LATIN II NOTES NOUNS

Case o o o o o

Nominative- Subject/ Predicate nominative (with a to be verb - sum) noun Genitive- Possession Of noun or nouns Dative- Indirect object to/for noun Accusative- Direct object/ preposition noun Ablative- Preposition S -sine(without) I -in(in, on) D -de(about, concerning, down from) S -sub (under) P pro(for, instead of, in return for) A -ab(away from) C -cum(with) E -ex(out from) Vocative- case of address

Number o Singular o Plural Gender o Masculine- Us o Feminine- a o Neuter- Um Declination o 1st Mostly Feminine (etc. Agricola, Poata, Nauta) Endings A ae Ae arum Ae is Am as A is Masculine and neuter Endings us (um for neuter) I O Um O o 3rd I (a for neuter) Orum is os (a for neuter) is

2nd

Endings Is I Em E

es um ibus es ibus

4th Us uum ibus us ibus

o Endings Us Us Ui Um U Words declined like unus

Genative singular ends in ius Dative singular ends in I All the rest decline like us, a, um adjectives Examples (adjectives): totus, solus, ullus, nullus, uter, neuter Examples (pronouns):is,ea,id//illi,illa,illud//ipse,ipsa,ipsum Dem= the same// dam= certain (dam in certain that dem(s) the same!)

ABLATIVE USES Place from which- ab, de, ex Place where- in, sub Agent- person who does the passive verb Means- tool/ instrument Accompaniment- cum + person/ thing Manner- how you do something, in what manner Ablative absolute- noun of a participle Time when- when something happens in the morning Time within which- time with in within 45 minutes he ran a mile Respect- how something hold true Comparison- than built in occurs w/ a comparative adjective PRONOUNS Forms of who, which (relative pronoun) M SINGULAR N Qui G Cuius D Cui AC Quem AB Quo M PLURAL N Qui G Quorum D Quibus AC Quos

F Quae Cuius Cui Quam Qua F Quae Quarum Quibus Quas

N Quod Cuius Cui Quod quo N Quae Quorum Quibus Quos

AB o Use

Quibus

Quibus

Quibus

Used to reflect back to some preceding word (antecedent) Always introduces a relative clause, a dependent mini sentence, that contains a verb English relative pronouns Who= people antecedent Which, that, what= non- person antecedent

In Latin: GENDER (+) NUMBER = same as ANTECEDENT The CASE depends on its function in the clause o Nota bene: who is declined in English Who, of whom, to/for whom, whom, by/with whom The relative pronoun can be left out in English but never in latin Ablative of accompaniment: SUM This, These (Demostrative) M F SINGULAR N Hic Haec G Huius Huius D Huic Huic AC Hunc Hanc AB Hoc Hac M F PLURAL N Hi Hae G Horum Harum D His His AC Hos Has AB His His That, Those SINGULAR N G D AC AB PLURAL N G D AC AB M ille Illius Illi Illum Illo M Illi Illorum Illis Illos Illis M Is Eius Ei Eum Eo M Ei F illa Illius Illi Illam Illa F illae Illarum Illis Illas Illis F Ea Eius Ei Eam Ea F Eae

N Hoc Huius Huic Hoc Hoc N Haec Horum His Haec His N Illud Illius Illi Illud Illo N Illa Illorum Illis Illa illis N id Eius Ei id Eo N Ea

He, She, It (They in the plural) SINGULAR N G D AC AB PLURAL N

G D AC AB

Eourm Eis Eos Eis M Ipse Ipsius Ipsi Ipsum Ipso M Ipsi Ipsorum Ipsis Ipsos Ipsis

Earum Eas Eas Eis F Ipsa Ipsius Ipsi Ipsam Ipsa F Ipsae Ipsarum Ipsis Ipsas Ipsis

Eorum Eis Ea Eis N Ipsum Ipsius Ipsi Ipsum Ipso N Ipsa Ipsorum Ipsis Ipsa ipsis

SELF SINGULAR N G D AC AB PLURAL N G D AC AB o

1st person ego (I) mei (of me) mihi (to/for me) me (after verb me) me (by/with/from me) 2nd person Tu (you) Tui (of you) Tibi (to/for you) Te (after verb you) Te (by/with/from you)

nos (we) nostrum (of us) nobis (to/for us) nos (after verb us nobis (by/with/from us) Vos (yall) Vestrum (of yall) Vobis (to/for yall) Vos (after verb yall) Vobis (by/with/from yall)

VERBS

Four principal parts o Second gives you the present step o Third gives you the perfect stem Transitive o Verbs that can take a Direct Object Intransitive o Verbs that cannot take a direct object Conjugations o 1st o 2nd Second principal part ends in -are Take off -re to get present stem

 o 3rd o 4th

Second principal part ends in a short -ere Second principal part ends in a long -ere Take off -ere to get present stem Second principal part ends in -ire Take off -re to get present stem

Mood o

Imperative Command Case=vocative Ends in vowel or vowel + te Indicative 90% of all verbs Regular verbs Subjunctive

Number o Singular o Plural Person o 1st I/we o 2nd you/yall o 3rd he/she/it/they Tense and voice o INDICATIVE o Present active

Translated subjects verb/ subject verbs Endings

o s t

mus tis nt

Passive Translated I am verbed/ subject are been verbed Endings r mur ris mini tur ntur active

Future

Translated- subject shall verb / subject will verb 1st conjugation and 2nd conjugation o Present stem + bo,bi,bu + person number ending -bo -bimus -bis -bitis -bit -bunt

3rd and 4th o Present stem + a,e + person/number ending -ao -emus -es -etis -et -ent

Passive Translated- subject will be verbed/ subject shall be verbed 1st conjugation and 2nd conjugation o Present stem + bo,bi,bu + person number ending -bor -bimur -biris -bimini -bitur -buntur 3rd and 4th o Present stem + a,e + person/number ending -ar -emur -eris -emini -etur -entur Imperfect Active Translated- subject was/were verbed Present stem + ba + person/number ending Endings -bam -bamus -bas -batis -bat -bant Passive Translated- subject was been verbed Present stem + ba + person/number ending Endings -bar -baris -batur

-bamur -bamini -bantur

Perfect Translated- subject have/has verbed Perfect stem + person number ending Endings -i -isti -it Pluperfect Translated- subject had verbed Perfect stem + era + person number endings Endings -Eram -eras -erat

-imus -istis -erunt

-eramus -eratis -erant

Future perfect

Traslated- subject will have verbed Perfect stem + Person number endings Endings -ero -eris -erit

-erimus -eritis -erint

Perfect system passive Always 2 words o 1st = forth principle part o 2nd= form of sum Gender matches subject Perfect o 2nd word is the present tense of sum Sum, es, est, sumus, estis, sunt Pluperfect o 2nd word is the imperfect tense of sum Eram, eras, erat, eramus, eratus, errant Future Perfect o 2nd word is the future tense of sum Ero, eris, erit, erimus, eritis, erunt

SUBJUNCITVE MOOD TENSES Present o ACTIVE Verb formation depends on declination of verb 1st Amat 2nd Videt 3rd Mittit 3rd io Capit 4th Venit WE BEAT A GIANT LIAR o PASSIVE R, ris tur ending instead of o,s,t,mus,tis,nt Imperfect o ACTIVE/PASSIVE Whole second principle part + endings Uses o Jussive Gentle or light command Helping word let Example Ament matres bonus

amet videat Mittat Capiat veniat

ae eea Ia iia iia

Purpose

o Let them love good moms Negative is express with ne English usually uses infinatives to express purpose Introduced by ut, negative ne Translated so that or in order to

o Participles ACTIVE Present stem + ns, ntis (verb)ing 4th and 3rd io are vowel fat so ie Genative plural have the i stem 3rd declination endings Example: Amans, amantis- loving PASSIVE

PRESENT

PERFECT

4th principal part Having been (verb)ed 1st and 2nd us, a, um adjectives Example: Amatus, amata, amatum 4th principal part About (or) going to (verb) Urus, ura, urum endings Example: Amaturus, amatura, amaturum

FUTURE

PART Verb, adjective Uses of participles Adjective (just descriptive) I see the children running from the dog Ablative Absolute AA = W (as in with) Grammar construction consisting of a noun Participle in the ablative case Grammatically unconnected to the rest of sentence Noun + present active = with the noun verbing Noun+ P.P.P = with the noun having been verbed Exemple: (Cena parata) Fulvia quiescebat o With dinner having been prepared, Fulvia was resting (Publio studente in Academia) Furianus Athenas advenit o With Publius studying at the academy, Furianus arrived at Athens Alternate word besides With: When/After Since/Because Although Sum has no particles, the participle is replaced by a noun Noun+ noun = with the noun (being as) noun

Infinatives

Present

ACTIVE 2nd principle part: Amare- To love

Perfect

Perfect stem + isse Amavisse- to have loved

Future

2 wordsFuture active participle + esse Amaturus- to be going to love Subject Complementary Indirect statements Subject- accusative Verb- an infinitive Publius said THAT secunda is dumb Verbs of saying, thinking, feeling Tenses Tells relationship to main verb MAIN VERB INFINATIVE Present Present Present Perfect Present Future Past Present Past Perfect Past Future

PASSIVE 2nd principle part ei Amari- to be loved 3rd conj. Change whole ere to i 2 wordsperfect passive participle + esse Amatus esse- to have been loved RARE

USES o o o

TRANSLATION Present: verb Past: verbed Future: verbing Past: verbed HAD verbed WOULD verb

ADJECTIVES Degrees Positive o Just the word Comparative o For M/F add ior to base of positive o For N add ius to the base Superlatives o M/F/N add issimus, issima, issimum to positive base o Peculiar Adjectives o End in er add rimus, rima, rimum o Ending in lis add limus, lima, limum to positive base

Making comparisons Quam+ thing being compared matches what its being compared to Ablative of comparison Quam + superlatives= as_______as possible

Irregular Adjectives Positive Bonus, a, um Malus, a, um Magnus, a, um Parvus Multus Comparative Melior, Melius Peior, peius Maior, maius Minor, minus Plus (pluris) Superlative Optimus, a, um Pessimus, a, um Maximus, a, um Minimus, a, um Plurimus, a, um

ADVERB Positive o Us, a, um e o 3rd declension adjiter Comparative o Ius to base Superlative o Superlative adjective but change us, a, um e