KINGDOM PROTISTA Sub kingdom protozoa / protista like animal From Greece language: protos= the first Zoo=animal

l Group of animal one cell (mikroskopis), that mean one organism do all fisiologis function or essensial live proses. Characteristic: Mikroskopis, one cell, koloni shape Consistent cell shape, oval, longitudinal, sphaerik Clear nucleus,have one or more organell else Move with flagellate, pseudopodia, cilia or moving the cell shape Have body protection, kista resistant with not benefit environment Life style : free, komensal, mutualistis or parasitic Variation nutrition : a. Holozoic, live depent on organism else b. Saprophytic, depend on substance dissolved in the surrounding area c. Saprozoic, depend on dead animal residue d. Holophyitc or autropic, make food with fotosintesis Reproduction with sexsual, bener splithing, multiple splithing or budding and konjugasi. Shared in 7 phylum, that is: 1. Sarcomastigophora 2. Labyrinthomorphora, example : Labyrinthula sp

3. Apicomplexa, shared in 2 classis : a. Parkinsea classis, parasit little group in mollusk b. Sporozoa classis, example: Plasmodium sp, Tonoplasma sp, babesia sp, Monocystis sp, Gregarine sp, Eimeria sp 4. Myxozoa, parasit in low vertebrata 5. Microspora, parasit in invertebrata (rthropoda) and loe vertebrate 6. Ascetospora, parasit in vertebrate 7. Ciliaphora, example : Paramaecium sp, Stentor sp, Vorticella sp, colpoda sp, Euplotes sp.

A. Sub phylum SARCODINA Sarcodes = being meaty Shared in 2 superclassis, that is : a. Superclassis Rhizopoda, shared in 4 classis: 1. Classis Eumycetozoae, example : Physarum sp. 2. Classis Filosea, example: Vampyrella sp. 3. Classis Granuloreticuloseae, example : Globigerina sp., Foraminifera sp. 4. Classis Lobosea, example : Amoeba proteus, Arcella sp., Difflugia sp. Characteristic amoeba proteus Live in clean fresh water dan have hijau plant The most simple animal, one free cell with nucleus and cytoplasm but have not permanent organell Amoeba body cell, consisted of :

 Plasmalemma (thinest membrane cell), function : protoplasma inside statis to exit and entry water, O2, CO2 Ektoplasma (clear and no granulla), function : give cell shape Endoplasma (clear and have granulla, plasma gel and plasma sol), function to movement. Nucleus, function to control organism vital proses Kontraktil vacuole, function to arrange water cell compotition Food vacuole, to content food digesti experience Cell inclution constitude food deposit for metabolism Food : algae, rotifer, dead protoplasm Moviment : Moving psuodopodia with protoplasm change from plasma gel to plasma sol. Respirasi and ekskresi : plsma membrane with diffuse Reproduction : biner splitting. Sel to become spharik shape and protection with short pseudopodia make long then narrow in certain part. During splitting nukleus with mitosis and the end cell multiple two part. Superclassis Rhizopoda description : 1. Classis Lobosea Ordo 1. Amoebina 1.1 Genus Amoeba Have graft I Arcella Graft part from sand granule - Diffugia 1.2 Genus Entamoeba, Live in termite and cockroach inteestinum

1.3 Genus

Entamoeba,

live

in

vertebrate

digesti,can

make

kista,example : Entamoeba gingivalis, in gums Entamoeba coli in intestinum hospes Entamoeba histolyca pathogen, causes disentri. 2. Classis Granuloreticuloseae Genus foraminifera Have graft (body protection), from graft exit long pseudopodia like line Live in sea, somebody adhepe in hydroid or in sea bottom, to crawl pelagic, free movement Graft can accumulate in bottom make koral layer (35% sea) her name OOZ shaped with Globigerina, although Nummulites (extinct) can make coral deposit shape big pyramid in near Cairo. Proteleum geollogis study learn that Foraminifera is signal to conclude strata with composite oil. b. Superclassis Actinopoda, shared in 4 classis: 1. ClassisHeliozoa Shpaerik shape, have not graft, radiair of pseudopodia direction and a lot of its total so this name sun animalcules(sun animal) Somebody live in fresh water Example : Actinophrys, Clathrulina 2. Classis Acantharea Cytoplasm shared in out and in cytoplasm by cental capsul Skeleton from silica or strontinum sunfat

 Live in sea and pelagic Empty skeleton can cover bottom of the sea, some coral formatting contain of radiolarian fossil. Example : acanthometro, Collosphera

3. Classis Polycystinea Example : Thalassicola sp. 4. Classis Phacodarea Example : Aulacantha sp.

B. SUB PHYLUM MASTIGOPHORA Greece language : Mastrik=whip, Phoros=containt Mastigophora : animal that have the cillia Flagellata-flagelum : long feather E.g : Euglena viridis, Volvox globator Characteristics : Have a flagellum that function for catch the food, receptor and moving. The shape of cells are oval, long or sphaerik (constant) with aim of anterior blunt and usually moving to the frontal. Aim of posterior is pointed. Have many chlorophyl. Free live and soliter, cessile and form of colony.parasitik in human and all of animal variety. Body sructure :

1. Outsidde membrane : the function to preserve body shape, thin protected and fleksible has called pellicle. 2. Ectoplasma : covering of endoplasma mass that have grandulle and current plasm. 3. Cytoplasma , cytopharinx. 4. Flagelum , to strectch out from cytoplasma. 5. Reservoir : to patch liquid from cytoplasma that flow in the vacuole. 6. Stigma : red colored (dot eye) sensitive to light. 7. Nucleus : have round shape. 8. Chloroplast : many amount in cytoplasma. 9. Paramylum bodies, found from carbohydrate. Moving : flegallum flap to back and front so Euglena will pushed through water with spiral rotation, so straight moving. Positif react to light and go away from live sunlight. Nutrition : for some flagellata, the food entered into cytopharinx and digest then in the food vacuole in cytoplasm (Holozik) but at most of euglena is like holopytik. Reproduction : longitudinal multiple biner with mitosis where is organela anterior-flagelum. Blepharoplas, cytopharinx, reservoir and stigma are duplicated. Self protected : inaktif form cyst that stimulus by food situation and no support.

CLASSIFICATED 1. CLASS PHYTOMASTIGOPHORA

Free live and have holopytik character Ordo 1 : Dinoflagelata Live in sea, have a body covered as selulosa. E.g : Ceratium and Peridinium with diatome as food of crustacea larva and other animal. Gymnodinium brevis, poisonous can killed fish and turtle. Gonyaulax catenella, food of bivalve that will get out poisonous if eating by human.

Ordo 2 : Phytomonadina Fresh water flagellata and have green colour. E.g : Pandorina , Volvox (round shape have a hollow, have nucleus, contractil vacuole, red stigma, green chloroplast and 2 flagela. Volvox reproduction : with colony doing aseksual reproduction with method colony where respetively individu let free this flagellum, become big and multiple, then exist seksual generation, cells.

2. CLASS ZOOMASTIGOPHORA Flagellata that no chloroplast Holozik and saprozoik Ordo 1 : Protomonadina E.g : Bodo and Oicomona, live in fresh water and inside of soil.

Codosiga, Proterospongia and some colonial aquatik have neck flagellum. Family : Tripanosoma All member of parasitik E.g : Phytomonas, live inside of ccells latex and infect from one tree to other tree by Oncopeltus. Crithidia and Herpetomonas is parasit in intestinum insecta and spread with cyst. Genus 1 : Tripanosoma as Flagellata that have hape like leaves, live inside of blood Vertebrata, not form cyst, infect from one hospes to other hospes by suck blood invertebrata. Species in salamander fish and reptilia transmited by hirudinae. Tripanosoma lewisi in mouse, not lose the hospas Trypanosoma evansi caused surra disease in animal cattle and spread by fly bite. Trypanosoma brucei found in antilop and other mammal in Africa and seatter by tsetse fly. Trypanosoma and Trypanosoma rhodensianse cause sleep disease in the human in africa, both scater by tsetse fly and cause of deadly. Trypanosoma cruzi - chagas disease Genus 2 : Leismania L. donovani Kala Azar disease L. tropica Skin disease L. brasiliensis -- Skin disease

The scatter : from Rhodentia by suck blood fly.

Ordo 2 : Polymastigina Have more of 3 flagellata. E.g : Tetramitus in intestestinum Hexamita, in fish and bird bodies Eytrichomastix, in frogh and snake bodies Devescovina, Oxymonas, in the ant bodies Trichomonas, in the invertebrata and vertabrata.

Ordo 3 : Hypermastigina Have more flagel Found very much in the Cryptocercus intestinum and in and in ant species,mutualism simbiose . Ant cant digest the selulose but help by flagellata. Flagellata form pseudopodia, eating wood fragment inside drain digest of ant, cellulose digest and the product digest that dissolve become essence substance by the ant.

C. PHYLUM APICOMPLEXA Class SPOROZOA All of sporozoa live as parasit at protozoa until mammal (hospes cell, liquid and mount hollow, digest hollow, muscular, blood and ren). E.g : diseases : malaria, coccidiosis at aves and rabbit, pebrine disease at silkworm. Have simple body shape (moving with change the shape) The food lve absorb from hospes (sporozoik)

Respiration and ekskretion with simple difution. Reproduction : a. b. Aseksual : schizogony (multinuclear) repetition, the cytoplasm are devide. Seksual : micro and macro gamet integrate become zygote (oocyt) with sporogony.

Ordo 1 : Gregarinia Parasit ekstraseluler and intraseluler at invertabrata. E.g : Monocystis that live in vesicular seminalis of earthworm.

Sporozoid trophozoid gametocyt that have partner sporulasi the zigot sekretion oocyt that the nucleus devide 2,4,8 child nuclei and integrate with cytoplasm become sporozoit.

Ordo 2 : Coccidia Live in the vertebrata epitel and at invertebrata (intestinum, gail flow, ren, testes, blood vessel and coelom. Live cycle schizogony and sporogony Caused coccidiosis disease Eimeria stiedae : parasit in rabbit (gail epitel cell), to damage the hearth.

Ordo 3 : Haemosporidia Parasi at erythrocyte, bird ang mammal tissues. Move from one hospes to other hospes by Athropoda that suck of blood.

E.g : Plasmodiumthat caused of malaria, transmited mosquito Anopheles genus, hurt the skin, sporozoid entered into injury, found schizon after 3 days then scatter to erythrocyte and trophozoik improve become schizon, devide 636 child merozoid, exit to plasm the hospes shivering.

D. PHYLUM CILIOPHORA E.g : Paramaecium Protozoa that have a cillia for moving and catch the food. The body containt of one cell, point of anterior blunt and sharp in posterior. Out surface covere by elastis membrane (pelikel), in the inside containt of cytoplasma, as thin layer that clear, covered endoplasma containt many trichocyt have longitudinal shape use to stick and protected. Have mount hollow, cytoplasm, cytophrinx. In cytopharinx, cilia use to form of ribbon called peniculus. In the back of cytopharinx have cytophyge (anus in cell). In endoplasm have contractile vacuole and food vacuole. Have 2 nucleus. Moving with flap the cilia to similar back, then paramaecium moving to frontal, if disloyal rotation moving. Eating bacteria, litle protozoa, algae and ferment. Method : mount-cytostomacytopharing-vacuole and finish at specifik measure, broken arrange circulationcytophige. Mutualism simbiosis, E.g : Paramaecium bursaria containt green alga the shape are spheric (Zoochlorella) in this endoplasm. CO2 from protozoa need alga to photosynthesis and product of O2 that need of Paramaecium. Respration and ekskretion with difution through pelikel. Function of contractile vacuole : prick compotition of water and use to ekskretion of urea and ammonia. Reproduction : multiple biner, konyugasi, autogami and endomixis.

Konyugasi : two individu arrange stickly melting heppen, macronucleuus pass away, micronucleus bigest, heppen divide with mitosis become 4 micronucleus, 3 degenerasi, 1 split again become 2 pronuclei in each animal, one of them are migration, meet with pronucleus and that no migration become zygote, divide 2-48 micronuclei, 4 bigest, 3 degeneration. Macronuclei divide become 4 paramaecium.

CLASSIFICATION 1. Sub Class PROTOCILIATA Live at opalina intestinum Have hundred nuclei Havent cytoplasm

2. Sub Class EUCIILIATA Have one macronucleus or more and one ore more icronuclei. Reproduction with sexual Ordo 1 : Holotricha Paramaecium, have a cilia and uniform Form the cyst Sub ordo Tricmotricha found in bivave mantle (molusca)

Ordo 2 : Spirotricha Free live and in mammal herbivora intestinum, caecum and colon in horse. E.g : Balantidium coli, parasit at iintestinum.

Ordo 3 : Have discus in cilia mount area Have organ to put on the self, form the colony and so on lorica (kotak)

E. SUB PHILUM OPALINATA E.g : Opalina sp