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Bar Chart: Example

The document discusses bar charts and pie charts. Bar charts are used to display discrete or discontinuous data, while pie charts show proportional data as slices of a whole. Examples are given of how to construct and interpret both types of charts.

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Mohamad Aizat
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140 views

Bar Chart: Example

The document discusses bar charts and pie charts. Bar charts are used to display discrete or discontinuous data, while pie charts show proportional data as slices of a whole. Examples are given of how to construct and interpret both types of charts.

Uploaded by

Mohamad Aizat
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Bar chart

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search See also: Histogram

Example of a bar chart, with 'Country' as the discrete data set. A bar chart or bar graph is a chart with rectangular bars with lengths proportional to the values that they represent. The bars can also be plotted horizontally. Bar charts are used for plotting discrete (or 'discontinuous') data i.e. data which has discrete values and is not continuous. Some examples of discontinuous data include 'shoe size' or 'eye colour', for which you would use a bar chart. In contrast, some examples of continuous data would be 'height' or 'weight'. A bar chart is very useful if you are trying to record certain information whether it is continuous or not continuous data.

[edit] Example
The following table lists the number of seats allocated to each party group in European elections in 1999 and 2004. The results of 1999 have been multiplied by 1.16933, to compensate for the change in number of seats between those years. Sometimes it can be horizontal. This bar chart shows both the results of 2004, and those of 1999:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pie_chart Pie chart


From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search

Pie chart of populations of English native speakers A pie chart (or a circle graph) is a circular chart divided into sectors, illustrating proportion. In a pie chart, the arc length of each sector (and consequently its central angle and area), is proportional to the quantity it represents. When angles are measured with 1 turn as unit then a number of percent is identified with the same number of centiturns. Together, the sectors create a full disk. It is named for its resemblance to a pie which has been sliced. The earliest known pie chart is generally credited to William Playfair's Statistical Breviary of 1801.[1][2] The pie chart is perhaps the most ubiquitous statistical chart in the business world and the mass media.[3] However, it has been criticized,[4] and some recommend avoiding it[5][6][7], pointing out in particular that it is difficult to compare different sections of a given pie chart, or to compare data across different pie charts. Pie charts can be an effective way of displaying information in some cases, in particular if the intent is to compare the size of a slice with the whole pie, rather than comparing the slices among them.[1] Pie charts work particularly well when the slices represent 25 to 50% of the data,[8] but in general, other plots such as the bar chart or the dot plot, or non-graphical methods such as tables, may be more adapted for representing certain information.It also shows the frequency within certain groups of information

Contents
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1 Example 2 Use, effectiveness and visual perception

3 Variants and similar charts o 3.1 Polar area pie chart o 3.2 Multi-level pie chart o 3.3 Exploded pie chart o 3.4 3-D pie chart o 3.5 Doughnut chart 4 History 5 Notes 6 See also 7 References

[edit] Example

A pie chart for the example data.

An exploded pie chart for the example data, with the largest party group exploded. The following example chart is based on preliminary results of the election for the European Parliament in 2004. The table lists the number of seats allocated to each party group, along with the derived percentage of the total that they each make up. The values in the last column, the derived central angle of each sector, is found by multiplying the percentage by 360. Group Seats Percent (%) Central angle () EUL 39 5.3 19.2 PES 200 27.3 98.4 EFA 42 5.7 20.7 EDD 15 2.0 7.4 ELDR 67 9.2 33.0

EPP UEN Other Total

276 27 66 732

37.7 3.7 9.0 99.9*

135.7 13.3 32.5 360.2*

*Because of rounding, these totals do not add up to 100 and 360. The size of each central angle is proportional to the size of the corresponding quantity, here the number of seats. Since the sum of the central angles has to be 360, the central angle for a quantity that is a fraction Q of the total is 360Q degrees. In the example, the central angle for the largest group (European People's Party (EPP)) is 135.7 because 0.377 times 360, rounded to one decimal place(s), equals 135.7.

In statistics, a histogram is a graphical display of tabular frequencies, shown as adjacent rectangles. Each rectangle is erected over an interval, with an area equal to the frequency of the observations in the interval. The height of a rectangle is also equal to the frequency density of the interval, i.e., the frequency divided by the width of the interval. The total area of the histogram is equal to the number of data. A histogram may also be based on relative frequencies. It then shows the proportion of cases that fall into each of several categories, with the total area equaling 1. The categories are usually specified as consecutive, non-overlapping intervals of a variable. The categories (intervals) must be adjacent, and often are chosen to be of the same size.[1] Histograms are used to plot density of data, and often for density estimation: estimating the probability density function of the underlying variable. The total area of a histogram used for probability density is always normalized to 1. If the length of the intervals on the x-axis are all 1, then a histogram is identical to a relative frequency plot. An alternative to the histogram is kernel density estimation, which uses a kernel to smooth samples. This will construct a smooth probability density function, which will in general more accurately reflect the underlying variable. The histogram is one of the seven basic tools of quality control.[2]

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