Sharpness of the Finsler-Hadwiger inequality

Cezar Lupu
Department of Mathematics-Informatics, University of Bucharest, Romania

Cosmin Pohoaţă
Tudor Vianu National College, Bucharest, Romania

In the memory of Alexandru Lupaş

1. Introduction & Preliminaries

The Hadwiger-Finsler inequality is known in literature as a generalization of the fol-

lowing
Theorem 1.1. In any triangle ABC with the side lenghts a, b, c and S its area, the
following inequality is valid
√
a2 + b2 + c2 ≥ 4S 3.

This inequality is due to Weitzenbock, Math. Z, 137-146, 1919, but this has also appeared
at International Mathematical Olympiad in 1961. In [7.], one can find eleven proofs. In
fact, in any triangle ABC the following sequence of inequalities is valid:
√ √ √ √
3
√
a2 + b2 + c2 ≥ ab + bc + ca ≥ a bc + b ca + c ab ≥ 3 a2 b2 c2 ≥ 4S 3.

A stronger version is the one found by Finsler and Hadwiger in 1938, which states that
([2.])
Theorem 1.2. In any triangle ABC with the side lenghts a, b, c and S its area, the
following inequality is valid
√
a2 + b2 + c2 ≥ 4S 3 + (a − b)2 + (b − c)2 + (c − a)2 .

In [8.] the first author of this note gave a simple proof only by using AM-GM and the
following inequality due to Mitrinovic:
Theorem 1.3. In any triangle ABC with the side lenghts a, b, c and s its semiperime-
ter and R its circumradius, the following inequality holds
√
3 3
s≤ R.
2
This inequality also appears in [3.].
A nice inequality, sharper than Mitrinovic and equivalent to the first theorem is the
following:

1
 Theorem 1.4. In any triangle ABC with sides of lenghts a, b, c and with inradius of
r, circumradius of R and s its semiperimeter the following inequality holds
√
4R + r ≥ s 3.

In [4.], Wu gave a nice sharpness and a generalization of the Finsler-Hadwiger inequal-

ity.
Now, we give an algebraic inequality due to I. Schur ([5.]), namely
Theorem 1.5. For any positive real numbers x, y, z and t ∈ R the following inequality
holds

xt (x − y)(x − z) + y t (y − x)(y − z) + z t (z − y)(z − x) ≥ 0.

The most common case is t = 1, which has the following equivalent form:

x3 + y 3 + z 3 + 3xyz ≥ xy(x + y) + yz(y + z) + zx(z + x)

which is equivalent to

x3 + y 3 + z 3 + 6xyz ≥ (x + y + z)(xy + yz + zx).

Now, using the identity x3 + y 3 + z 3 − 3xyz = (x + y + z)(x2 + y 2 + z 2 − xy − yz − zx)

one can easily deduce that
9xyz
2(xy + yz + zx) − (x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) ≤ .(∗)
x+y+z
Another interesting case is t = 2. We have

x4 + y 4 + z 4 + xyz(x + y + z) ≥ xy(x2 + y 2 ) + yz(y 2 + z 2 ) + zx(z 2 + x2 )

which is equivalent to

x4 + y 4 + z 4 + 2xyz(x + y + z) ≥ (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )(xy + yz + zx).(∗∗)

Now, let’s rewrite theorem 1.2. as

√
2(ab + bc + ca) − (a2 + b2 + c2 ) ≥ 4S 3.(∗ ∗ ∗)

By squaring (∗ ∗ ∗) and using Heron formula we obtain

!2 !2 ! !
X X X X Y
2 2
4 ab + a −4 ab a ≥ 3(a + b + c) (b + c − a)
cyc cyc cyc cyc

which is equivalent to
X X X X Y
6 a2 b2 + 4 a2 bc + a4 − 4 ab(a + b) ≥ 3(a + b + c) (b + c − a).
cyc cyc cyc cyc

2
By making some elementary calculations we get
!
X X X X X X
6 a2 b2 +4 a2 bc+ a4 −4 ab(a + b) ≥ 3(a+b+c) ab(a + b) − a3 − 2abc .
cyc cyc cyc cyc cyc cyc

We obtain the equivalent inequalities

X X X
a4 + a2 bc ≥ ab(a2 + b2 )
cyc cyc cyc

a2 (a − b)(a − c) + b2 (b − a)(b − c) + c2 (c − a)(c − b) ≥ 0,

which is nothing else than Schur’s inequality in the particular case t = 2. In what follows
we will give another form of Schur’s inequality. That is
Theorem 1.6. For any positive reals m, n, p, the following inequality holds
mn np pm 9mnp
+ + + ≥ 2(m + n + p).
p m n mn + np + pm
1 1 1
Proof. We denote x = , y = and z = . We obtain the equivalent inequality
m n p

x y z 9 2(xy + yz + zx)
+ + + ≥ ⇔
yz zx xy x + y + z xyz
9xyz
2(xy + yz + zx) − (x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) ≤ ,
x+y+z
which is (∗).

2. Main results

In the previous section we stated a sequence of inequalities stronger than Weitzenbock

inequality. In fact, one can prove that the following sequence of inequalities holds
√ √ √ √
3
a2 + b2 + c2 ≥ ab + bc + ca ≥ a bc + b ca + c ab ≥ 3 a2 b2 c2 ≥ 18Rr,

where R is the circumradius and r is the inradius of the triangle with sides of lenghts
a, b, c. In this moment, one expects to have a stronger Finsler-Hadwiger inequality with
√
18Rr instead of 4S 3. Unfortunately, the following inequality holds true

a2 + b2 + c2 ≤ 18Rr + (a − b)2 + (b − c)2 + (c − a)2 ,

because it is equivalent to
9abc
2(ab + bc + ca) − (a2 + b2 + c2 ) ≤ 18Rr = ,
a+b+c

3
which is (∗) again. Now, we are ready to prove the first refinement of the Finsler-Hadwiger
inequality:
Theorem 2.1. In any triangle ABC with the side lenghts a, b, c with S its area, R
the circumradius and r the inradius of the triangle ABC the following inequality is valid

√
a2 + b2 + c2 ≥ 2S 3 + 2r(4R + r) + (a − b)2 + (b − c)2 + (c − a)2 .

Proof. We rewrite the inequality as

√
2(ab + bc + ca) − (a2 + b2 + c2 ) ≥ 2S 3 + 2r(4R + r).

Since, ab+bc+ca = s2 +r2 +4Rr, it follows immediately that a2 +b2 +c2 = 2(s2 −r2 −4Rr).
The inequality is equivalent to
√
16Rr + 4r2 ≥ 2S 3 + 2r(4R + r).

We finally obtain
√
4R + r ≥ s 3,

which is exactly theorem 1.4.


The second refinement of the Finsler-Hadwiger inequality is the following
Theorem 2.2. In any triangle ABC with the side lenghts a, b, c with S its area, R
the circumradius and r the inradius of the triangle ABC the following inequality is valid
r
2 2 2 4(R − 2r)
a + b + c ≥ 4S 3+ + (a − b)2 + (b − c)2 + (c − a)2 .
4R + r
1 1 1
Proof. In theorem 1.6 we put m = (b + c − a), n = (c + a − b) and p = (a + b − c).
2 2 2
We get

X (b + c − a)(c + a − b) 9(b + c − a)(c + a − b)(a + b − c)

+ ≥ 2(a + b + c).
(a + b − c)
X
cyc (b + c − a)(c + a − b)
cyc

Since ab + bc + ca = s2 + r2 + 4Rr (1) and a2 + b2 + c2 = 2(s2 − r2 − 4Rr) (2), we deduce

X
(b + c − a)(c + a − b) = 4r(4R + r).
cyc

On the other hand, by Heron’s formula we have (b + c − a)(c + a − b)(a + b − c) = 8sr2 ,

so our inequality is equivalent to
X (b + c − a)(c + a − b) 18sr
+ ≥ 4s ⇔
cyc
(a + b − c) 4R + r

4
 X (s − a)(s − b) 9sr X 9s2 r3
+ ≥ 2s ⇔ (s − a)2 (s − b)2 + ≥ 2s2 r2 .
cyc
(s − c) 4R + r cyc
4R + r

Now, according to the identity

!2
X X
2 2
(s − a) (s − b) = (s − a)(s − b) − 2s2 r2 ,
cyc cyc

we have !2
X 9s2 r3
(s − a)(s − b) − 2s2 r2 + ≥ 2s2 r2 .
cyc
4R + r

And since
X
(s − a)(s − b) = r(4R + r),
cyc

it follows that
9s2 r3
r2 (4R + r)2 + ≥ 4s2 r2 ,
4R + r
which rewrites as  2
4R + r 9r
+ ≥ 4.
s 4R + r
From the identities mentioned in (1) and (2) we deduce that

4R + r 2(ab + bc + ca) − (a2 + b2 + c2 )

= .
s 4S
The inequality rewrites as
2
2(ab + bc + ca) − (a2 + b2 + c2 )

9r
≥4− ⇔
4S 4R + r

!2
(a2 + b2 + c2 ) − (a − b)2 + (b − c)2 + (c − a)2 4(R − 2r)
≥3+ ⇔
4S 4R + r
r
2 2 2 4(R − 2r)
a + b + c ≥ 4S 3 + + (a − b)2 + (b − c)2 + (c − a)2 .
4R + r

Remark. From Euler inequality, R ≥ 2r, we obtain Theorem 1.2.

3. Applications

In this section we illustrate some basic applications of the second refinement of Finsler-
Hadwiger inequality. We begin with

5
 Problem 1. In any triangle ABC with the sides of lenghts a, b, c the following in-
equality holds
r
1 1 1 1 9r
+ + ≥ 4− .
b+c−a c+a−b c+a−b 2r 4R + r
Solution.From

(b + c − a)(c + a − b)(a + b − c) = 4r(4R + r),

it is quite easy to observe that

1 1 1 4R + r
+ + = .
b+c−a c+a−b a+b−c 2sr
Now, applying the inequality
 2
4R + r 9r
+ ≥ 4,
s 4R + r
we get
 2  2  
1 1 1 1 4R + r 1 9r
+ + = 2 ≥ 2 4− .
b+c−a c+a−b a+b−c 4r s 4r 4R + r

The given inequality follows immediately. 

Problem 2. In any triangle ABC with the sides of lenghts a, b, c the following in-
equality holds
 
1 1 1 r 9r
+ + ≥ 5− .
a(b + c − a) b(c + a − b) c(a + b − c) 8R 4R + r

Solution.From the following identity

2 !
r(s2 + (4R + r)2 )
X (s − a)(s − b) 
S 4R + r
= = 1+ .
cyc
c 4sR 4R p

Using the inequality

 2
4R + r 9r
+ ≥ 4,
s 4R + r
we have  
X (s − a)(s − b) S 9r
≥ 5− .
cyc
c 4R 4R + r

In this moment, the problem follows easily. 

Problem 3. In any triangle ABC with the sides of lenghts a, b, c the following in-
equality holds
 
1 1 1 1 1 9r
+ + ≥ 2 − .
(b + c − a)2 (c + a − b)2 (a + b − c)2 r 2 4(4R + r)

6
 Solution.From (b + c − a)(c + a − b)(a + b − c) = 4r(4R + r), it follows that

(b + c − a)2 + (c + a − b)2 + (a + b − c)2 = 4(s2 − 2r2 − 8Rr)

and

(b+c−a)2 (c+a−b)2 +(a+b−c)2 (c+a−b)2 +(b+c−a)2 (a+b−c)2 = 4r2 (4R + r)2 − 2s2 .

We get

(4R + r)2
 
1 1 1 1 2
+ + = − 2 .
(b + c − a)2 (c + a − b)2 (a + b − c)2 4 s2 r2 r

Now, applying the inequality

 2
4R + r 9r
+ ≥ 4,
s 4R + r

we have
   
1 1 1 1 9r 1 1 9r
2
+ 2
+ 2
≥ 2 2− = 2 − .
(b + c − a) (c + a − b) (a + b − c) 4r 4R + r r 2 4(4R + r)


Problem 4. In any triangle ABC with the sides of lenghts a, b, c the following in-
equality holds
r
a2 b2 c2 9r
+ + ≥ 3R 4 − .
b+c−a c+a−b a+b−c 4R + r

Solution.Without loss of generality, we assume that a ≤ b ≤ c. It follows quite eas-

1 1 1
ily that a2 ≤ b2 ≤ c2 and ≤ ≤ . Applying Chebyshev’s
b+c−a c+a−b a+b−c
inequality, we have

a2 b2 c2
 2
a + b2 + c2
 
1 1 1
+ + ≥ + + .
b+c−a c+a−b a+b−c 3 b+c−a c+a−b c+a−b

Now, the first application and the inequality a2 + b2 + c2 ≥ 18Rr solves the problem. 
Remark. Using Euler’s inequality, R ≥ 2r, in the original problem, we obtain the
weaker version
a2 b2 c2 √
+ + ≥ 3R 3,
b+c−a c+a−b a+b−c
which represents an old proposal of Laurenţiu Panaitopol at the Romanian IMO Team
Selection Test, held in 1990.

7
 Problem 5. In any triangle ABC with the sides of lenghts a, b, c and with the exradii
ra , rb , rc corresponding to the triangle ABC, the following inequality holds
r
a b c 4(R − 2r)
+ + ≥2 3+ .
ra rb rc 4R + r
S
Solution.From the well-known relations ra = and the analogues, the inequality
s−a
is equivalent to
r
a b c 2(ab + bc + ca) − (a2 + b2 + c2 ) 4(R − 2r)
+ + = ≥ 2S 3 + .
ra rb rc 2S 4R + r
The last inequality follows from Theorem 2.2. 
Problem 6. In any triangle ABC with the sides of lenghts a, b, c and with the exradii
ra , rb , rc corresponding to the triangle ABC and with ha , hb , hc be the altitudes of the
triangle ABC, the following inequality holds
r
1 1 1 1 4(R − 2r)
+ + ≥ 3+ .
h a ra h b r b h c r c S 4R + r
2S S
Solution.From the well-known relations in triangle ABC, ha = , ra = we have
a s−a
1 a(s − a)
= . Doing the same thing for the analogues and adding them up we get
h a ra 2S 2
1 1 1 1
+ + = (a(s − a) + b(s − b) + c(s − c)) .
ha r a h b r b h c r c 2S 2
On the other hand by using Theorem 2.2, in the form
r
4(R − 2r)
a(s − a) + b(s − b) + c(s − c) ≥ 2S 3+ ,
4R + r
we obtain the desired inequality. 
Problem 7. In any triangle ABC with the sides of lenghts a, b, c the following in-
equality holds true
r
A B C 4(R − 2r)
tan + tan + tan ≥ 3+ .
2 2 2 4R + r
Solution.From the cosine law we get a2 = b2 + c2 − 2bc cos A. Since S = 12 bc sin A it
follows that
1 − cos A
a2 = (b − c)2 + 4S · .
sin A
A
On the other hand by the trigonometric formulae 1 − cos A = 2 sin2 and sin A =
2
A A
2 sin cos we get
2 2
A
a2 = (b − c)2 + 4S tan .
2

8
Doing the same for all sides of the triangle ABC and adding up we obtain
 
2 2 2 2 2 2 A B C
a + b + c = (a − b) + (b − c) + (c − a) + 4S tan + tan + tan .
2 2 2

Now, by Theorem 2.2, the inequality follows. 

Problem 8. In any triangle ABC with the sides of lenghts a, b, c and with the exradii
ra , rb , rc corresponding to the triangle ABC, the following inequality holds

ra rb rc s(5R − r)
+ + ≥ .
a b c R(4R + r)

Solution.It is well-known that the following identity is valid in any triangle ABC

ra rb rc (4R + r)2 + s2
+ + = .
a b c 4Rs
So, the inequality rewrites as

(4R + r)2 4(5R − r)

2
+1≥ ,
s 4R + r
which is equivalent with
 2
4R + r 9r
+ ≥ 4.
s 4R + r


References
[1] Roland Weitzenbock, Uber eine Ungleichung in der Dreiecksgeometrie, Math.Z,
(1919), 137-146.

[2] P. Finsler, H. Hadwiger, Einige Relationen im Dreick , Comment Math. Helv., 10,
(1938), 316-326.

[3] O.Bottema, R.Z. Djordjevic, R.R. Janic, D.S. Mitrinovic, P.M. Vasic , Geometric
inequalities, Wolters-Noordhoff, Groningen (1969).

[4] Shanke Wu, Generalization and Sharpness of Finsler-Hadwiger’s inequality and its
applications, Mathematical Inequalities and Applications, 9, no. 3, (2006), 421-426.

[5] G.N. Watson, Schur’s inequality, The Mathematical Gazzette, 39, (1955), 207-208.

[6] John Steinig, Inequalities concerning the inradius and circumradius of a triangle,
Elemente der Mathematik, 18, (1963), 127-131.

[7] Arthur Engel, Problem solving strategies, Springer Verlag (1998).

9
[8] Cezar Lupu, An elementary proof of the Hadwiger-Finsler inequality , Arhimede
Magazine, 3, no.9-10, (2003), 18-19.

Cezar Lupu
Department of Mathematics-Informatics
University of Bucharest
Bucharest, Romania RO-010014
[email protected]

Cosmin Pohoaţă
Tudor Vianu National College
Bucharest, Romania RO-010014
[email protected]

10