1.

Introduction
1.1. Background Holographic interferometry is powerful technique for measuring deformation, deflection, and vibration in experimental mechanics. The measurement is non-destructive and noncontacting[1], with more competitive measurement range. The aluminum can in this experiment is stressed by a rubber band. The deformation is small and it is very difficult to measure in conventional techniques. Therefore, this experiment is designed using double-exposure holographic interferometry to measure the deformation. 1.2. Objective This holographic interferometry experiment is designed to measure the deformation of an aluminum can, which is stressed by a rubber band slipped around it.

2. Theory and Experimental Methods

Figure 1: Recording and reconstruction of holographic interferogram[3]

In order to determine surface deformation on a strained aluminum can, double-exposure holographic interferometry is used (Figure 1). The can is stressed during one exposure but unstressed during the other. These two consecutive exposures of the same object are record on the same recording medium. For normal illumination and viewing condition, the out-of-plane displacement can be calculated from the equation below[2].
d

2 N 1 4 4

N=0,1,2, (N is the dark fringe order, is the wavelength)

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2.2. Experimental Methods 2.2.1. Experimental setup The hologram is record in photographic plates using recording setup. After chemical processing, the reconstruction setup is used to reconstruct the recorded wave field by illumination of the plate with a laser. The experimental setup is shown in Figure 2, Figure 3 and Figure 4. The laser used is Helium-Neon laser with 0.6328 m wavelength.

Beam splitter Laser Plate holder Aluminum can

Shutter

Figure 2: Recording setup of double-exposure holographic interferometry

b. Washing a. Developing c. Stop Bath

d. Washing

e. Fixer Bath

Figure 3: Developing setup

Camera Plate holder

Laser

Figure 4: Reconstruction setup of double-exposure holographic interferometry

2.2.2. Experimental Procedure The recording and developing process must be done in dark environment. Recording Procedure:

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a. Take out the photographic plate from the box, and then load the plate. Make sure the emulsion side face the object. b. Wait for about 1 mins and then press the shutter c. Remove the rubber band from the aluminum can d. Wait for about 1 mins and then press the shutter e. Unload the plate and then put it back to the box Developing Procedure [3]: a. Developing in Kodak D19 for about 45 s b. Washing for about 45 s c. Stop bath for about 45 s d. Washing for about 45 s e. Fixer bath for about 45 s f. Washing and rinsing by running water for about 5 mins g. Drying using blower Note: As the chemical level is low, make sure the plate is immersed totally in the chemical. Keep clear of the box bottom when slightly shaking the plate to avoid any scratches. Reconstruction: a. Load the photographic plate b. Adjust the position and angle to find the real and virtual images. c. Adjust the camera to see the best image d. Press the stop button and save the image in the computer e. Repeat steps 3 and 4 to take the second image.

3. Results and Discussion

Figure 5: Holographic interferogram obtained for aluminum can stressed by a rubber band

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Holographic interferogram produced in the reconstruction stage is shown in Figure 5. It shows fringe patterns on the aluminum can around the rubber band area. The sample calculation is in appendix. 3.2. Discussion Holographic interferogram shows very clear fringe patterns, not too dense or too wide. The angle setting between the object and reference beams and the intensity setting of the reference and object beams provide good contrast in the recording process. The fringe patterns around the rubber band area are not equally distributed along the rubber band. The denser fringe patterns are, the larger deformation is caused by the rubber band. Therefore, high stress area can be detected based on the deformation. The deformation difference between two relative points can be determined by counting the number of the fringes. If the deformation of the reference point is known, the deformation at the second point can be calculated. The photographic plate is cut into two pieces. Either part of the hologram can be used to reconstruct full three-dimensional image of the stressed aluminum can. When both pieces are used to reconstruction at the same time, two images are observed but with limited field of vision. This shows the free of destroy feature of holography. The recording experimental setup is on the optical bench. After loading the photographic plate and removing the rubber band, one-minute break is needed to stabilize the system. The optical paths of the reference beam and object beam are measured by string. This may be the source of the engineering error and human error.

4. Conclusion
Holographic interferometry measurement is non-destructive and non-contacting, with more competitive measurement range. It is used to measure the deformation of the aluminum can stressed by a rubber band slipping around it. The fringe patterns provide a picture on the critical stress point distribution on the aluminum can. The deformation caused by the rubber band can be determined by counting the number of fringes.

Reference
[1] [2] [3] H. Fein, "Holographic Interferometry: Nondestructive tool." vol. 3: American Institute of Physics, 1997, p. 37. A. S. Khan and X. Wang, "Strain Measurements and Stress Analysis," Prentice Hall, 2001. C. Quan, "Optical Techniques in Experimental Stress Analysis," 2012.

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