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02 Position C 0

The document discusses Inductosyn, a type of variable differential transformer that uses the principle of mutual inductance between two flat coils to determine position. It can be used with one driven slider coil or with two driven coils. It also discusses Resolvers, which are similar to Inductosyn but use rotating coils instead of linear position sensing. The document then covers eddy current sensors, which use magnetic fields to induce eddy currents in nearby conductive materials for proximity sensing and material analysis. It also discusses magnetostrictive sensors that use the magnetostrictive effect to determine position and capacitive sensors, whose capacitance changes with proximity or overlapping area of electrodes.

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Pham Long
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170 views

02 Position C 0

The document discusses Inductosyn, a type of variable differential transformer that uses the principle of mutual inductance between two flat coils to determine position. It can be used with one driven slider coil or with two driven coils. It also discusses Resolvers, which are similar to Inductosyn but use rotating coils instead of linear position sensing. The document then covers eddy current sensors, which use magnetic fields to induce eddy currents in nearby conductive materials for proximity sensing and material analysis. It also discusses magnetostrictive sensors that use the magnetostrictive effect to determine position and capacitive sensors, whose capacitance changes with proximity or overlapping area of electrodes.

Uploaded by

Pham Long
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Inductosyn

Position-dependent mutual inductance (and thus signal transfer) between two meander-like flat coils Excitation: current into the fixed scale, OR current into the moving slider

Inductosyn driven slider

* One rotor (slide) driven by current

Mutual inductance

U = cos t u 2 (t ) = KU cos cos t


* Two rotors driven

x U 2 = KU cos(2 ) = KU cos p

M ~cos

u 2 (t ) = u 21 (t ) + u 22 (t ) = KU (cos cos t + sin cos t ) = KU cos(t )


Coarse scale: incremental, fine scale : measurement of phase

Inductosyn - driven stator (scale)

u 21 (t ) = KU sin sin t

u 22 (t ) = KU cos sin t

u 3 (t ) = KU (sin cos cos sin ) sin t = KU sin( ) sin t

Resolver
stator stator rotor a) rotor b)

Selsyn

Scott transformer (3 phase / 2 phase) Conversion of selsyn signal to resolver form

the depth of field penetration (attenuation to 1/e)

Sensors based on eddy currents


2

!!!

Difficult field penetration to conductors (low resistivity => high eddy currents) Used for detecting presence of conductive targets (proximity switch)

G i~

Eddy currents in the material compensate the external field (Lenz law)
a)

Zm y b)

Sensors based on eddy currents -construction


field concentration (focusing) : ferrite core, ev. magnetic shielding The sensor in typical threaded-cylinder shape

Metallic target

Sensors based on eddy currents : signal conditioning circuits


Bridge and transformer circuits (compensating sensor) resonant circuits LC-oscillator: f, Q pulse driven - defectoscopy
low f: change of Re(Z) high f: change of L

Sensors based on eddy currents : applications


sensors of translational motion binary sensors of position (proximity switch) detection of vehicles (or any conducting objects - mines, cable,
pipelines)

diagnostics cracks material composition noncontacting operation in presence of dirtiness target conductive for d > independent on target parameters

u2 um

is us

u1

iw

Sensors based on eddy currents : applications


~ 2 a) ~ ~ e) ~

~ l c) ~ ~

b)

d)

1 2

f) ~

g)

h) ~ ~ l l)

i)

j)

k)

Magnetostictive sensors of position


elastic wave in ferromagnetic material .... v = 3000 m/s = 3m / ns (approx. 10x speed of sound in air) Interaction of magnetic fields (current pulse + permanent magnet) creates pulse of mechanical strain (Wiedemann effect ) propagating along the wire. Time of flight => position of permanent magnet
Induction pickup senses initial and reflected strain pulses S N N S Strain pulse reflected off bottom C

Induction pickup coil Magnetostrictive wire S N Inner Tube Outer guide tube A N S Magnet in movable float B S N Strain pulse N S Strain pulse Reflection terminator

max. length up to 4 m (attenuation) hysteresis 0.4 m linearity 0.02 %

Patriot

Capacitive sensors

C=

S
d

Capacitive sensors contd

C=

S
d

Capacitive sensor with variable area of electrodes overlapping


1

S C= d
a)

2 x

C13 x b)
ratiometric measurement:
C23 - C13 C23 + C13

C13+C23 C23 +x

influence of d, eliminated

Capacitive sensor with variable area of electrodes overlapping


1 3 2 x 1 u1 C13 3 u3 C13 x b) C23 C13+C23 +x c) C23 2 u2 P2 U2 Reg. S P1 U1 U1 U2 d) t e) u1 ; u2 1 3 2 x 2 3 x

uv

uv

a)

U1

uv
U2 f) x

U1 ( j ) jC13 + U 2 ( j ) jC23 = 0 U1 ( j )C13 = U 2 ( j )C23 (uV U1 )C13 = (uV U 2 )C23 if U1 = U , U 2 = U (uV U )C13 = (uV + U 2 )C23 u V = U C13 C23 C13 + C23

resolution: 1 m, uncertainty 5 m

Modern signal conditioning circuits for capacitive sensors


Main problem influence of capacitance of leads (cable) (driven from voltage source, current measured by ideal ammeter )

charge pump
realisation by CMOS technology and inductive dividers coils and transformers are not necessary

C/f converter
ADC not necessary

converter C/U
capacitor in feedback eliminates dependence on frequency

transformer bridges
expensive, noncompatible with IC

Amplifier for capacitive sensors:

Cp1 C1 U(j) + G U1(j)

Cs -A

Cp2

U2(j)

Parasitic capacitances of the cable to Cs will not apply: Cp1 is on virtual zero, Cp2 is on low output impedance of the OpAmp Linearity even for variable air gap sensor (vibration measurement), U2 ~ d

Applications of capacitive sensors


Typical applications:
- sensing level in tanks - checking filling of products inside packages - sensing level of powder / granules in storage - sensing non-metalic objects on conveyor belts
Honeywell Bottle Conveyor belt drums reservoir

Omega

Control of filling

Sensing level of liquid dye in printworks

Sensing humidity of material in dryer

Checking presence of parts in product completion

Control of filling

Checking presence of products in mass production:

sensor rubber gasket

sensor metal object

Honeywell

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