Scribd
Upload
305 views20 pages

Slides 4 Water Distribution in Pipeline

The document discusses water distribution in pipelines. It covers topics such as series, parallel and branched pipes. The Hardy-Cross (Loop) method and Nodal method for solving water distribution systems are described. An example of applying the Hardy-Cross method to a square loop network is shown. The key steps involve assuming a trial value for the head at each junction, calculating flows based on this, and iteratively adjusting the head values until the mass balance equation is satisfied at each node.

Uploaded by

Ting Wee Kiet
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
305 views20 pages

Slides 4 Water Distribution in Pipeline

The document discusses water distribution in pipelines. It covers topics such as series, parallel and branched pipes. The Hardy-Cross (Loop) method and Nodal method for solving water distribution systems are described. An example of applying the Hardy-Cross method to a square loop network is shown. The key steps involve assuming a trial value for the head at each junction, calculating flows based on this, and iteratively adjusting the head values until the mass balance equation is satisfied at each node.

Uploaded by

Ting Wee Kiet
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 20

Chapter 4 :Water Distribution in Pipelines

4.1 : Series, Parallel and Branched Pipes 4.2 : Water Distribution System 4.2.1 : Hardy-Cross (Loop) Method 4.2.2 : Nodal method

4.1 : Series, Parallel and Branched Pipes

When pipes of different diameters are connected end-to-end to form a pipeline, they are said to be in series. The total loss of energy (head) will be the sum of the losses in each pipe plus local losses at connections (and often assumed to be negligible)

4.1(a) : Pipes in series


For the case of new installation, the problem would be given Hst an pipes characteristics (D,L, roughness) to find the Q and hLosses. The governing equations are:

Method 1

Method 2

Example : Pipes in series


As shown in figure below, reservoir A delivers water to reservoir B through uniform pipelines AJ and JB of diameters 300 mm and 200 mm respectively. Length of AJ=3 km, length of JB = 4 km, the effective roughness size of both pipes is 0.015 mm; static head between reservoirs is 25 m. assume kinematic viscosity 1.13x10-6 m/s2. neglect all minor losses, determine the discharge in B

Solutions
Q V1 V2 1.11 1.27 Re 1 Re 2 Hf Hf H tot H
st

35 0.5 40 0.57

1.31x10 5 1.97x10 5 1.5x10 5 2.25x10 5

2.04 2.59

18.92 20.96 25 24.04 26.62 25

Guess Q Calculate v1 and v2 Calculate Re, 1 and 2


Calculate H using bernuolli Compare Hst with H

4.1(b): Pipes in parallel


When two or more pipes in parallel connect two reservoirs, then the fluid may flow down any of the available pipes at possible different rates. But the head difference over each pipe is always the same. The total flow rate is the sum of the flow in each pipe. For such a system, analysis can be carried out by simply treating each pipe individually and summing flow rates at the end. Assuming two pipes in parallel, we have the following governing equations:

Example : Pipes in parallel


As shown in figure, 2 pipes connect two reservoirs which have a height difference of 10 m. Pipe 1 has a diameter of 50 mm and length of 100 m. pipe 2 has a diameter of 100 mm and length of 100 m. Both have entry loss coefficient kL=0.5 and exit loss coefficient kL=1.0 and friction factor =0.032. Calculate:
Rate of flow for each pipe Diameter D of a pipe 100 m long that could replace the two pipes to provide the same flow.

4.1(c) : Branched pipes

Cont: Branched pipes


If pipes connect three reservoirs, then the problems become more complex. In figure below, flow in pipe 1 and pipe 3 are obviously from A to D and D to C respectively. If one assumes that the flow in pipe 2 is from B to D then the following relationships could be written;

Trial and error method for Branched pipes


The trial and error are recommended to solve this problem with the following steps: 1. Estimate a value of the head at the junction, HJ 2. Substitute this into energy equations (4.9) or (4.11) to get an estimate Q for each pipes. 3. Check to see if continuity equation in (4.8) or (4.10) are satisfied. 4. If flow into junction is too high, choose larger Hj or vice versa and return to step (2)

Example : Branched Pipes


Given the following data for a branched system. Calculate the discharge and the pressure head at the junction J. Assume v=1.13x10-6 m/s2
pipe 1 2 3 Length (km) 5 2 4 Diameter (mm) 300 150 350 Roughness (mm) 0.03 0.03 0.03

item Reservoir 1 Reservoir 2 Reservoir 3 Junctin J

Elevation (m ad) 800 780 700 720

Solutions
Assume Hj
Calculate hf1, hf2, hf3 Calculate Sf Calculate v1,v2,v3 using Colbrooke White-Darcy Weisbach Calculate Q1,Q2, Q3 (Q=Av) Produce table
Hj = 750 hf Sf V A Q Pipe 1 50 0.01 2.028 0.071 143 Pipe 2 30 0.015 1.614 0.018 29 Pipe 3 50 0.013 2.516 0.096 242

143+29 242 thus, proceed with 2nd trial

solutions
Hj = 740 hf Sf V A Q Pipe 1 60 Pipe 2 40 Pipe 3 40

Hj = 735
hf Sf V A Q

Pipe 1
65

Pipe 2
45

Pipe 3
35

4.2 : Water Distribution System

4.2.1 : Hardy-Cross method/Loop method

Example : Loop method


For a square loop shown below, find:
The discharge in the loop The pressure heads at points B, C and D if the pressure head at A is 70 m and A, B C and D have the same elevation

All pipes are 1 km long and 300 mm in diameter, with roughness 0.03 mm. the kinematic viscosity of water is 1.13x10-6 m/s2.
100 l/s A

20 l/s

40 l/s

C 40 l/s

solutions
pipe AB BC CD DA Q 60 40 0 -40 V 0.848 0.566 0 -0.566 Re 2.25x10 5 0.016 1.5x10 5 0 1.5x10 5 0.017 0.017 hf 1.98 0.94 0 -0.94 1.98 hf/Q 33 23.5 0 23.5 23.5

pipe
AB BC CD DA

Q
47.6 27.6 -12.4 -52.4

V
0.674 0.391 -0.1750 -0.741

Re
1.79x10 5 1.04x10 5 4.65x10 4 2.97x10 5 0.017 0.018 0.022 0.017

hf
1.293 0.479 -0.113 -1.539 0.12

hf/Q
27.2 17.4 9.1 29.4 83

4.2.2 : Node method


Consists of eliminating the discharge in equation (4.12) and (4.14)-(4.15) to give a set of equations in head losses only. It may be applied to loops or branches where the external heads are known and the heads within networks are required. The basis of the method is as follows: 1. Assume values for the head HJ at each junction 2. Calculate Qi from HJ using combined Colebrook-White and DarcyWeisbach equation 3. If , then the solution is correct else apply correction factor H and return to step (2) where

Appropriate sign convention must be used for Qi from Hlossi (+ve entering a node)

You might also like