x 1 2 cos 2x ) f. y 5 (cos (2x ))2 d (cos (2x )) dy 5 2 (cos (2x )) ? dx dx d (2x ) 5 2(cos (2x )) ? 2 sin (2x ) ? dx 5 2 4 cos (2x ) sin (2x )

b.

4. a. f ( x ) 5 e x ? x 21 f r ( x ) 5 ( e x )( 2 x 22 ) 1 ( x 21 )( e x ) 1 1 5 ex a2 2 1 b x x 2 2 x 1 x b 5 ex a x3 Now, set f r ( x ) 5 0 and solve for x. 2x 1 x2 0 5 ex a b x3

5 0. Solve e x 5 0 and x3 x e is never zero. x2 2 x 50 x3 x2 2 x 5 0 x ( x 2 1) 5 0 So x 5 0 or x 5 1. (Note, however, that x cannot be zero because this would cause division by zero in the original function.) So x 5 1. b. The function has a horizontal tangent at (1, e ).
x2 2 x

5-26

Chapter 5: Derivatives of Exponential and Trigonometric Functions

5. a. f r ( x ) 5 ( x ) a e 22x ?

d ( 2 2x ) b 1 ( e 22x )(1) dx 5 2 2xe 22x 1 e 22x 5 e 22x ( 2 2x 1 1) 1 1 1 f r a b 5 e 22 2 a 2 2 ? 1 1 b 2 2 5 e 21 ( 2 1 1 1) 50 b. This means that the slope of the tangent to f ( x ) 1 at the point with x-coordinate 2 is 0. x x 6. a. yr 5 ( x )( e ) 1 ( e )(1) 2 e x 5 xe x y s 5 ( x )( e x ) 1 ( e x )(1) 5 xe x 1 e x 5 e x ( x 1 1) b. yr 5 ( x )(10e 10x ) 1 ( e 10x )(1) 5 10xe 10x 1 e 10x y s 5 (10x )(10e 10x ) 1 ( e 10x )(10) 1 10e 10x 5 100xe 10x 1 10e 10x 1 10e 10x 5 100xe 10x 1 20e 10x 5 20e 10x (5x 1 1) e 2x 2 1 7. y 5 2x e 11 dy 2e 2x ( e 2x 1 1) 2 ( e 2x 2 1)(2e 2x ) 5 dx ( e 2x 1 1)2 4x 2x 2e 1 2e 2 2e 4x 1 2e 2x 5 ( e 2x 1 1)2 4e 2x 5 2x ( e 1 1)2

The equation of the tangent line is y 1 ln 2 1 2 5 3( x 1 ln 2) or 3x 2 y 1 2 ln 2 2 2 5 0. 9. When x 5 ,

p p p p p y 5 f ( x ) 5 f a b 5 sin a b 5 (1) 5 2 2 2 2 2 yr 5 f r ( x ) 5 ( x )(cos x ) 1 (sin x )(1) 5 x cos x 1 sin x p p p p f r a b 5 cos 1 sin 2 2 2 2 p 5 (0) 1 1 2 51 p So an equation for the tangent at the point x 5 is 2 p p y 2 5 1 ax 2 b 2 2 p p y2 5x2 2 2 y5x 2x 1 y 5 0
p 2

10. If s ( t ) 5

sin t 3 1 cos 2t

is the function describing

an objects position at time t, then v ( t ) 5 sr ( t ) is the function describing the objects velocity at time t. So v ( t ) 5 sr ( t ) (3 1 cos 2t )(cos t ) 2 (sin t )( 2 2 sin 2t ) 5 (3 1 cos 2t )2
3 1 cos 2 ? 4 cos 4 p sr a b 5 4 p 2 3 1 cos 2 ? 4

Now, 1 2 y 2 5 1 2
4x

e 4x 2 2e 2x 1 1 (e
2x

)(

1 1)

5 5

e 1 2e 1 1 2 e 1 2e 2 1 ( e 2x 1 1)2

2x

4x

2x

4e 2x dy 2x 2 5 (3 1 1) dx 8. The slope of the required tangent line is 3. The slope at any point on the curve is given by
dy 2x dx 5 1 1 e .

( ) p p ( sin 4 )(2 2 sin 2 ? 4 ) 2 (3 1 cos 2 ? p ) 4

2

To find the point(s) on the curve where the tangent has slope 3, we solve: 1 1 e 2x 5 3 e 2x 5 2 2 x 5 ln 2 x 5 2 ln 2. The point of contact of the tangent is ( 2 ln 2,2 ln 2 2 2).

"2 ) 2 ("22)(2 2 sin p (3 1 cos p 2 )( 2 2) 5 p 2 (3 1 cos 2 ) 2 "2 (3 1 0)(" 2 ) 2 ( 2 )(2 2 ? 1) 3"2 2

(3 1 0)2

1 #2 9 3#2 1 2#2 1 5 ? 2 9 5#2 5 18 5

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual

5-27

So, the objects velocity at time t 5

5#2 8 0.3928 18

p 4

is

Since e 2t . 0 for all t, c1r( t ) 5 0 when t 5 1. Since c1r( t ) . 0 for 0 # t , 1, and c1r( t ) , 0 for all
t . 1, c1 ( t ) has a maximum value of e 8 0.368 at t 5 1 h. c2 ( t ) 5 t 2e 2t; c2 (0) 5 0 c2r( t ) 5 2te 2t 2 t 2e 2t 5 te 2t (2 2 t ) c2r( t ) 5 0 when t 5 0 or t 5 2. Since c2r( t ) . 0 for 0 , t , 2 and c2r( t ) , 0 for all t 5 2 h. The larger concentration occurs for medicine c2. b. c1 (0.5) 5 0.303 c2 (0.5) 5 0.152 In the first half-hour, the concentration of c1 increases from 0 to 0.303, and that of c2 increases from 0 to 0.152. Thus, c1 has the larger concentration over this interval. 13. a. y 5 (2 1 3e 2x )3 yr 5 3(2 1 3e 2x )2 30 1 3e 2x ( 2 1)4 5 3(2 1 3e 2x )2 ( 2 3e 2x ) 5 2 9e 2x (2 1 3e 2x )2 b. y 5 x e yr 5 ex e 2 1 x c. y 5 e e x yr 5 e e ( e x )(1) x 5 ex1e d. y 5 (1 2 e 5x )5 yr 5 5(1 2 e 5x )4 30 2 e 5x (5)4 5 2 25e 5x (1 2 e 5x )4 14. a. y 5 5x yr 5 5x ln 5 b. y 5 (0.47)x yr 5 (0.47)x ln (0.47) c. y 5 (52)2x yr 5 (52)2x (2) ln 52 5 2(52)2x ln 52 d. y 5 5(2)x yr 5 5(2)x ln 2 e. y 5 4e x yr 5 4e x (1) ln e 5 4e x f. y 5 2 2(10)3x yr 5 2 2(3)103x ln 10 5 2 6(10)3x ln 10 d (2x ) 15. a. yr 5 cos 2x ? dx 5 2x ln 2 cos 2x t . 2, c2 ( t ) has a maximum value of e 2 8 0.541 at
4 1

metres per unit of time.

11. a. The question asks for the time t when Nr ( t ) 5 0. t N ( t ) 5 60 000 1 2000te220 1 t t Nr ( t ) 5 0 1 (2000t ) a 2 e 220 b 1 ( e 220 )(2000) 20 t t 5 2 100te 220 1 2000e 220 t 5 100e 220 ( 2 t 1 20) Set Nr ( t ) 5 0 and solve for t. t 0 5 100e 220 ( 2 t 1 20) t 100e 220 is never equal to zero. 2 t 1 20 5 0 20 5 t Therefore, the rate of change of the number of bacteria is equal to zero when time t 5 20. b. The question asks for
dM 5 Mr ( t ) dt

when t 5 10.

That is, it asks for Mr (10). 1 M ( t ) 5 ( N 1 1000)3 d ( N 1 1000) 1 2 Mr ( t ) 5 ( N 1 1000)23 ? 3 dt dN 1 5 2 ? 3( N 1 1000)3 dt From part a.,
t dN 5 Nr ( t ) 5 100e 220 ( 2 t 1 20) dt t 220

and

N ( t ) 5 60 000 1 2000te 1 100e220 ( 2 t 1 20) So Mr ( t ) 5 2 3( N 1 1000)3 First calculate N(10). 10 N (10) 5 60 000 1 2000(10)e220 1 5 60 000 1 20 000e 22 8 72 131 10 100e 220 ( 2 10 1 20) So Mr (10) 5 2 3( N (10) 1 1000)3 1 100e 22 (10) 5 2 3(72 131 1 1000)3 606.53 8 5246.33 8 0.1156 So, after 10 days, about 0.1156 mice are infected per day. Essentially, almost 0 mice are infected per day when t 5 10. 12. a. c1 ( t ) 5 te 2t; c1 (0) 5 0 r ( t ) 5 e 2t 2 te 2t c1 5 e 2t (1 2 t )

5-28

Chapter 5: Derivatives of Exponential and Trigonometric Functions

b. yr 5 ( x 2 )(cos x ) 1 (sin x )(2x ) 5 x 2 cos x 1 2x sin x d (p 2 x) p c. yr 5 cos a 2 x b ? 2 2 dx p 5 2 cos a 2 x b 2 d. yr 5 (cos x )(cos x ) 1 (sin x )( 2 sin x ) 5 cos2 x 2 sin2 x e. y 5 (cos x )2 d (cos x ) yr 5 2(cos x ) ? dx 5 2 2 cos x sin x f. y 5 cos x (sin x )2 yr 5 (cos x )(2 (sin x )(cos x )) 1 (sin x )2 ( 2 sin x ) 5 2 sin x cos2 x 2 sin3 x 16. Compute
dy dx

p dv 5 2 10 cos 2t 1 dt 4 p 5 2 20 cos a 2t 1 b . 4 The maximum values of the displacement, velocity, and acceleration are 5, 10, and 20, respectively.

and a 5

))

19. Let the base angle be u, 0 , u , , and let the 2 sides of the triangle have lengths x and y, as shown. Let the perimeter of the triangle be P cm.
12 u x

when x 5

p 2

to find the slope of the

line at the given point. yr 5 2 sin x p So, at the point x 5 , yr 5 f r ( x ) is

2

Now,

so x 5 12 cos u and y 5 12 sin u. Therefore, P 5 12 1 12 cos u 1 12 sin u and For critical values, 2 12 sin u 1 12 cos u 5 0 sin u 5 cos u tan u 5 1 p p u 5 , since 0 , u , . 4 2 When u 5 , P 5 12 1 ! 2 1 ! 2 4 24 5 12 1 !2 5 12 1 12#2. As u S 0 1 , cos u S 1, sin u S 0, and P S 12 1 12 1 0 5 24. p As u S , cos u S 0, sin u S 1 and 2 P S 12 1 0 1 12 5 24. Therefore, the maximum value of the perimeter is 12 1 12 !2 cm, and occurs when the other two p angles are each rad, or 45.
4 p 12 12 dP 5 2 12 sin u 1 12 cos u. du

x 5 cos u 12

and

y 5 sin u 12

p p f r a b 5 2 sin a b 5 2 1. 2 2 Therefore, an equation of the line tangent to the curve at the given point is p y 2 0 5 21 ax 2 b 2 p y 5 2x 1 2 p x1y2 50 2 17. The velocity of the object at any

time t is v 5

Thus, v 5 8 (cos (10pt ))(10p ) 5 80p cos (10pt ). The acceleration at any time t is a 5 Hence, a 5 80p ( 2 sin (10pt ))(10p ) 5 2 800p2 sin (10pt ). Now, dt 2 1 100p2s 5 2 800p2 sin (10pt )
1 100p2 (8 sin (10pt )) 5 0. p 18. Since s 5 5 cos 2t 1 ,
d 2s dv d 2s 5 2. dt dt

ds . dt

20. Let l be the length of the ladder, u be the angle between the foot of the ladder and the ground, and x be the distance of the foot of the ladder from the fence, as shown. Thus,
x11 5 cos u l

v5

p ds 5 5 a 2 sin a 2t 1 bb 4 dt p 5 2 10 sin a 2t 1 b 4

and x 5 tan u
1.5

1.5

x 1 1 5 l cos u where x 5 tan u.

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual

5-29

Solving du 5 0 yields:
l 1.5 u x 1
1.5 1 1 5 l cos u tan u

dl

wall

0.8 sin3 u 2 cos3 u 5 0 tan3 u 5 1.25 3 tan u 5 ! 1.25 tan u 8 1.077 u 8 0.822.

Replacing x,

1.5 1 p 1 ,0,u, sin u cos u 2 dl 1.5 cos u sin u 52 1 du sin2 u cos2 u 3 2 1.5 cos u 1 sin3 u . 5 sin2 u cos2 u dl 5 0 yields: Solving du sin3 u 2 1.5 cos3 u 5 0 tan3 u 5 1.5 3 tan u 5 ! 1.5 u 8 0.46365. The length of the ladder corresponding to this value p2 of u is l 8 4.5 m. As u S 0 1 and 2 , l increases without bound. Therefore, the shortest ladder that goes over the fence and reaches the wall has a length of 4.5 m. 21. The longest pole that can fit around the corner is determined by the minimum value of x 1 y. Thus, we need to find the minimum value of l 5 x 1 y. l5
0.8 y u x u 1

Now, l 5 cos (0.822) 1 sin (0.822) 8 2.5. When u 5 0, the longest possible pole would have a p length of 0.8 m. When u 5 2 , the longest possible pole would have a length of 1 m. Therefore, the longest pole that can be carried horizontally around the corner is one of length 2.5 m. 22. We want to find the value of x that maximizes u. Let /ADC 5 a and /BDC 5 b. Thus, u 5 a 2 b: tan u 5 tan ( a 2 b ) tan a 2 tan b 5 . 1 1 tan a tan b
A 6 B a u 3 C x b D

0.8

From the diagram, tan a 5 x and tan b 5 x. Hence,

9 3 x2x tan u 5 27 1 1 x2

From the diagram, y 5 sin u and x 5 cos u. Thus,

1 0.8 p l 5 cos u 1 sin u, 0 # u # 2 :

0.8

9x 2 3x x 2 1 27 6x 5 2 . x 1 27 We differentiate implicitly with respect to x: du 6( x 2 1 27) 2 6x (2x ) sec2 u 5 dx ( x 2 1 27)2 du 162 2 6x 2 5 dx sec2 u ( x 2 1 27)2 5

Solving dx 5 0 yields:
162 2 6x 2 5 0 x 2 5 27 x 5 3#3.

du

dl 1 sin u 0.8 cos u 5 2 2 du cos u sin2 u 3 0.8 sin u 2 cos3 u 5 . cos2 u sin2 u

5-30

Chapter 5: Derivatives of Exponential and Trigonometric Functions

23. a. f ( x ) 5 4 (sin ( x 2 2))2 f r ( x ) 5 8 sin ( x 2 2) cos ( x 2 2) f s ( x ) 5 (8 sin ( x 2 2))( 2 sin ( x 2 2)) 1 (cos ( x 2 2))(8 cos ( x 2 2)) 5 2 8 sin2 ( x 2 2) 1 8 cos2 ( x 2 2) b. f ( x ) 5 (2 cos x )(sec x )2 f r ( x ) 5 (2 cos x )(2 sec x ? sec x tan x ) 1 (sec x )2 ( 2 2 sin x ) 5 (4 cos x )(sec2 x tan x ) 2 2 sin x (sec x )2 Using the product rule multiple times, f s ( x ) 5 (4 cos x ) S sec2 x ? sec2 x
1 tan x (2 sec x ? sec x tan x ) T 1 (sec2 x tan x )( 2 4 sin x ) 1 ( 2 2 sin x )(2 sec x ? sec x tan x ) 1 (sec x )2 ( 2 2 cos x ) 5 4 cos x sec4 x 1 8 cos x tan2 x sec2 x 2 4 sin x tan x sec2 x 2 4 sin x tan x sec2 x 2 2 cos x sec2 x 5 4 cos x sec4 x 1 8 cos x tan2 x sec2 x 2 8 sin x tan x sec2 x 2 2 cos x sec2 x

2. The given line is 2 6x 1 y 5 2 or y 5 6x 1 2, so the slope is 6. y 5 2e 3x dy 5 2e 3x (3) dx 5 6e 3x In order for the tangent line to be parallel to the given line, the derivative has to equal 6 at the tangent point. 6e 3x 5 6 e 3x 5 1 x50 When x 5 0, y 5 2. The equation of the tangent line is y 2 2 5 6( x 2 0) or 2 6x 1 y 5 2. The tangent line is the given line. 3. y 5 e x 1 sin x dy 5 e x 1 cos x dx When x 5 0, dx 5 1 1 1 or 2, so the slope of the tangent line at (0, 1) is 2. The equation of the tangent line at (0, 1) is y 2 1 5 2( x 2 0) or 2 2x 1 y 5 1. 4. v ( t ) 5 10e2kt a. a ( t ) 5 vr ( t ) 5 2 10ke 2kt 5 2 k (10e 2kt ) 5 2 kv ( t ) Thus, the acceleration is a constant multiple of the velocity. As the velocity of the particle decreases, the acceleration increases by a factor of k. b. At time t 5 0, v 5 10 cm> s. c. When v 5 5, we have 10e 2kt 5 5 1 e 2kt 5 2 1 2 kt 5 ln a b 5 2 ln 2 2 ln 2 t5 . k After is 5 cm> s. The acceleration of the particle is 2 5k at this time. 5. a. f ( x ) 5 (cos x )2 d (cos x ) f r ( x ) 5 2 (cos x ) ? dx 5 2 (cos x ) ? ( 2 sin x ) 5 2 2 sin x cos x f s ( x ) 5 ( 2 2 sin x )( 2 sin x ) 1 (cos x )( 2 2 cos x ) 5 2 sin2 x 2 2 cos2 x 5 2 (sin2 x 2 cos2 x ) 5-31
ln 2 k dy

Chapter 5 Test, p. 266

1. a. y 5 e 22x dy 2 5 2 4xe 22x dx 2 b. y 5 3x 1 3x dy 2 5 3x 1 3x ? ln 3 ? (2x 1 3) dx e 3x 1 e 23x c. y 5 2 1 3x dy 5 33e 2 3e 23x4 dx 2 3 5 3e 3x 2 e 23x4 2 d. y 5 2 sin x 2 3 cos 5x dy 5 2 cos x 2 3( 2 sin 5x )(5) dx 5 2 cos x 1 15 sin 5x e. y 5 sin3 ( x 2 ) dy 5 3 sin2 ( x 2 )(cos ( x 2 )(2x )) dx 5 6x sin2 ( x 2 ) cos ( x 2 ) f. y 5 tan "1 2 x dy 1 1 5 sec2 "1 2 x a 3 b ( 2 1) dx 2 "1 2 x sec2 "1 2 x 52 2"1 2 x
Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual
2

s have elapsed, the velocity of the particle

23. a. f ( x ) 5 4 (sin ( x 2 2))2 f r ( x ) 5 8 sin ( x 2 2) cos ( x 2 2) f s ( x ) 5 (8 sin ( x 2 2))( 2 sin ( x 2 2)) 1 (cos ( x 2 2))(8 cos ( x 2 2)) 5 2 8 sin2 ( x 2 2) 1 8 cos2 ( x 2 2) b. f ( x ) 5 (2 cos x )(sec x )2 f r ( x ) 5 (2 cos x )(2 sec x ? sec x tan x ) 1 (sec x )2 ( 2 2 sin x ) 5 (4 cos x )(sec2 x tan x ) 2 2 sin x (sec x )2 Using the product rule multiple times, f s ( x ) 5 (4 cos x ) S sec2 x ? sec2 x
1 tan x (2 sec x ? sec x tan x ) T 1 (sec2 x tan x )( 2 4 sin x ) 1 ( 2 2 sin x )(2 sec x ? sec x tan x ) 1 (sec x )2 ( 2 2 cos x ) 5 4 cos x sec4 x 1 8 cos x tan2 x sec2 x 2 4 sin x tan x sec2 x 2 4 sin x tan x sec2 x 2 2 cos x sec2 x 5 4 cos x sec4 x 1 8 cos x tan2 x sec2 x 2 8 sin x tan x sec2 x 2 2 cos x sec2 x

2. The given line is 2 6x 1 y 5 2 or y 5 6x 1 2, so the slope is 6. y 5 2e 3x dy 5 2e 3x (3) dx 5 6e 3x In order for the tangent line to be parallel to the given line, the derivative has to equal 6 at the tangent point. 6e 3x 5 6 e 3x 5 1 x50 When x 5 0, y 5 2. The equation of the tangent line is y 2 2 5 6( x 2 0) or 2 6x 1 y 5 2. The tangent line is the given line. 3. y 5 e x 1 sin x dy 5 e x 1 cos x dx When x 5 0, dx 5 1 1 1 or 2, so the slope of the tangent line at (0, 1) is 2. The equation of the tangent line at (0, 1) is y 2 1 5 2( x 2 0) or 2 2x 1 y 5 1. 4. v ( t ) 5 10e2kt a. a ( t ) 5 vr ( t ) 5 2 10ke 2kt 5 2 k (10e 2kt ) 5 2 kv ( t ) Thus, the acceleration is a constant multiple of the velocity. As the velocity of the particle decreases, the acceleration increases by a factor of k. b. At time t 5 0, v 5 10 cm> s. c. When v 5 5, we have 10e 2kt 5 5 1 e 2kt 5 2 1 2 kt 5 ln a b 5 2 ln 2 2 ln 2 t5 . k After is 5 cm> s. The acceleration of the particle is 2 5k at this time. 5. a. f ( x ) 5 (cos x )2 d (cos x ) f r ( x ) 5 2 (cos x ) ? dx 5 2 (cos x ) ? ( 2 sin x ) 5 2 2 sin x cos x f s ( x ) 5 ( 2 2 sin x )( 2 sin x ) 1 (cos x )( 2 2 cos x ) 5 2 sin2 x 2 2 cos2 x 5 2 (sin2 x 2 cos2 x ) 5-31
ln 2 k dy

Chapter 5 Test, p. 266

1. a. y 5 e 22x dy 2 5 2 4xe 22x dx 2 b. y 5 3x 1 3x dy 2 5 3x 1 3x ? ln 3 ? (2x 1 3) dx e 3x 1 e 23x c. y 5 2 1 3x dy 5 33e 2 3e 23x4 dx 2 3 5 3e 3x 2 e 23x4 2 d. y 5 2 sin x 2 3 cos 5x dy 5 2 cos x 2 3( 2 sin 5x )(5) dx 5 2 cos x 1 15 sin 5x e. y 5 sin3 ( x 2 ) dy 5 3 sin2 ( x 2 )(cos ( x 2 )(2x )) dx 5 6x sin2 ( x 2 ) cos ( x 2 ) f. y 5 tan "1 2 x dy 1 1 5 sec2 "1 2 x a 3 b ( 2 1) dx 2 "1 2 x sec2 "1 2 x 52 2"1 2 x
Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual
2

s have elapsed, the velocity of the particle

b. f ( x ) 5 cos x cot x f r ( x ) 5 (cos x )( 2 csc2 x ) 1 (cot x )( 2 sin x ) cos x 1 2 ? sin x 5 2 cos x ? sin2 x sin x 1 cos x ? 2 cos x 52 sin x sin x 5 2 cot x csc x 2 cos x f s (x) 5 ( 2 cot x )( 2 csc x cot x ) 1 (csc x )(csc2 x ) 1 sin x 5 csc x cot2 x 1 csc3 x 1 sin x 6. f ( x ) 5 (sin x )2 To find the absolute extreme values, first find the derivative, set it equal to zero, and solve for x. d (sin x ) f r ( x ) 5 2 (sin x ) ? dx 5 2 sin x cos x 5 sin 2x Now set f r ( x ) 5 0 and solve for x. 0 5 sin 2x 2x 5 0, p, 2p p x 5 0, , p in the interval 0 # x # p. 2 Evaluate f ( x ) at the critical numbers, including the endpoints of the interval.
x f ( x ) 5 (sin 2 x )

e x is never equal to zero. ( x 1 4) 5 0 So x 5 2 4. Therefore, the critical value is 2 4.

Interval ex ( x 1 4)

x , 24 24 , x

2 1

0 0

p 2 1

p 0

So, the absolute maximum value on the interval is 1 p when x 5 2 and the absolute minimum value on the interval is 0 when x 5 0 and x 5 p. 7. y 5 f ( x ) 5 5x Find the derivative, f r ( x ), and evaluate the derivative at x 5 2 to find the slope of the tangent when x 5 2. f r ( x ) 5 5x ln 5 f r (2) 5 52 ln 5 5 25 ln 5 8 40.24 8. y 5 xe x 1 3e x To find the maximum and minimum values, first find the derivative, set it equal to zero, and solve for x. y r 5 ( x )( e x ) 1 ( e x )(1) 1 3e x 5 xe x 1 e x 1 3e x 5 xe x 1 4e x 5 e x ( x 1 4) Now set y r 5 0 and solve for x. 0 5 e x ( x 1 4) 5-32

function has a minimum value at a 2 4, 2 e4 b . There is no maximum value. 9. f ( x ) 5 2 cos x 2 sin 2x So, f ( x ) 5 2 cos x 2 2 sin x cos x. a. f r ( x ) 5 2 2 sin x 2 (2 sin x )( 2 sin x ) 2 (cos x )(2 cos x ) 5 2 2 sin x 1 2 sin2 x 2 2 cos2 x Set f r ( x ) 5 0 to solve for the critical values. 2 2 sin x 1 2 sin2 x 2 2 cos2 x 5 0 2 2 sin x 1 2 sin2 x 2 2(1 2 sin2 x ) 5 0 2 2 sin x 1 2 sin2 x 2 2 1 2 sin2 x 5 0 4 sin2 x 2 2 sin x 2 2 5 0 (2 sin x 1 1)(2 sin x 2 2) 5 0 2 sin x 1 1 5 0 and 2 sin x 2 2 5 0 So, sinx 5 2 1 2. p 5p In the given interval, this occurs when x 5 2 6 , 2 6 . Also, sin x 5 1. p In the given interval, this occurs when x 5 2 . Therefore, on the given interval, the critical p 5p p numbers for f ( x ) are x 5 2 6 , 2 6 , 2 . b. To determine the intervals where f ( x ) is increasing and where f ( x ) is decreasing, find the slope of f ( x ) in the intervals between the endpoints and the critical numbers. To do this, it helps to make a table.
1
x slope of f ( x )

So f ( x ) is decreasing on the left of x 5 2 4 and increasing on the right of x 5 2 4. Therefore, the

2p # x , 2 2 5p 6 p 2 6 p ,x#p 2

5p 6 p ,x,2 6 p ,x, 2

2 1 2 2

So, f ( x ) is increasing on the interval

2 6 , x , 2 6 and f ( x ) is decreasing on the 5p p intervals 2p # x , 2 6 and 2 6 , x , p.
5p p

Chapter 5: Derivatives of Exponential and Trigonometric Functions

c. From the table in part b., it can be seen that there is p a local maximum at the point where x 5 2 6 and

there is a local minimum at the point where x 5 2 6 . d. y

4 3 2 1

5p

p 2

0 1 2 3 4

p 2

p x

Cumulative Review of Calculus

1. a. f ( x ) 5 3x2 1 4x 2 5 f (a 1 h) 2 f (a) m 5 lim hS0 h f (2 1 h ) 2 15 5 lim hS0 h 3(2 1 h )2 1 4(2 1 h ) 2 5 2 15 5 lim hS0 h 2 12 1 12h 1 3h 1 8 1 4h 2 20 5 lim hS0 h 2 3h 1 16h 5 lim hS0 h 5 lim 3h 1 16
hS0

5 16 2 b. f ( x ) 5 x21 f (a 1 h) 2 f (a) m 5 lim hS0 h f (2 1 h ) 2 2 5 lim hS0 h 5 lim

2 22 21h21

hS0

h
2 2(1 1 h ) 2 11h 11h

5 lim

h 2 2 2(1 1 h ) 5 lim hS0 h (1 1 h ) 2 2h 5 lim h S 0 h (1 1 h )

hS0

22 hS0 1 1 h 5 22 c. f ( x ) 5 !x 1 3 f (a 1 h) 2 f (a) m 5 lim hS0 h f (6 1 h ) 2 3 5 lim hS0 h !h 1 9 2 3 5 lim hS0 h ( !h 1 9 2 3)( !h 1 9 1 3) 5 lim hS0 h ( !h 1 9 1 3) h1929 5 lim h S 0 h ( !h 1 9 1 3) h 5 lim h S 0 h ( !h 1 9 1 3) 1 5 lim h S 0 ( !h 1 9 1 3) 1 5 6 d. f ( x ) 5 25x f (a 1 h) 2 f (a) m 5 lim hS0 h 25(1 1 h) 2 32 5 lim hS0 h 25 ? 25h 2 32 5 lim hS0 h 32(25h 2 1) 5 lim hS0 h 5(25h 2 1) 5 32 lim hS0 5h (25h 2 1) 5 160 lim hS0 5h 5 160 ln 2 change in distance 2. a. average velocity 5 change in time s ( t2 ) 2 s ( t1 ) 5 t2 2 t1 32(4)2 1 3(4) 1 14 2 3 (2(1)2 1 3(1) 1 1)4 5 421 45 2 6 5 3 5 13 m> s b. instantaneous velocity 5 slope of the tangent s (a 1 h) 2 s (a) m 5 lim hS0 h 5 lim

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual

5-33

c. From the table in part b., it can be seen that there is p a local maximum at the point where x 5 2 6 and

there is a local minimum at the point where x 5 2 6 . d. y

4 3 2 1

5p

p 2

0 1 2 3 4

p 2

p x

Cumulative Review of Calculus

1. a. f ( x ) 5 3x2 1 4x 2 5 f (a 1 h) 2 f (a) m 5 lim hS0 h f (2 1 h ) 2 15 5 lim hS0 h 3(2 1 h )2 1 4(2 1 h ) 2 5 2 15 5 lim hS0 h 2 12 1 12h 1 3h 1 8 1 4h 2 20 5 lim hS0 h 2 3h 1 16h 5 lim hS0 h 5 lim 3h 1 16
hS0

5 16 2 b. f ( x ) 5 x21 f (a 1 h) 2 f (a) m 5 lim hS0 h f (2 1 h ) 2 2 5 lim hS0 h 5 lim

2 22 21h21

hS0

h
2 2(1 1 h ) 2 11h 11h

5 lim

h 2 2 2(1 1 h ) 5 lim hS0 h (1 1 h ) 2 2h 5 lim h S 0 h (1 1 h )

hS0

22 hS0 1 1 h 5 22 c. f ( x ) 5 !x 1 3 f (a 1 h) 2 f (a) m 5 lim hS0 h f (6 1 h ) 2 3 5 lim hS0 h !h 1 9 2 3 5 lim hS0 h ( !h 1 9 2 3)( !h 1 9 1 3) 5 lim hS0 h ( !h 1 9 1 3) h1929 5 lim h S 0 h ( !h 1 9 1 3) h 5 lim h S 0 h ( !h 1 9 1 3) 1 5 lim h S 0 ( !h 1 9 1 3) 1 5 6 d. f ( x ) 5 25x f (a 1 h) 2 f (a) m 5 lim hS0 h 25(1 1 h) 2 32 5 lim hS0 h 25 ? 25h 2 32 5 lim hS0 h 32(25h 2 1) 5 lim hS0 h 5(25h 2 1) 5 32 lim hS0 5h (25h 2 1) 5 160 lim hS0 5h 5 160 ln 2 change in distance 2. a. average velocity 5 change in time s ( t2 ) 2 s ( t1 ) 5 t2 2 t1 32(4)2 1 3(4) 1 14 2 3 (2(1)2 1 3(1) 1 1)4 5 421 45 2 6 5 3 5 13 m> s b. instantaneous velocity 5 slope of the tangent s (a 1 h) 2 s (a) m 5 lim hS0 h 5 lim

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual

5-33

s (3 1 h ) 2 s (3) hS0 h 2(3 1 h )2 1 3(3 1 h ) 1 1 5 lim c hS0 h (2(3)2 1 3(3) 1 1) d 2 h 18 1 12h 1 2h 2 1 9 1 3h 1 1 2 28 5 lim hS0 h 15h 1 2h 2 5 lim hS0 h 5 lim (15 1 2h ) 5 lim f (a 1 h) 2 f (a) h 3 (4 1 h ) 2 64 f (4 1 h ) 2 f (4) 5 lim lim hS0 h hS0 h 3 (4 1 h ) 2 64 5 f (4 1 h ) 2 f (4) Therefore, f ( x ) 5 x 3. 4. a. Average rate of change in distance with respect to time is average velocity, so s ( t2 ) 2 s ( t1 ) average velocity 5 t2 2 t1 s (3) 2 s (1) 5 321 4.9(3)2 2 4.9(1) 5 321 5 19.6 m> s b. Instantaneous rate of change in distance with respect to time 5 slope of the tangent. f (a 1 h) 2 f (a) m 5 lim hS0 h f (2 1 h ) 2 f (2) 5 lim hS0 h 4.9(2 1 h )2 2 4.9(2)2 5 lim hS0 h 19.6 1 19.6h 1 4.9h 2 2 19.6 5 lim hS0 h 19.6h 1 4.9h 2 5 lim hS0 h 5 lim 19.6 1 4.9h 5 15 m> s
hS0

Now use the slope of the tangent to determine the instantaneous velocity for t 5 5.475: f (5.475 1 h ) 2 f (5.475) m 5 lim hS0 h 4.9(5.475 1 h )2 2 4.9(5.475)2 5 lim hS0 h 146.9 1 53.655h 1 4.9h 2 2 146.9 5 lim hS0 h 53.655h 1 4.9h 2 5 lim hS0 h 5 lim 353.655 1 4.9h4
5 53.655 m> s 5. a. Average rate of population change p ( t2 ) 2 p ( t1 ) 5 t2 2 t1 2(8)2 1 3(8) 1 1 2 (2(0) 1 3(0) 1 1) 5 820 128 1 24 1 1 2 1 5 820 5 19 thousand fish> year b. Instantaneous rate of population change p (t 1 h) 2 p (t) 5 lim hS0 h p (5 1 h ) 2 p (5) 5 lim hS0 h 2(5 1 h )2 1 3(5 1 h ) 1 1 5 lim c hS0 h (2(5)2 1 3(5) 1 1) d 2 h 50 1 20h 1 2h 2 1 15 1 3h 1 1 2 66 5 lim hS0 h 2h 2 1 23h 5 lim hS0 h 5 lim 2h 1 23 5 23 thousand fish> year 6. a. i. f (2) 5 3 ii. lim2 f ( x ) 5 1
hS0 xS2 hS0

3.

m 5 lim

hS0

iii. lim1 f ( x ) 5 3
xS2

5 19.6 m> s c. First, we need to determine t for the given distance: 146.9 5 4.9t 2 29.98 5 t 2 5.475 5 t

hS0

iv. lim f ( x ) 5 2
xS6

b. No, lim f ( x ) does not exist. In order for the limit

xS4

to exist, lim2 f ( x ) and lim1 f ( x ) must exist and they

xS4 xS4

must be equal. In this case, lim2 f ( x ) 5 ` , but

xS4 xS4

lim1 f ( x ) 5 2 ` , so lim f ( x ) does not exist.

xS4

5-34

Chapter 5: Derivatives of Exponential and Trigonometric Functions

7. f ( x ) is discontinuous at x 5 2. lim2 f ( x ) 5 5, but

xS2 xS21

lim f ( x ) 5 3.

2(0)2 1 1 2x 2 1 1 5 xS0 x 2 5 025 1 52 5 x23 b. lim x S 3 !x 1 6 2 3 ( x 2 3)( !x 1 6 1 3) 5 lim x S 3 ( !x 1 6 2 3)( !x 1 6 1 3) ( x 2 3)( !x 1 6 1 3) 5 lim xS3 x1629 ( x 2 3)( !x 1 6 1 3) 5 lim xS3 x23 5 lim !x 1 6 1 3

8. a. lim

xS3

56

c. lim

1 1 13 x

x S 23

x13
x13 3x

x13 x13 5 lim x S 23 3x ( x 1 3) 1 5 lim x S 23 3x 1 52 9 x2 2 4 d. lim 2 xS2 x 2 x 2 2 ( x 1 2)( x 2 2) 5 lim x S 2 ( x 1 1)( x 2 2) x12 5 lim xS2 x 1 1 4 5 3 x22 e. lim 3 xS2 x 2 8 x22 5 lim 2 x S 2 ( x 2 2)( x 1 2x 1 4) 1 5 lim 2 x S 2 x 1 2x 1 4 1 5 12
x S 23

5 lim

!x 1 4 2 !4 2 x x ( !x 1 4 2 !4 2 x )( !x 1 4 1 !4 2 x ) 5 lim xS0 x ( !x 1 4 1 !4 2 x ) x 1 4 2 (4 2 x ) 5 lim x S 0 x ( !x 1 4 1 !4 2 x ) 2x 5 lim x S 0 x ( !x 1 4 1 !4 2 x ) 2 5 lim x S 0 ( !x 1 4 1 !4 2 x ) 1 5 2 9. a. f ( x ) 5 3x2 1 x 1 1 f (x 1 h) 2 f (x) f r ( x ) 5 lim hS0 h 3( x 1 h )2 1 ( x 1 h ) 1 1 5 lim c hS0 h (3x 2 1 x 1 1) d 2 h 3x 2 1 6hx 1 6h 2 1 x 1 h 5 lim c hS0 h 2 1 2 3x 2 x 2 1 d 1 h 6hx 1 6h 2 1 h 5 lim hS0 h 5 lim 6x 1 6h 1 1

f. lim
xS0

hS0

5 6x 1 1 1 b. f ( x ) 5 x f (x 1 h) 2 f (x) f r ( x ) 5 lim hS0 h h x 2 (x 1 h) 5 lim h S 0 h ( x )( x 1 h ) 2h 5 lim h S 0 h ( x )( x 1 h ) 21 5 lim hS0 x (x 1 h) 1 52 2 x 10. a. To determine the derivative, use the power rule: y 5 x 3 2 4x 2 1 5x 1 2 dy 5 3x 2 2 8x 1 5 dx
hS0

1 1 2x x 1 h 5 lim

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual

5-35

b. To determine the derivative, use the chain rule: y 5 "2x 3 1 1 dy 1 5 (6x 2 ) dx 2"2x 3 1 1 3x 2 5 "2x 3 1 1 c. To determine the derivative, use the quotient rule: 2x y5 x13 dy 2( x 1 3) 2 2x 5 dx ( x 1 3)2 6 5 ( x 1 3)2 d. To determine the derivative, use the product rule: y 5 ( x 2 1 3)2 (4x 5 1 5x 1 1) dy 5 2( x 2 1 3)(2x )(4x 5 1 5x 1 1) dx 1 ( x 2 1 3)2 (20x 4 1 5) 5 4x ( x 2 1 3)(4x 5 1 5x 1 1) 1 ( x 2 1 3)2 (20x 4 1 5) e. To determine the derivative, use the quotient rule: (4x 2 1 1)5 y5 (3x 2 2)3 dy 5(4x 2 1 1)4 (8x )(3x 2 2)3 5 dx (3x 2 2)6 3(3x 2 2)2 (3)(4x 2 1 1)5 2 (3x 2 2)6 5 (4x 2 1 1)4 (3x 2 2)2 40x (3x 2 2) 2 9(4x 2 1 1) 3 (3x 2 2)6 (4x 2 1 1)4 (120x 2 2 80x 2 36x 2 2 9) 5 (3x 2 2)4 (4x 2 1 1)4 (84x 2 2 80x 2 9) 5 (3x 2 2)4 f. y 5 3x 2 1 (2x 1 1)34 5 Use the chain rule dy 5 5 3x 2 1 (2x 1 1)34 4 32x 1 6(2x 1 1)24 dx 11. To determine the equation of the tangent line, we need to determine its slope at the point (1, 2). To do this, determine the derivative of y and evaluate for x 5 1: 18 y5 ( x 1 2)2 5 18( x 1 2)22

dy 5 2 36( x 1 2)23 dx 2 36 5 ( x 1 2)3 2 36 m5 ( x 1 2)3 24 2 36 5 5 27 3 Since we have a given point and we know the slope, use point-slope form to write the equation of the tangent line: 24 ( x 2 1) y225 3 3y 2 6 5 2 4x 1 4 4x 1 3y 2 10 5 0 12. The intersection point of the two curves occurs when x 2 1 9x 1 9 5 3x x 2 1 6x 1 9 5 0 ( x 1 3)2 5 0 x 5 2 3. At a point x, the slope of the line tangent to the curve y 5 x 2 1 9x 1 9 is given by d 2 dy 5 ( x 1 9x 1 9) dx dx 5 2x 1 9. At x 5 2 3, this slope is 2( 2 3) 1 9 5 3. d 13. a. pr ( t ) 5 (2t2 1 6t 1 1100) dt 5 4t 1 6 b. 1990 is 10 years after 1980, so the rate of change of population in 1990 corresponds to the value pr (10) 5 4(10) 1 6 5 46 people per year. c. The rate of change of the population will be 110 people per year when 4t 1 6 5 110 t 5 26. This corresponds to 26 years after 1980, which is the year 2006. d 14. a. f r ( x ) 5 ( x 5 2 5x 3 1 x 1 12) dx 5 5x 4 2 15x 2 1 1 d (5x 4 2 15x 2 1 1) f s (x) 5 dx 5 20x 3 2 30x

5-36

Chapter 5: Derivatives of Exponential and Trigonometric Functions

b. f ( x ) can be rewritten as f ( x ) 5 2 2x 22 d f r (x) 5 ( 2 2x 22 ) dx 5 4x 23 4 5 3 x d f s (x) 5 (4x 23 ) dx 5 2 12x 24 12 52 4 x 1 c. f ( x ) can be rewritten as f ( x ) 5 4x 22 d 1 f r (x) 5 (4x 2 2 ) dx 3 5 2 2x22 2 52 "x 3 d 3 f s (x) 5 ( 2 2x 22 ) dx 5 5 3x 22 3 5 "x 5 d. f(x) can be rewritten as f ( x ) 5 x 4 2 x 24 d 4 f r (x) 5 ( x 2 x 24 ) dx 5 4x 3 1 4x 25 4 5 4x 3 1 5 x d f s (x) 5 (4x 3 1 4x 25 ) dx 5 12x 2 2 20x 26 20 5 12x 2 2 6 x 15. Extreme values of a function on an interval will only occur at the endpoints of the interval or at a critical point of the function. d a. f r ( x ) 5 (1 1 ( x 1 3)2 ) dx 5 2( x 1 3) The only place where f r ( x ) 5 0 is at x 5 2 3, but that point is outside of the interval in question. The extreme values therefore occur at the endpoints of the interval: f ( 2 2) 5 1 1 ( 2 2 1 3)2 5 2 f (6) 5 1 1 (6 1 3)2 5 82 The maximum value is 82, and the minimum value is 6

b. f ( x ) can be rewritten as f ( x ) 5 x 1 x 22 d 1 f r (x) 5 ( x 1 x 22 ) dx 1 3 5 1 1 2 x 22 2 1 512 2"x 3 On this interval, x $ 1, so the fraction on the right is always less than or equal to 1 2 . This means that f r ( x ) . 0 on this interval and so the extreme values occur at the endpoints. 1 52 f (1) 5 1 1 !1 1 1 59 f (9) 5 9 1 !9 3 The maximum value is 9 1 3 , and the minimum value is 2. d ex b c. f r ( x ) 5 a dx 1 1 e x
(1 1 e x )( e x ) 2 ( e x )( e x ) (1 1 e x )2 x e 5 (1 1 e x )2 x Since e is never equal to zero, f r ( x ) is never zero, and so the extreme values occur at the endpoints of the interval. e0 1 f (0) 5 0 5 11e 2 e4 f (4) 5 1 1 e4 e4 The maximum value is 1 1 e 4, and the minimum value is 1 2. d d. f r ( x ) 5 (2 sin (4x ) 1 3) dx 5 8 cos (4x ) p Cosine is 0 when its argument is a multiple of 2 5

or 2 .
4x 5

3p

Since x P 30, p4 , x 5 8 , 8 , 8 , 8 . Also test the function at the endpoints of the interval. f (0) 5 2 sin 0 1 3 5 3 p p f a b 5 2 sin 1 3 5 5 8 2
p 3p 5p 7p

p 3p 1 2kp or 4x 5 1 2kp 2 2 p p p 3p x5 1 k 1 k x5 8 2 8 2

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual

5-37

3p 3p b 5 2 sin 1351 8 2 5p 5p 1355 f a b 5 2 sin 8 2 7p 7p f a b 5 2 sin 1351 8 2 f ( p ) 5 2 sin (4p ) 1 3 5 3 The maximum value is 5, and the minimum value is 1. 16. a. The velocity of the particle is given by v ( t ) 5 sr ( t ) d 5 (3t 3 2 40.5t 2 1 162t ) dt 5 9t 2 2 81t 1 162. The acceleration is a ( t ) 5 vr ( t ) d 5 (9t 2 2 81t 1 162) dt 5 18t 2 81 b. The object is stationary when v ( t ) 5 0: 9t 2 2 81t 1 162 5 0 9( t 2 6)( t 2 3) 5 0 t 5 6 or t 5 3 The object is advancing when v ( t ) . 0 and retreating when v ( t ) , 0. Since v ( t ) is the product of two linear factors, its sign can be determined using the signs of the factors: fa
t-values t23 t26 v (t) Object

17.
w l

0,t,3 3,t,6 6,t,8

,0 .0 .0

,0 ,0 .0

.0 ,0 .0

Advancing Retreating Advancing

c. The velocity of the object is unchanging when the acceleration is 0; that is, when a ( t ) 5 18t 2 81 5 0 t 5 4.5 d. The object is decelerating when a ( t ) , 0, which occurs when 18t 2 81 , 0 0 # t , 4.5 e. The object is accelerating when a ( t ) . 0, which occurs when 18t 2 81 . 0 4.5 , t # 8

Let the length and width of the field be l and w, as shown. The total amount of fencing used is then 2l 1 5w. Since there is 750 m of fencing available, this gives 2l 1 5w 5 750 5 l 5 375 2 w 2 The total area of the pens is A 5 lw 5 5 375w 2 w 2 2 The maximum value of this area can be found by expressing A as a function of w and examining its derivative to determine critical points. 2 A ( w ) 5 375w 2 5 2 w , which is defined for 0 # w and 0 # l. Since l 5 375 2 5 2 w, 0 # l gives the restriction w # 150. The maximum area is therefore the maximum value of the function A ( w ) on the interval 0 # w # 150. 5 d a 375w 2 w 2 b Ar ( w ) 5 dw 2 5 375 2 5w Setting Ar ( w ) 5 0 shows that w 5 75 is the only critical point of the function. The only values of interest are therefore: 5 A (0) 5 375(0) 2 (0)2 5 0 2 5 A (75) 5 375(75) 2 (75)2 5 14 062.5 2 5 A (150) 5 375(150) 2 (150)2 5 0 2 The maximum area is 14 062.5 m2 18. r
h

Let the height and radius of the can be h and r, as shown. The total volume of the can is then pr 2h. The volume of the can is also give at 500 mL, so pr 2h 5 500 500 h5 pr 2

5-38

Chapter 5: Derivatives of Exponential and Trigonometric Functions

The total surface area of the can is A 5 2prh 1 2pr 2 1000 1 2pr 2 5 r The minimum value of this surface area can be found by expressing A as a function of r and examining its derivative to determine critical points. 1000 A (r) 5 1 2pr 2, which is defined for 0 , r and r
0 , h. Since h 5 pr 2 , 0 , h gives no additional restriction on r. The maximum area is therefore the maximum value of the function A ( r ) on the interval 0 , r. d 1000 Ar ( r ) 5 a 1 2pr 2 b r dr 1000 5 2 2 1 4pr r The critical points of A ( r ) can be found by setting Ar ( r ) 5 0: 2
1000 1 4pr 5 0 r2 500

So r 5 4.3 cm is the only critical point of the function. This gives the value 500 h5 8 8.6 cm. p (4.3)2 19. r
h

4pr 3 5 1000 3 r 5 # 1000 8 4.3 cm

4p

20 0.02p r 8 6.8 Using the max min algorithm: C (1) 5 20.03, C (6.8) 5 4.39, C (36) 5 41.27. The dimensions for the cheapest container are a radius of 6.8 cm and a height of 27.5 cm. 20. a. Let the length, width, and depth be l, w, and d, respectively. Then, the given information is that l 5 x, w 5 x, and l 1 w 1 d 5 140. Substituting gives 2x 1 d 5 140 d 5 140 2 2x b. The volume of the box is V 5 lwh. Substituting in the values from part a. gives V 5 ( x )( x )(140 2 2x ) 5 140x 2 2 2x 3 In order for the dimensions of the box to make sense, the inequalities l $ 0, w $ 0, and h $ 0 must be satisfied. The first two give x $ 0, the third requires x # 70. The maximum volume is therefore the maximum value of V ( x ) 5 140x 2 2 2x 3 on the interval 0 # x # 70, which can be found by determining the critical points of the derivative V r ( x ). d V r (x) 5 (140x 2 2 2x 3 ) dx 5 280x 2 6x 2 5 2x (140 2 3x ) Setting V r ( x ) 5 0 shows that x 5 0 and r3 5 x 5 3 8 46.7 are the critical points of the function. The maximum value therefore occurs at one of these points or at one of the endpoints of the interval: V (0) 5 140(0)2 2 2(0)3 5 0 V (46.7) 5 140(46.7)2 2 2(46.7)3 5 101 629.5 V (0) 5 140(70)2 2 2(70)3 5 0 So the maximum volume is 101 629.5 cm3, from a box with length and width 46.7 cm and depth 140 2 2(46.7) 5 46.6 cm. 21. The revenue function is R ( x ) 5 x (50 2 x 2 ) 5 50x 2 x 3. Its maximum for x $ 0 can be found by examining its derivative to determine critical points. d Rr ( x ) 5 (50x 2 x 3 ) dx 5 50 2 3x 2 The critical points can be found by setting R r ( x ) 5 0: 50 2 3x 2 5 0 50 x5 6 8 64.1 3 5-39
140

Let the radius be r and the height h. Minimize the cost: C 5 2pr 2 (0.005) 1 2prh (0.0025) V 5 pr2 h 5 4000 4000 h5 pr 2 4000 b (0.0025) C ( r ) 5 2pr 2 (0.005) 1 2pr a pr 2 20 5 0.01pr 2 1 , 1 # r # 36 r 20 C r ( r ) 5 0.02pr 2 2 . r For a maximum or minimum value, let C r ( r ) 5 0.
0.02pr 2 2
20

r2

50

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual

Only the positive root is of interest since the number of MP3 players sold must be positive. The number must also be an integer, so both x 5 4 and x 5 5 must be tested to see which is larger. R (4) 5 50(4) 2 43 5 136 R (4) 5 50(5) 2 53 5 125 So the maximum possible revenue is $136, coming from a sale of 4 MP3 players. 22. Let x be the fare, and p ( x ) be the number of passengers per year. The given information shows that p is a linear function of x such that an increase of 10 in x results in a decrease of 1000 in p. This means that the slope of the line described by p ( x ) is 2 1000 10 5 2 100. Using the initial point given, p ( x ) 5 2 100( x 2 50) 1 10 000 5 2 100x 1 15 000 The revenue function can now be written: R ( x ) 5 xp ( x ) 5 x ( 2 100x 1 15 000) 5 15 000x 2 100x 2 Its maximum for x $ 0 can be found by examining its derivative to determine critical points. d (15 000x 2 100x 2 ) Rr ( x ) 5 dx 5 15 000 2 200x Setting Rr ( x ) 5 0 shows that x 5 75 is the only critical point of the function. The problem states that only $10 increases in fare are possible, however, so the two nearest must be tried to determine the maximum possible revenue: R (70) 5 15 000(70) 2 100(70)2 5 560 000 R (80) 5 15 000(80) 2 100(80)2 5 560 000 So the maximum possible revenue is $560 000, which can be achieved by a fare of either $70 or $80. 23. Let the number of $30 price reductions be n. The resulting number of tourists will be 80 1 n where 0 # n # 70. The price per tourist will be 5000 2 30n dollars. The revenue to the travel agency will be (5000 2 30n )(80 1 n ) dollars. The cost to the agency will be 250 000 1 300(80 1 n ) dollars. Profit 5 Revenue 2 Cost P ( n ) 5 (5000 2 30n )(80 1 n ) 2 250 000 2 300(80 1 n ), 0 # n # 70 P r ( n ) 5 2 30(80 1 n ) 1 (5000 2 30n )(1) 2 300 5 2300 2 60n 1 P r ( n ) 5 0 when n 5 38 3 Since n must be an integer, we now evaluate P ( n ) for n 5 0, 38, 39, and 70. (Since P ( n ) is a quadratic 5-40

function whose graph opens downward with vertex at 38 1 3 , we know P (38) . P (39).) P (0) 5 126 000 P (38) 5 (3860)(118) 2 250 000 2 300(118) 5 170 080 P (39) 5 (3830)(119) 2 250 000 2 300(119) 5 170 070 P (70) 5 (2900)(150) 2 250 000 2 300(150) 5 140 000 The price per person should be lowered by $1140 (38 decrements of $30) to realize a maximum profit of $170 080. dy d 5 ( 2 5x 2 1 20x 1 2) 24. a. dx dx 5 2 10x 1 20 dy Setting dx 5 0 shows that x 5 2 is the only critical number of the function.
x y9 Graph

x,2 1 Inc.

x52 0 Local Max

x.2 2 Dec.

b.

dy d 5 (6x 2 1 16x 2 40) dx dx 5 12x 1 16

dy

Setting dx 5 0 shows that x 5 2 4 3 is the only critical number of the function.

x y9 Graph

x,2 2 Dec.

4 3

x52 0

4 3

x.2 1 Inc.

4 3

Local Min

dy d 5 (2x 3 2 24x ) dx dx 5 6x 2 2 24 dy The critical numbers are found by setting dx 5 0: 6x 2 2 24 5 0 6x 2 5 24 x 5 62

c.

x y9 Graph

x , 22 1 Inc.

x 5 22 0 Local Max

22 , x , 2 2 Dec.

x52 0 Local Min

x.2 1 Inc.

d.

dy d x 5 a b dx dx x 2 2 ( x 2 2)(1) 2 x (1) 5 ( x 2 2)2 22 5 ( x 2 2)2

Chapter 5: Derivatives of Exponential and Trigonometric Functions

This derivative is never equal to zero, so the function has no critical numbers. Since the numerator is always negative and the denominator is never negative, the derivative is always negative. This means that the function is decreasing everywhere it is defined, that is, x 2 2. 25. a. This function is discontinuous when x2 2 9 5 0 x 5 63. The numerator is non-zero at these points, so these are the equations of the vertical asymptotes. To check for a horizontal asymptote: 8 8 lim 2 5 lim xS` x 2 9 xS` 2 9 x a1 2 2 b x lim (8) xS` 5 9 lim x 2 a 1 2 2 b xS` x lim (8) xS` 5 9 lim ( x )2 3 lim a 1 2 2 b xS` xS` x 1 8 5 lim 2 3 xS` x 120 50 Similarly, lim x 2 2 9 5 0, so y 5 0 is a horizontal x S 2` asymptote of the function. There is no oblique asymptote because the degree of the numerator does not exceed the degree of the denominator by 1. Local extrema can be found by examining the derivative to determine critical points: ( x 2 2 9)(0) 2 (8)(2x ) yr 5 ( x 2 2 9)2 2 16x 5 2 ( x 2 9)2 Setting yr 5 0 shows that x 5 0 is the only critical point of the function.
x y9 Graph

To check for a horizontal asymptote: 4x 3 x 3 (4) lim 2 5 lim xS` x 2 1 xS` 2 1 x 12 2 x x (4) 5 lim 1 xS` 1 2 x2

xS`

lim ( x (4))

xS`

xS`

lim 1 2 x 2 lim ( x ) 3 lim (4)

xS`

lim 1 2 x 2 xS` 4 5 lim ( x ) 3 xS` 120 5`

Similarly, lim x 2 2 1 5 lim ( x ) 5 2` , so this x S 2` x S 2` function has no horizontal asymptote. To check for an oblique asymptote: 4x 2 3 2 q x 2 1 4x 1 0x 1 0x 1 0 4x3 1 0x2 2 4x 0 1 0 1 4x 1 0 So y can be written in the form 4x y 5 4x 1 2 . Since x 21 4x x (4) lim 2 5 lim xS` x 2 1 xS` 2 1 x 12 2 x

4x 3

5 lim

4 x 1 2 x2 lim (4)

xS`

) )) (
1

xS`

lim x 1 2 x 2 xS` 5
xS`

((

lim (4)

x,0 1 Inc.

x50 0 Local Max

x.0 1 Dec.

lim ( x ) 3 lim 1 2 x 2 xS` xS` 1 4 5 lim a b 3 x 120 5 0,

So (0, 2 8 9 ) is a local maximum. b. This function is discontinuous when x2 2 1 5 0 x 5 61. The numerator is non-zero at these points, so these are the equations of the vertical asymptotes.
Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual

and similarly lim x 2 2 1 5 0, the line y 5 4x is an x S 2` asymptote to the function y. Local extrema can be found by examining the derivative to determine critical points: 5-41

4x

( x 2 2 1)(12x 2 ) 2 (4x 3 )(2x ) ( x 2 2 1)2 12x 4 2 12x 2 2 8x 4 5 ( x 2 2 1)2 4x 4 2 12x 2 5 ( x 2 2 1)2 Setting yr 5 0: 4x 4 2 12x 2 5 0 x 2 ( x 2 2 3) 5 0 so x 5 0, x 5 6 !3 are the critical points of the function ( 2!3, 2 6 !3) is a local maximum, ( !3, 6 !3) is a local minimum, and (0, 0) is neither. yr 5
x y9 Graph

5 24x 1 12 Letting f r ( x ) 5 0 shows that x 5 2 2 and x 5 1 are critical points of the function. Letting y s 5 0 shows that x 5 2 1 2 is an inflection point of the function.

x y9 Graph y0 Concavity

x , 22 1 Inc. 2 Down 2 1 ,x,1 2 2 Dec. 1 Up

x 5 22 0 Local Max 2 Down x51 0 Local Min 1 Up

22 , x 2 Dec. 2 Down x.1 1 Inc. 1 Up

x52 2 Dec. 0 Infl.

1 2

x , 2 !3 1 Inc.

x 5 2 !3 0 Local Max

2 !3 , x , 0 2 Dec. x . !3 2 Inc.

x y9 Graph y0

x50 0 Horiz.

x y9 Graph

0 , x , !3 2 Dec.

x 5 !3 0 Local Min

Concavity

26. a. This function is continuous everywhere, so it has no vertical asymptotes. To check for a horizontal asymptote: lim (4x 3 1 6x 2 2 24x 2 2)
xS`

30 20 10 3 2 1 0 10

x 1 2

24 6 2 5 lim x a 4 1 2 2 2 3 b x xS` x x 6 2 24 5 lim ( x 3 ) 3 lim a 4 1 2 2 2 3 b x xS` xS` x x 5 lim ( x 3 ) 3 (4 1 0 2 0 2 0)

3

y = 4x3 + 6x2 24x 2

5` Similarly, lim (4x 3 1 6x 2 2 24x 2 2) 5 lim ( x 3 ) 5 2` ,

x S 2` x S 2`

xS`

b. This function is discontinuous when x2 2 4 5 0 ( x 1 2)( x 2 2) 5 0 x 5 2 or x 5 2 2. The numerator is non-zero at these points, so the function has vertical asymptotes at both of them. The behaviour of the function near these asymptotes is:
x-values 3x x12 x22 y
xS`

lim y

so this function has no horizontal asymptote. The y-intercept can be found by letting x 5 0, which gives y 5 4(0)3 1 6(0)2 2 24(0) 2 2 5 22 The derivative is of the function is d (4x 3 1 6x 2 2 24x 2 2) yr 5 dx 5 12x 2 1 12x 2 24 5 12( x 1 2)( x 2 1), and the second derivative is d (12x 2 1 12x 2 24) ys 5 dx

x S 22 x S 22 x S 22 x S 21

2 1

,0 ,0 .0 .0

,0 .0 .0 .0

,0 ,0 ,0 .0

,0 .0 ,0 .0

2` 1` 2` 1`

To check for a horizontal asymptote: 3x x (3) lim 2 5 lim xS` x 2 4 xS` 2 4 x 1 2 x2

5 lim

3 x 1 2 x2

xS`

5-42

Chapter 5: Derivatives of Exponential and Trigonometric Functions

xS`

lim (3)

4 lim x 1 2 2 x xS`
xS`

((

)) (
4

lim (3)

6 4 2

3x y = x2 4 x 2 4 6

lim ( x ) 3 lim 1 2 x 2 xS` xS` 1 3 5 lim 3 x xS` 120 50

3x lim 2 5 0, xS` x 2 4

6 4 2 0 2 4 6

Similarly, so y 5 0 is a horizontal asymptote of the function. This function has y 5 0 when x 5 0, so the origin is both the x- and y-intercept. The derivative is ( x 2 2 4)(3) 2 (3x )(2x ) yr 5 ( x 2 2 4)2 2 3x 2 2 12 5 , and the second derivative is ( x 2 2 4)2 ( x 2 2 4)2 ( 2 6x ) ys 5 ( x 2 2 4)4 ( 2 3x 2 2 12)(2( x 2 2 4)(2x )) 2 ( x 2 2 4)4 3 2 6x 1 24x 1 12x 3 1 48x 5 ( x 2 2 4)3 6x 3 1 72x 5 ( x 2 2 4)3 The critical points of the function can be found by letting yr 5 0, so 2 3x 2 2 12 5 0 x 2 1 4 5 0. This has no real solutions, so the function y has no critical points. The inflection points can be found by letting y s 5 0, so 6x 3 1 72x 5 0 6x ( x 2 1 12) 5 0 The only real solution to this equation is x 5 0, so that is the only possible inflection point.
x y9 Graph y0 Concavity

d (( 2 4)e 5x 1 1 ) dx d 5 ( 2 4)e 5x 1 1 3 (5x 1 1) dx 5 ( 2 20)e 5x 1 1 d b. f r ( x ) 5 ( xe 3x ) dx d (3x ) 1 (1)e 3x 5 xe 3x 3 dx 5 e 3x (3x 1 1) d c. yr 5 (63x 2 8 ) dx d 5 (ln 6)63x 2 8 3 (3x 2 8) dx 5 (3 ln 6)63x 2 8 d d. yr 5 ( e sin x ) dx d 5 e sin x 3 (sin x ) dx 5 (cos x )e sin x 28. The slope of the tangent line at x 5 1 can be

27. a. f r ( x ) 5

x , 22 22 , x , 0 2 Dec. 2 Down 2 Dec. 1 Up

x50 2 Dec. 0 Infl.

0,x,2 2 Dec. 2 Down

x.2 2 Dec. 1 Up

found by evaluating the derivative dx for x 5 1: dy d 2x 2 1 5 (e ) dx dx d 5 e 2x 2 1 3 (2x 2 1) dx 2x 2 1 5 2e Substituting x 5 1 shows that the slope is 2e. The value of the original function at x 5 1 is e, so the equation of the tangent line at x 5 1 is y 5 2e ( x 2 1) 1 e. 29. a. The maximum of the function modelling the number of bacteria infected can be found by examining its derivative. d t N r ( t ) 5 ((15t )e 2 5 ) dt d t t t 5 15te 25 3 a 2 b 1 (15)e 25 dt 5 t 5 e25 (15 2 3t ) 5-43

dy

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual

Setting N r ( t ) 5 0 shows that t 5 5 is the only critical point of the function (since the exponential function is never zero). The maximum number of infected bacteria therefore occurs after 5 days. 5 b. N (5) 5 (15(5))e 25 5 27 bacteria d dy 5 (2 sin x 2 3 cos 5x ) 30. a. dx dx d (5x ) 5 2 cos x 2 3( 2 sin 5x ) 3 dx 5 2 cos x 1 15 sin 5x d dy 5 (sin 2x 1 1)4 b. dx dx d (sin 2x 1 1) 5 4(sin 2x 1 1)3 3 dx d 5 4(sin 2x 1 1)3 3 (cos 2x ) 3 (2x ) dx 5 8 cos 2x (sin 2x 1 1)3 1 c. y can be rewritten as y 5 ( x 2 1 sin 3x )2 . Then, d dy 1 5 ( x 2 1 sin 3x )2 dx dx 1 2 d 1 5 ( x 1 sin 3x )22 3 ( x 2 1 sin 3x ) 2 dx 1 1 5 ( x 2 1 sin 3x )22 2 d 3 a 2x 1 cos 3x 3 (3x )b dx 2x 1 3 cos 3x 5 2 !x 2 1 sin 3x dy d sin x 5 a b d. dx dx cos x 1 2 (cos x 1 2)(cos x ) 2 (sin x )( 2 sin x ) 5 (cos x 1 2)2 cos2 x 1 sin2 x 1 2 cos x 5 (cos x 1 2)2 1 1 2 cos x 5 (cos x 1 2)2 d dy 5 (tan x 2 2 tan2 x ) e. dx dx d d sec2 x 2 3 (x2) 5 dx dx d (tan x ) 2 2 tan x 3 dx 5 2x sec2 x 2 2 2 tan x sec2 x

f.

d dy 5 (sin (cos x 2 )) dx dx d (cos x 2 ) 5 cos (cos x 2 ) 3 dx 5 cos (cos x 2 ) 3 ( 2 sin x 2 ) 3 5 2 2x sin x 2 cos(cos x 2 ) d (x2) dx

31.
l2 u 100 l1

250

As shown in the diagram, let u be the angle between the ladder and the ground, and let the total length of the ladder be l 5 l1 1 l2, where l1 is the length from the ground to the top corner of the shed and l2is the length from the corner of the shed to the wall. 250 100 sin u 5 cos u 5 l1 l2 l1 5 250 csc u l2 5 100 sec u l 5 250 csc u 1 100 sec u dl 5 2 250 csc u cot u 1 100 sec u tan u du 100 sin u 250 cos u 1 52 sin2 u cos2 u To determine the minimum, solve du 5 0.
100 sin u 250 cos u 5 2 sin u cos2 u 3 250 cos u 5 100 sin3 u 2.5 5 tan3 u 3 tan u 5 "2.5 u 8 0.94 At u 5 0.94, l 5 250 csc 0.94 1 100 sec 0.94 8 479 cm The shortest ladder is about 4.8 m long. 32. The longest rod that can fit around the corner is determined by the minimum value of x 1 y. So, determine the minimum value of l 5 x 1 y.
dl

5-44

Chapter 5: Derivatives of Exponential and Trigonometric Functions

y u x u 3

Solving du 5 0 yields:
3 sin3 u 2 3 cos3 u 5 0 tan3 u 5 1 tan u 5 1 p u5 4 3 3 So l 5 p 1 p cos 4 sin 4 5 3 !2 1 3 !2 5 6 !2

dl

From the diagram, sin u 5 y and cos u 5 x. So,

l5
3 3 1 , cos u sin u

for 0 # u # 2 .

3 sin u 3 cos u dl 5 2 du cos2 u sin2 u 3 3 sin u 2 3 cos3 u 5 cos2 u sin2 u

When u 5 0 or u 5 2 , the longest possible rod would have a length of 3 m. Therefore the longest rod that can be carried horizontally around the corner is one of length 6 !2, or about 8.5 m.

Calculus and Vectors Solutions Manual

5-45