You run some samples interactively from SQL*Plus, others from Pro*C programs.

You can experiment with the samples from any Oracle account. However, the Pro*C examples expect you to use thescott/tiger account. Before trying the samples, you must create some database tables, then load the tables with data. You do that by running two SQL*Plus scripts, exampbld and examplod, which are supplied with PL/SQL. You can find these scripts in the PL/SQL demo directory. The first script builds the database tables processed by the sample programs. The second script loads (or reloads) the database tables. To run the scripts, invoke SQL*Plus, then issue the following commands:
SQL> START exampbld ... SQL> START examplod

Sample 1. FOR Loop

The following example uses a simple FOR loop to insert ten rows into a database table. The values of a loop index, counter variable, and either of two character strings are inserted. Which string is inserted depends on the value of the loop index. Input Table Not applicable. PL/SQL Block
-- available online in file 'sample1' DECLARE x NUMBER := 100; BEGIN FOR i IN 1..10 LOOP IF MOD(i,2) = 0 THEN -- i is even INSERT INTO temp VALUES (i, x, 'i is even'); ELSE INSERT INTO temp VALUES (i, x, 'i is odd'); END IF; x := x + 100; END LOOP; COMMIT; END;

Output Table
SQL> SELECT * FROM temp ORDER BY col1; NUM_COL1 NUM_COL2 -------- -------CHAR_COL ---------

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

i i i i i i i i i i

is is is is is is is is is is

odd even odd even odd even odd even odd even

Sample 2. Cursors
The following example uses a cursor to select the five highest paid employees from the emp table. Input Table
SQL> SELECT ename, empno, sal FROM emp ORDER BY sal DESC; ENAME EMPNO SAL ---------- --------- -------KING 7839 5000 SCOTT 7788 3000 FORD 7902 3000 JONES 7566 2975 BLAKE 7698 2850 CLARK 7782 2450 ALLEN 7499 1600 TURNER 7844 1500 MILLER 7934 1300 WARD 7521 1250 MARTIN 7654 1250 ADAMS 7876 1100 JAMES 7900 950 SMITH 7369 800

PL/SQL Block
-- available online in file 'sample2' DECLARE CURSOR c1 is SELECT ename, empno, sal FROM emp ORDER BY sal DESC; -- start with highest paid employee my_ename VARCHAR2(10); my_empno NUMBER(4); my_sal NUMBER(7,2); BEGIN OPEN c1; FOR i IN 1..5 LOOP FETCH c1 INTO my_ename, my_empno, my_sal; EXIT WHEN c1%NOTFOUND; /* in case the number requested */ /* is more than the total */ /* number of employees */ INSERT INTO temp VALUES (my_sal, my_empno, my_ename); COMMIT; END LOOP;

CLOSE c1; END;

Output Table
SQL> SELECT * FROM temp ORDER BY col1 DESC; NUM_COL1 NUM_COL2 -------- -------5000 7839 3000 7902 3000 7788 2975 7566 2850 7698 CHAR_COL -------KING FORD SCOTT JONES BLAKE

Sample 3. Scoping
The following example illustrates block structure and scope rules. An outer block declares two variables named x and counter and loops four times. Inside this loop is a sub-block that also declares a variable named x. The values inserted into the temp table show that the two x's are indeed different. Input Table Not applicable. PL/SQL Block
-- available online in file 'sample3' DECLARE x NUMBER := 0; counter NUMBER := 0; BEGIN FOR i IN 1..4 LOOP x := x + 1000; counter := counter + 1; INSERT INTO temp VALUES (x, counter, 'in OUTER loop'); /* start an inner block */ DECLARE x NUMBER := 0; -- this is a local version of x BEGIN FOR i IN 1..4 LOOP x := x + 1; -- this increments the local x counter := counter + 1; INSERT INTO temp VALUES (x, counter, 'inner loop'); END LOOP; END; END LOOP; COMMIT; END;

Output Table
SQL> SELECT * FROM temp ORDER BY col2;

NUM_COL1 NUM_COL2 -------- -------1000 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 2000 6 1 7 2 8 3 9 4 10 3000 11 1 12 2 13 3 14 4 15 4000 16 1 17 2 18 3 19 4 20

CHAR_COL ------------in OUTER loop inner loop inner loop inner loop inner loop in OUTER loop inner loop inner loop inner loop inner loop in OUTER loop inner loop inner loop inner loop inner loop in OUTER loop inner loop inner loop inner loop inner loop

Sample 4. Batch Transaction Processing

In the next example the accounts table is modified according to instructions stored in the action table. Each row in the action table contains an account number, an action to be taken (I, U, or D for insert, update, or delete), an amount by which to update the account, and a time tag used to sequence the transactions. On an insert, if the account already exists, an update is done instead. On an update, if the account does not exist, it is created by an insert. On a delete, if the row does not exist, no action is taken. Input Tables
SQL> SELECT * FROM accounts ORDER BY account_id; ACCOUNT_ID BAL ---------- ------1 1000 2 2000 3 1500 4 6500 5 500 SQL> SELECT * FROM action ORDER BY time_tag; ACCOUNT_ID ---------3 6 5 7 1 9 O NEW_VALUE STATUS - ---------- -------------------u 599 i 20099 d u 1599 i 399 d TIME_TAG --------18-NOV-88 18-NOV-88 18-NOV-88 18-NOV-88 18-NOV-88 18-NOV-88

10

18-NOV-88

PL/SQL Block
-- available online in file 'sample4' DECLARE CURSOR c1 IS SELECT account_id, oper_type, new_value FROM action ORDER BY time_tag FOR UPDATE OF status; BEGIN FOR acct IN c1 LOOP -- process each row one at a time acct.oper_type := upper(acct.oper_type); /*----------------------------------------*/ /* Process an UPDATE. If the account to */ /* be updated doesn't exist, create a new */ /* account. */ /*----------------------------------------*/ IF acct.oper_type = 'U' THEN UPDATE accounts SET bal = acct.new_value WHERE account_id = acct.account_id; IF SQL%NOTFOUND THEN -- account didn't exist. Create it. INSERT INTO accounts VALUES (acct.account_id, acct.new_value); UPDATE action SET status = 'Update: ID not found. Value inserted.' WHERE CURRENT OF c1; ELSE UPDATE action SET status = 'Update: Success.' WHERE CURRENT OF c1; END IF; /*--------------------------------------------*/ /* Process an INSERT. If the account already */ /* exists, do an update of the account */ /* instead. */ /*--------------------------------------------*/ ELSIF acct.oper_type = 'I' THEN BEGIN INSERT INTO accounts VALUES (acct.account_id, acct.new_value); UPDATE action set status = 'Insert: Success.' WHERE CURRENT OF c1; EXCEPTION WHEN DUP_VAL_ON_INDEX THEN -- account already exists UPDATE accounts SET bal = acct.new_value WHERE account_id = acct.account_id; UPDATE action SET status = 'Insert: Acct exists. Updated instead.' WHERE CURRENT OF c1; END; /*--------------------------------------------*/ /* Process a DELETE. If the account doesn't */ /* exist, set the status field to say that */ /* the account wasn't found. */ /*--------------------------------------------*/

ELSIF acct.oper_type = 'D' THEN DELETE FROM accounts WHERE account_id = acct.account_id; IF SQL%NOTFOUND THEN -- account didn't exist. UPDATE action SET status = 'Delete: ID not found.' WHERE CURRENT OF c1; ELSE UPDATE action SET status = 'Delete: Success.' WHERE CURRENT OF c1; END IF; /*--------------------------------------------*/ /* The requested operation is invalid. */ /*--------------------------------------------*/ ELSE -- oper_type is invalid UPDATE action SET status = 'Invalid operation. No action taken.' WHERE CURRENT OF c1; END IF; END LOOP; COMMIT; END;

Output Tables
SQL> SELECT * FROM accounts ORDER BY account_id; ACCOUNT_ID BAL ---------- -------1 399 2 2000 3 599 4 6500 6 20099 7 1599 SQL> SELECT * FROM action ORDER BY time_tag; ACCOUNT_ID ---------3 6 5 7 1 9 10 O NEW_VALUE STATUS - ---------- --------------------u 599 Update: Success. i 20099 Insert: Success. d Delete: Success. u 1599 Update: ID not found. Value inserted. i 399 Insert: Acct exists. Updated instead. d Delete: ID not found. x Invalid operation. No action taken. TIME_TAG --------18-NOV-88 18-NOV-88 18-NOV-88 18-NOV-88 18-NOV-88 18-NOV-88 18-NOV-88

Sample 5. Embedded PL/SQL

The following example shows how you can embed PL/SQL in a high-level host language such as C and demonstrates how a banking debit transaction might be done. Input Table
SQL> SELECT * FROM accounts ORDER BY account_id; ACCOUNT_ID BAL ---------- -------1 1000 2 2000 3 1500 4 6500 5 500

PL/SQL Block in a C Program

/* available online in file 'sample5' */ #include <stdio.h> char buf[20]; EXEC SQL BEGIN DECLARE SECTION; int acct; double debit; double new_bal; VARCHAR status[65]; VARCHAR uid[20]; VARCHAR pwd[20]; EXEC SQL END DECLARE SECTION; EXEC SQL INCLUDE SQLCA; main() { extern double atof(); strcpy (uid.arr,"scott"); uid.len=strlen(uid.arr); strcpy (pwd.arr,"tiger"); pwd.len=strlen(pwd.arr); printf("\n\n\tEmbedded PL/SQL Debit Transaction Demo\n\n"); printf("Trying to connect..."); EXEC SQL WHENEVER SQLERROR GOTO errprint; EXEC SQL CONNECT :uid IDENTIFIED BY :pwd; printf(" connected.\n"); for (;;) /* Loop infinitely */ { printf("\n** Debit which account number? (-1 to end) "); gets(buf); acct = atoi(buf); if (acct == -1) /* Need to disconnect from Oracle */ { /* and exit loop if account is -1 */ EXEC SQL COMMIT RELEASE; exit(0); } printf(" What is the debit amount? ");

gets(buf); debit = atof(buf); /* ---------------------------------- */ /* ----- Begin the PL/SQL block ----- */ /* ---------------------------------- */ EXEC SQL EXECUTE DECLARE insufficient_funds EXCEPTION; old_bal NUMBER; min_bal CONSTANT NUMBER := 500; BEGIN SELECT bal INTO old_bal FROM accounts WHERE account_id = :acct; -- If the account doesn't exist, the NO_DATA_FOUND -- exception will be automatically raised. :new_bal := old_bal - :debit; IF :new_bal >= min_bal THEN UPDATE accounts SET bal = :new_bal WHERE account_id = :acct; INSERT INTO journal VALUES (:acct, 'Debit', :debit, SYSDATE); :status := 'Transaction completed.'; ELSE RAISE insufficient_funds; END IF; COMMIT; EXCEPTION WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN :status := 'Account not found.'; :new_bal := -1; WHEN insufficient_funds THEN :status := 'Insufficient funds.'; :new_bal := old_bal; WHEN OTHERS THEN ROLLBACK; :status := 'Error: ' || SQLERRM(SQLCODE); :new_bal := -1; END; END-EXEC; /* -------------------------------- */ /* ----- End the PL/SQL block ----- */ /* -------------------------------- */ status.arr[status.len] = '\0'; printf("\n\n Status: if (new_bal >= 0) printf(" Balance is now: /* End of loop */ /* null-terminate */ /* the string */ %s\n", status.arr); $%.2f\n", new_bal);

errprint: EXEC SQL WHENEVER SQLERROR CONTINUE; printf("\n\n>>>>> Error during execution:\n"); printf("%s\n",sqlca.sqlerrm.sqlerrmc); EXEC SQL ROLLBACK RELEASE; exit(1); }

Interactive Session
Embedded PL/SQL Debit Transaction Demo Trying to connect... connected. ** Debit which account number? (-1 to end) 1 What is the debit amount? 300 Status: Transaction completed. Balance is now: $700.00 ** Debit which account number? (-1 to end) 1 What is the debit amount? 900 Status: Insufficient funds. Balance is now: $700.00 ** Debit which account number? (-1 to end) 2 What is the debit amount? 500 Status: Transaction completed. Balance is now: $1500.00 ** Debit which account number? (-1 to end) 2 What is the debit amount? 100 Status: Transaction completed. Balance is now: $1400.00 ** Debit which account number? (-1 to end) 99 What is the debit amount? 100 Status: Account not found.

** Debit which account number? (-1 to end) -1

Output Tables
SQL> SELECT * FROM accounts ORDER BY account_id; ACCOUNT_ID BAL ---------- -----1 700 2 1400 3 1500 4 6500 5 500 SQL> SELECT * FROM journal ORDER BY date_tag; ACCOUNT_ID ---------1 2 2 ACTION -------------------Debit Debit Debit AMOUNT --------300 500 100 DATE_TAG --------28-NOV-88 28-NOV-88 28-NOV-88

Sample 6. Calling a Stored Procedure

This Pro*C program connects to Oracle, prompts the user for a department number, then calls procedure get_employees, which is stored in package personnel. The procedure declares three index-by tables as OUT formal parameters, then fetches a batch of employee data into the index-by tables. The matching actual parameters are host arrays. When the procedure finishes, it automatically assigns all row values in the indexby tables to corresponding elements in the host arrays. The program calls the procedure repeatedly, displaying each batch of employee data, until no more data is found. Input Table
SQL> SELECT ename, empno, sal FROM emp ORDER BY sal DESC; ENAME EMPNO SAL ---------- --------- -------KING 7839 5000 SCOTT 7788 3000 FORD 7902 3000 JONES 7566 2975 BLAKE 7698 2850 CLARK 7782 2450 ALLEN 7499 1600 TURNER 7844 1500 MILLER 7934 1300 WARD 7521 1250 MARTIN 7654 1250 ADAMS 7876 1100 JAMES 7900 950 SMITH 7369 800

Stored Procedure
/* available online in file 'sample6' */ #include <stdio.h> #include <string.h> typedef char asciz; EXEC SQL BEGIN DECLARE SECTION; /* Define type for null-terminated strings. */ EXEC SQL TYPE asciz IS STRING(20); asciz username[20]; asciz password[20]; int dept_no; /* which department to query */ char emp_name[10][21]; char job[10][21]; EXEC SQL VAR emp_name is STRING (21); EXEC SQL VAR job is STRING (21); float salary[10]; int done_flag; int array_size; int num_ret; /* number of rows returned */ int SQLCODE; EXEC SQL END DECLARE SECTION;

EXEC SQL INCLUDE sqlca; int print_rows(); int sqlerror(); main() { int i; /* Connect to Oracle. */ strcpy(username, "SCOTT"); strcpy(password, "TIGER"); EXEC SQL WHENEVER SQLERROR DO sqlerror(); EXEC SQL CONNECT :username IDENTIFIED BY :password; printf("\nConnected to Oracle as user: %s\n\n", username); printf("Enter department number: "); scanf("%d", &dept_no); fflush(stdin); /* Print column headers. */ printf("\n\n"); printf("%-10.10s%-10.10s%s\n", "Employee", "Job", "Salary"); printf("%-10.10s%-10.10s%s\n", "--------", "---", "------"); /* Set the array size. */ array_size = 10; done_flag = 0; num_ret = 0; /* Array fetch loop - ends when NOT FOUND becomes true. */ for (;;) { EXEC SQL EXECUTE BEGIN personnel.get_employees (:dept_no, :array_size, :num_ret, :done_flag, :emp_name, :job, :salary); END; END-EXEC; print_rows(num_ret); if (done_flag) break; } /* Disconnect from Oracle. */ EXEC SQL COMMIT WORK RELEASE; exit(0); } print_rows(n) int n; { int i; if (n == 0) { /* produces program output */ /* handles unrecoverable errors */

printf("No rows retrieved.\n"); return; } for (i = 0; i < n; i++) printf("%10.10s%10.10s%6.2f\n", emp_name[i], job[i], salary[i]); } sqlerror() { EXEC SQL WHENEVER SQLERROR CONTINUE; printf("\nOracle error detected:"); printf("\n% .70s \n", sqlca.sqlerrm.sqlerrmc); EXEC SQL ROLLBACK WORK RELEASE; exit(1); }

Interactive Session
Connected to Oracle as user: SCOTT Enter department number: 20 Employee -------SMITH JONES SCOTT ADAMS FORD Job --CLERK MANAGER ANALYST CLERK ANALYST Salary -----800.00 2975.00 3000.00 1100.00 3000.00