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Introduction To Anova Outline: Review of Last Week

This document provides an introduction and overview of analysis of variance (ANOVA). It outlines the learning objectives which are to understand what ANOVA is, the different types of ANOVA designs based on within- and between-subject factors, the assumptions of ANOVA including normality, homogeneity of variance and sphericity, and how to test these assumptions. It also briefly discusses important considerations for experimental design when using ANOVA and defines key related vocabulary terms.

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Héctor Flores
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49 views2 pages

Introduction To Anova Outline: Review of Last Week

This document provides an introduction and overview of analysis of variance (ANOVA). It outlines the learning objectives which are to understand what ANOVA is, the different types of ANOVA designs based on within- and between-subject factors, the assumptions of ANOVA including normality, homogeneity of variance and sphericity, and how to test these assumptions. It also briefly discusses important considerations for experimental design when using ANOVA and defines key related vocabulary terms.

Uploaded by

Héctor Flores
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to ANOVA

2009 Methodology A - Lecture 3

Outline
1. Review of Last Week 2. Todays Learning Objectives 3. What is ANOVA? 4. Types of ANOVA 5. Assumptions 6. Considerations 7. Test of Learning Objectives 8. Vocabulary

Review of Last Week


Descriptive Statistics 1. What are the three most common measures of central tendency? 2. How do you calculate the mean? 3. How do you calculate the median? 4. How do you calculate the mode? 5. What are the two measures of variability? 6. How are these two measures related? Hypothesis Testing 7. What is the null hypothesis? 8. What is the difference between one-tailed and two-tailed alternative hypotheses? 9. How do p-values relate to the null and alternative hypotheses? 10. How do Type I and Type II errors differ? The t-test 11. What are the three types of t-test? 12. What do you need to know about your data to compute the t statistic? 13. What are the assumptions of the ttest? 14. How do you test for equal variance? 15. What do you do if variance is not equal? 16. What are degrees of freedom? 17. How do you calculate effect size? 18. How do you report the outcome of a t-test? 19. Given sample data, which type of t-test is most appropriate?

Todays Learning Objectives


1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. What is ANOVA What does ANOVA stand for? How is ANOVA similar to a t-test? How is it different? What is a factor? Types of ANOVA What is the difference between univariate and multivariate ANOVAs? What is the difference between between-subjects and within-subject factors? What is the difference between oneway and factorial ANOVAs? For a univariate design, what 2 things do you need to know to determine what type of ANOVA to use? What type of ANOVA is required if you have both between-subjects and within-subject factors? 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. Assumptions What are the three main assumptions of ANOVA? What descriptive statistics do you report to assess normality? What are the two tests for homogeneity of variance? When should you use each of the tests for homogeneity of variance? How do you compute Fmax? When do you need to check for sphericity? What values of Levenes Test, Fmax and Mauchlys Test allow you to do ANOVA?

What is ANOVA?
! ANalysis Of VAriance ! Like a t-test for 2 or more2 conditions
for 2 conditions, F = t

Types of ANOVA
Number of Dependent Variables (DV)

! ! ! !

! Also used for multiple factors (>1


independent variable)

Univariate - 1 DV ! Repeated-measures - 1 DV measured 2 or more times Multivariate - 2 or more different DVs

Groups of Subjects
Between-subjects - 2 or more groups of subjects, each subject participates in 1 condition Within-subjects - 1 group of subjects, each subject participates in all conditions

! A parametric statistic (has assumptions)

Other Considerations 17. Why should you consider sample size when planning an experiment? 18. What is meant by cases must be independent?

Number of Independent Variables (IV)

! One-way - 1 factor ! Factorial - 2 or more orthogonal factors

Types of ANOVA
Number of Independent Variables
One IV More than one IV Factorial betweensubjects

Assumptions
1. The sample is drawn from a normally-distributed population 2. Homogeneity of variance 3. Sphericity
(only for within-subjects designs)
155-6

1. Normal Distribution
Always look at your data first. Remove outliers and eyeball for normality.
SPSS ! Graphs ! Chart Builder...

Conditions per Subject

One

One-way betweensubjects

Mixed-design (split-plot)

All

One-way within-subject

Factorial within-subject

plus 1 or more continuous IVs = ANCOVA

1. Normal Distribution
There are many ways to determine if data are normally distributed and ANOVA is robust to most violations of normality. For this course, assume data meet the assumptions and just report skewness and kurtosis

1. Normal Distribution
Reporting skewness and kurtosis

1. Normal Distribution
Reporting skewness and kurtosis

negative skew

zero skew

positive skew

platykurtic

mesokurtic

leptokurtic

2. Homogeneity of Variance
Test that the variance of each condition is roughly equal using Levenes Test for between-subjects factors and Fmax for within-subject factors.

2. Homogeneity of Variance
Test that the variance of each condition is roughly equal using Levenes Test for between-subjects factors and Fmax for within-subject factors.

2. Homogeneity of Variance
Test that the variance of each condition is roughly equal using Levenes Test for between-subjects factors and Fmax for within-subject factors.

If Fmax < 4, variance is equal enough for ANOVA If p > .05, variance is equal enough for ANOVA

equal variance

unequal variance

Fmax =

largest variance smallest variance

Fmax =

89.783 55.201

= 1.63

3. Sphericity
! ! !
For within-subject factors with more than 2 levels, you must check for and report sphericity. Sphericity is like homogeneity of variance for difference scores (the difference between pairs of within-subject factors). SPSS does this automatically via Mauchlys Test of Sphericity.

Considerations when designing experiments to be analysed by ANOVA


1. Cases must be independent 2. Sample size should be approximately equal for each group 3. Samples should not be too small

Vocabulary
ANCOVA ANOVA between-subejcts dependent variable (DV) Fmax factor factorial Greenhouse-Geiser homogeneity of variance homoscedasticity kurtosis Levene statistic MANOVA Mauchlys test mixed-design multivariate independent variable (IV) one-way orthogonal repeated-measures robust skewness sphericity split-plot ANOVA univariate within-subject

If p > 0.05, report the Sphericity Assumed statistics, else, report the GreenhouseGeisser statistics.

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