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Energy

This document discusses different types of energy including kinetic energy, potential energy, and mechanical energy. It provides definitions and examples. Kinetic energy is the energy of an object due to its motion. Potential energy is the stored energy of an object due to its position or configuration. Mechanical energy is the sum of an object's kinetic and potential energies. The work-energy theorem states that work done on an object is equal to the change in its kinetic energy. Examples of different types of energy in various systems are also given, such as for a freely falling body or object projected vertically.

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48 views

Energy

This document discusses different types of energy including kinetic energy, potential energy, and mechanical energy. It provides definitions and examples. Kinetic energy is the energy of an object due to its motion. Potential energy is the stored energy of an object due to its position or configuration. Mechanical energy is the sum of an object's kinetic and potential energies. The work-energy theorem states that work done on an object is equal to the change in its kinetic energy. Examples of different types of energy in various systems are also given, such as for a freely falling body or object projected vertically.

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ExpertsmindEdu
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Physics Assignment Help | Energy|www.expertsmind.

com
E En ne er rg gy y
Definition: Energy is described as internal capacity of doing work. When we call that a body has energy we
mean that it can do work.
Energy seems in many forms such as electrical, mechanical, chemical, optical, thermal, Acoustical (sound),
nuclear, atomic, molecular, etc. and can converts from one form to the other.
KINETIC ENERGY
(i) The energy possessed by a object by virtue of its motion is called as kinetic energy (KE).
(ii) The KE of a moving body is same to the amount of work that must be given to bring a body from
rest into the state of motion. Conversely, the value of work that we must do in order to collect a
moving object to rest is same to the negative of the kinetic energy of the body, i.e., to call a moving
object to rest is equal to the negative of the kinetic energy of the object. i.e., to bring a moving
body to rest is same to the negative of the kinetic energy of the object, i.e.,
KE work done to put the object into motion work done to bring the body to a stop
POTENTIAL ENERGY
The energy possessed by a object by virtue of its position or its configuration is known its potential
energy.
Concept of potential energy is valid only in conservative field. In conservative force field when a object moves on
a round trip then its kinetic energy will not modify. But if we suppose a point B on the path, then at point B, its
kinetic power will not be equal as at point A. (Let K.E
B
< K.E
A
), we may say that this modification in kinetic energy
has stored in configuration of system and this kept energy is called as potential energy of system.
So potential energy saved in system when body moves from A to B
(K.E
B
K.E
A
) (Work done by net force)
So potential energy of a object relays on the conservative force which is performing on
the body. For example spring potential energy, gravitational potential power etc.
In universe potential energy at any instance is not described absolutely. When body
moves from A to B then potential energy kept in system or modification in potential
energy of system from A to point B is U
B
- U
A
= - (K.E
B
K.E
A
) = - W
net AB
.
A
B
K.E
B
K.E
A
Gravitational Potential Energy: Suppose a object of mass m which goes from A to B then
work given by gravitational force.
W =
h
0
mgdx mgh =
}
- (U
B
- U
A
) = - mgh
B A
(U U ) mgh =
h
x
A
B
We suppose our reference point as A where its P.E is zero.
So U
B
0 = mgh U
B
= mgh
So potential energy of a object at a height h above the point A will be mgh and h height below the point A
potential energy will be - mgh
Electrostatic Potential Energy: Two point modifies q
1
and q
2
are placed at a distance r from one another
then electrostatic potential energy of two phase charge system will be
1 2
kq q
r
. We consider P.E. of two
charge system to be zero when they are placed at infinity.
Spring Potential Energy: A block of mass m is related by a spring of force constant k. If we elongate or
compress the spring x
0
from natural length then work done by spring when object moves from A to B is-
2
x
0
0
1
dw kxdx kx
2
= =

} }
2
0
1
w kx
2
= - (U
B
- U
A
) =
2
0
1
kx
2

Let suppose that the potential energy of system is zero when spring
is in its natural size
U
B
0 =
2
0
1
kx
2
U
B
=
2
0
1
kx
2
B
A
x
0
x
0
The other forms of potential energy are elastic potential energy, magnetic potential energy etc.
WORK ENERGY THEOREM
According to this theorem, the work done by a force on a particle is same to the change in the kinetic
energy of the particle.
We know that the quantity F dS = F dS cos u is described as the work done by force F on the particle during
small displacement dS. When the force F performs on the particle during a finite displacement, the work
done is calculated as,
W F dS Fcos dS = = u
} }
(i) Suppose that a object of mass m is performed upon by a resultant acceleration force F along the Xaxis.
Consider the body moves from a position x
1
to position x
2
along Xaxis. Let the speed of the object
increases from v
1
and v
2
. The work done by the force in the displacement is
2
1
x
x
W Fdx =
}

(ii)
But according to Newtons second law,
dv mv dx dv
F ma m m mv
dt dx dt dx
= = = =
Substituting this value in eq. (2), we get
2 2
1 1
x v
x v
dv
W mv dx m v dv
dx
= =
} }
=
2
1
v
2
2 2
2 1
v
v 1 1
m mv mv
2 2 2

= =

]
= K
f
K
i
(iii)
where the quantity
2
1
mv
2
is called as the kinetic energy of the object. K
f
and K
i
are the initial and final
kinetic energies of the body.
If AK be the change in kinetic energies, then
K = K
f
K
i
W = K
Note: Workenergy theorem is particularly useful in detemination of minimum stopping force or minimum
stopping distance. If a object is brought to a halt, the work done to do so is same to the kinetic energy lost.
MECHANICAL ENERGY
Mechanical energy E of particle, system or object is described as the sum of kinetic energy K and
potential energy U, i.e. E = K + U. It is a scalar quantity having dimensions [ML
2
T
2
] and SI unit joule.
(i) It relays on frame of reference.
(ii) A body may have mechanical energy without having either kinetic energy or potential energy.
However, if both potential and kinetic energies are zero, mechanical energy will be zero. The result may
or may not be true, i.e., if E = 0 either both KE and PE are zero or PE negative and KE positive such that
KE + PE = 0.
Examples: Law of conservation of mechanical power
(a) Freely falling body: At the highest point, net energy is in the form of potential
power. At an intermediate point, energy is in the form of both KE and PE. At
the lowest point, net energy is in the form of only KE.
TE = (PE)
H
= (KE)
I
+ (PE)
I
= (KE)
L

2 2
1 1
1 1
TE mgh mgh mv mv
2 2
= = + =
H
I
L
h
h
1
v
1
v
u = 0
(b) Body projected vertically upwards: At the initial point total energy is in the
form of KE only, at an intermediate point energy is in the form of both KE and
PE and at the highest point total energy is in the form of only PE.
TE = (KE)
L
= (KE)
l
+ (PE)
l
= (PE)
H

2 2
1 1
1 1
TE mv mgh mv mgh
2 2
= = + =
H
I
L
h
h
1
v
1
v

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