APPENDIX 1

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES—1787

We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more every second Year; and if Vacancies happen by Resignation, or
perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, pro- otherwise during the Recess of the Legislature of any State, the
vide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and Executive thereof may make temporary Appointments until the
secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do next Meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such Vacan-
ordain and establish this Constitution of the United States of cies.
America. No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the
Age of thirty Years, and been nine Years a Citizen of the United
ARTICLE I States, who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State
Section 1. All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested for which he shall be chosen.
in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a The Vice-President of the United States shall be President of
Senate and a House of Representatives. the Senate, but shall have no Vote unless they be equally divided.
The Senate shall choose their other Officers, and also a Presi-
Section 2. The House of Representatives shall be composed of dent pro tempore, in the Absence of the Vice-President, or when
Members chosen every second year by the people of the several he shall exercise the Office of President of the United States.
states, and the Electors in each State shall have the Qualifications The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all Impeachments.
requisite for Electors of the most numerous Branch of the State When sitting for that Purpose, they shall be on Oath or Affirma-
Legislature. tion. When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief
No person shall be a Representative who shall not have at- Justice shall preside: And no Person shall be convicted without
tained to the Age of twenty-five Years, and been seven Years a the Concurrence of two-thirds of the Members present.
Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be Judgement in Cases of Impeachment shall not extend further
an Inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen. than to removal from Office and disqualification to hold and
1Representative and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among enjoy any Office of honor, Trust or Profit under the United
States; but the Party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and
the several States which may be included within this Union,
subject to Indictment, Trial, Judgment and Punishment, according
according to their respective Numbers, which shall be determined
to Law.
by adding to the whole Number of free Persons, including those
bound to Service for a Term of Years, and excluding Indians not
taxed, three fifths of all other Persons. The actual Enumeration Section 4. The Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections
shall be made within three Years after the first Meeting of the for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State
Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent Term by the Legislature thereof: but the Congress may at any time by
of ten Years in such Manner as they shall by Law direct. The Law make or alter such Regulations, except as to the Places of
Number of Representative shall not exceed one for every thirty choosing Senators.
3The Congress shall assemble at least once in every Year, and
Thousand, but each state shall have at Least one Representative;
and until such enumeration shall be made, the state of New such Meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless
Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three, Massachusetts eight, they shall by Law appoint a different Day.
Rhode Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five,
New York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware Section 5. Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections,
one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Returns and Qualifications of its own Members, and a Majority of
Carolina five, and Georgia three. each shall constitute a Quorum to do Business; but a smaller
When vacancies happen in the Representation from any state, Number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to
the Executive Authority thereof shall issue Writs of Election to compel the Attendance of absent Members, in such Manner, and
fill such Vacancies. under such Penalties as each House may provide.
The House of Representatives shall choose the Speaker and Each House may determine the Rules of its Proceedings, pun-
other officers; and shall have the sole power of Impeachment. ish its Members for disorderly Behaviour, and with the Concur-
rence of two-thirds, expel a Member.
Section 3. 2The Senate of the United States shall be composed Each House shall keep a Journal of its Proceedings, and from
of two Senators from each State chosen by the Legislature there- time to time publish the same, excepting such Parts as may in
of, for six Years and each Senator shall have one Vote. their Judgment require Secrecy; and the Yeas and Nays of the
Immediately after they shall be assembled in Consequence of Members either House on any question shall, at the Desire of one
the first Election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into fifth of those Present be entered on the Journal.
three Classes. The Seats of the Senators of the first Class shall be Neither House, during the Session of Congress shall, without
vacated at the Expiration of the second Year, of the second Class the Consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to
at the Expiration of the fourth Year, and of the third Class at the any other Place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting.
Expiration of the sixth Year, so that one third may be chosen

1 This clause has been affected by the 14th and 16th amendments.
2 This section has been affected by the 17th amendment
3 This clause has been affected by the 20th amendment
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Art. 1, § 5 APPENDIX 1

Section 6. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a To establish Post Offices and post Roads;
Compensation for their Services, to be ascertained by Law, and To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by secur-
paid out of the Treasury of the United States. They shall in all ing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive
Cases, except Treason, Felony and Breach of the Peace, be privi- Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries;
leged from Arrest during their Attendance at the Session of their To constitute Tribunals inferior to the supreme Court;
respective Houses, and in going to and returning from the same; To define and punish Piracies and Felonies committed on the
and for any Speech or Debate in either House, they shall not be high Seas, and Offenses against the Law of Nations;
questioned in any other Place. To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and
No Senator or Representative shall, during the Time for which make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water;
he is elected, be appointed to any Civil Office under the Author- To raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation of Money
ity of the United States, which shall have been created, or the to that use shall be for a longer Term than two Years;
Emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such time; To provide and maintain a Navy;
and no Person holding any Office under the United States, shall To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land
be a Member of either House during his Continuance in Office. and naval Forces;
To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of
Section 7. All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions.;
House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the Militia,
with Amendments as on other Bills. and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the
Every Bill which shall have passed the House of Representa- Service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively,
tives and the Senate, shall, before it become a Law, be presented the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the
to the President of the United States; if he approve he shall sign Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress;
it, but if not he shall return it, with his Objections to that House To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, over
in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the Objections such District (not exceeding ten Miles square) as may, by Cession
at large on their Journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after of particular States, and the Acceptance of Congress,become the
such Reconsideration two-thirds of that House shall agree to pass Seat of the Government of the United States, and to exercise like
the Bill, it shall be sent, together with the Objections, to the other Authority over all Places purchased by the Consent of the Legis-
House, by which is shall likewise be reconsidered, and if ap- lature of the States in which the Same shall be, for the Erection of
proved by two-thirds of that House, it shall become a Law. But in Forts, Magazines, Arsenals, dock-Yards, and other needful Build-
all such Cases the Votes of Both Houses shall be determined by ings; And
Yeas and Nays, and the Names of the Persons voting for and To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for
against the Bill shall be entered on the Journal of each House carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other
respectively. If any Bill shall not be returned by the President
Powers vested by the Constitution in the Government of the
within ten Days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been pres-
United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof.
ented to him, the Same shall be a Law, in like Manner as if he
had signed it, unless the Congress by their Adjournment prevent
its Return, in which Case it shall not be a Law. Section 9. The Migration or Importation of such Persons as
Every Order, Resolution, or Vote to which the Concurrence of any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall
the Senate and House of Representative may be necessary (except not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the Year one thousand
on a question of Adjournment) shall be presented to the President eight hundred and eight, but a Tax or duty may be imposed on
of the United States; and before the Same shall take Effect, shall such Importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each Person.
be approved by him,or being disapproved by him, shall be repas- Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended,
sed by two thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety
according to the Rules and Limitations prescribed in the Case of a require it.
Bill. No Bill of Attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed.
No Capitation, or other direct, Tax shall be laid, unless in
Section 8. The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect Proportion to the Census or Enumeration herein before directed to
Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide be taken.
for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United No Tax or Duty shall be laid on Articles exported from any
States; but all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform State.
throughout the United States. No Preference shall be given by any Regulation of Commerce
To borrow Money on the credit of the United States; To regu- or Revenue to the Ports of one State over those of another: nor
late Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several shall Vessels bound to, or from, one State, be obliged to enter,
States, and with the Indian Tribes; clear, or pay Duties in another.
To establish an uniform rule of Naturalization, and uniform No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Conse-
Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United quence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement
States; and Account of the Receipts and Expenditures of all public
To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of foreign coin, Money shall be published from time to time.
and fix the Standard of Weights and Measures; No Title of Nobility shall be granted by the United States: And
To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the Securities no Person holding any Office of Profit or Trust under them, shall,
and current Coin of the United States; without the Consent of the Congress, accept of any present,

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 CONSTITUTION Art. 2, § 3

Emolument, Office, or Title, of any kind whatever, from any two or more who have equal Votes, the Senate shall choose from
King, Prince, or foreign State. them by Ballot the Vice President.
The Congress may determine the Time of the choosing the
Electors, and the Day on which they shall give their Votes; which
Section 10. No State shall enter into any Treaty, Alliance, or Day shall be the same throughout the United States.
Confederation; grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal; coin Mon- No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the
ey; emit Bills of Credit; make any Thing but gold and silver Coin United States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution,
a Tender in Payment of Debts; pass any Bill of Attainder, ex post shall be eligible to the Office of President;neither shall any Per-
facto Law, or Law impairing the Obligation of Contracts, or grant son be eligible to that Office who shall not have attained to the
any Title of Nobility. Age of thirty five Years, and been fourteen Years a Resident
No State shall, without the Consent of the Congress, lay any within the United States.
Imposts or Duties on Imports or Exports, except what may be In Case of the Removal of the President from Office, or his
absolutely necessary for executing its inspection Laws; and the Death, Resignation, or Inability to discharge the Powers and Du-
net Produce of all Duties and Imports, laid by any State on ties of the said Office, the Same shall devolve on the Vice
Imports or Exports, shall be for the Use of the Treasury of the President, and the Congress may by Law provide for the Case of
United States; all such Laws shall be subject to the Revision and Removal, Death, Resignation or Inability, both of the President
Control of the Congress. and Vice President, declaring what Officer shall then act as Presi-
No State shall, without the Consent of Congress, lay any Duty dent, and such Officer shall act accordingly, until the Disability
of Tonnage, keep Troops, or Ships of War in time of Peace, enter be removed, or a President be elected.
into any Agreement or Compact with another State, or with a The President shall, at stated Times, receive for his Services,a
foreign Power, or engage in War, unless actually invaded, or in Compensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished
such imminent Danger as will not admit of delay. during the Period for which he shall have been elected, and he
shall not receive within a Period any other Emolument from the
ARTICLE II United States, or any of them.
Section 1. The executive Power shall be vested in a President Before he enter on the Execution of his Office, he shall take
of the United States and, together with the Vice President,chosen the following Oath or Affirmation: “I do solemnly swear (or
for the same Term, be elected as follows. affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the
United States, and will to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect
Each State shall appoint, in such Manner as the Legislature
and defend the Constitution of the United States.”
thereof may direct, a Number of Electors, equal to the whole
Number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may
be entitled in the Congress: but no Senator or Representative, or Section 2. The President shall be Commander in Chief of the
Person holding an Office of Trust or Profit under the United Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the
States, shall be appointed an Elector. several States, when called into the actual Service of the United
4The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by States; he may require the Opinion, in writing of the principal
Ballot for two Persons, of whom one at least shall not be an Officer in each of the executive Departments, upon any Subject
Inhabitant of the same State with themselves. And they shall relating to the Duties of their respective Offices, and he shall
make a List of all the Persons voted for, and of the Number of have power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offenses against
Votes for each; which List they shall sign and certify, and trans- the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment.
mit sealed to the Seat of the Government of the United States, He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of
directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators
Senate shall, in the Presence of the Senate and House of Repre- present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the
sentatives, open all the Certificates, and the Votes shall then be Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors,
counted. The Person having the greatest Number of Votes shall other public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the supreme Court,
be the President, if such Number be a Majority of the whole and all other Officers of the United States, whose Appointments
Number of Electors appointed; and if there be more than one who are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be estab-
have such Majority, and have an equal Number of Electors ap- lished by Law. But the Congress may by law vest the Appoint-
pointed; and if there be more than one who have such Majority, ment of such inferior Officers, as they think proper, in the
and have an equal Number of Votes, then the House of Repre- President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Depart-
sentatives shall immediately choose by Ballot one of them for ments.
President; and if no Person have a Majority, then from the five The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that
highest on the List the said House shall in like Manner choose the may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Com-
President. But in choosing the President, the Votes shall be taken missions which shall expire at the End of their Session.
by States, the Representation from each State having one Vote; a
quorum for this Purpose shall consist of a Member or Members Section 3. He shall from time to time give to the Congress
from two thirds of the States, and a Majority of all the states shall Information of the State of the Union, and recommend to their
be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the Choice of the Consideration such Measures as he shall judge necessary and
President, the Person having the greatest Number of Votes of the expedient; he may, on extraordinary Occasions, convene both
Electors shall be the Vice President. But if there should remain Houses, or either of them, and in Case of Disagreement between

4 This clause has been affected by the 12th amendment.

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Art. 2, § 3 APPENDIX 1

them, with Respect to the Time of Adjournment, he may adjourn Manner in which such Acts, Records, and Proceedings shall be
them to such Time as he shall think proper; he shall receive proved, and the Effect thereof.
Ambassadors and other public Ministers; he shall take Care that
the Laws be faithfully executed, and shall Commission all the Section 2. The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all
Officers of the United States. Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several States.
A Person charged in any State with Treason, Felony, or other
Section 4. The President, Vice President and all civil Officers Crime, who shall flee from Justice, and be found in another State,
of the United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeach- shall, on Demand of the executive Authority of the State from
ment for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having
Crimes and Misdemeanors. Jurisdiction of the Crime.
No Person held to Service or Labor in one State, under the
ARTICLE III Laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in Consequence of any
Section 1. The judicial Power of the United States shall be Law or Regulation therein, be discharged from such Service or
vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the Labor, but shall be delivered up on Claim of the Party to whom
Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, such Service or Labor may be due.
both of the Supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold their Offices
during good Behavior, and shall, at stated Times, receive for their Section 3. New States may be admitted by the Congress into
Services a Compensation which shall not be diminished during this Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the
their Continuance in Office. Jurisdiction of any other State, nor any State be formed by the
Junction of two or more States, or Parts of States, without the
Section 2. The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law Consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of
and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the the Congress.
United States, and Treaties made, or which shall be made, under The Congress shall have Power to dispose of and make all
their Authority; to all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public needful Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or other
Ministers, and Consuls; to all Cases of admiralty and maritime Property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Con-
Jurisdiction; to Controversies to which the United States shall be stitution shall be so construed as to Prejudice any Claims of the
a Party; to Controversies between two or more States, between a United States, or of any particular State.
State and Citizens of another State, between Citizens of different
States, between Citizens of the same State claiming Lands under Section 4. The United States shall guarantee to every State in
Grants of different States, and between a State or the Citizens this Union a Republican Form of Government, and shall protect
thereof, and foreign States, Citizens, or Subjects. each of them against Invasion; and on Application of the Legisla-
In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and ture, or of the Executive (when the Legislature cannot be con-
Consuls, and those in which a State shall be a Party, the Supreme vened), against domestic Violence.
Court shall have original Jurisdiction. In all the other Cases
before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate Juris- ARTICLE V
diction, both as to Law and Fact, with such Exceptions and under The Congress, whenever two thirds of both House shall deem it
such Regulations as the Congress shall make. necessary, shall propose Amendments to this Constitution, or, on
The Trial of all Crimes, except in Cases of Impeachment,shall the Application of the Legislatures of two thirds of the several
be by Jury; and such Trial shall be held in the State where the States, shall call a Convention for proposing Amendments, which,
said Crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed in either Case, shall be valid, to all intents and Purposes, as Part
within any State the Trial shall be at such Place or Places as the of this Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three
Congress may by Law have directed. fourths of the several States, or by Conventions in three fourths
thereof, as the one or the other Mode of Ratification may be
proposed by the Congress; Provided that no Amendment which
Section 3. Treason against the United States shall consist only may be made prior to the Year One thousand eight hundred and
in levying War against them, or in adhering to their Enemies, eight shall in any Manner affect the first and fourth Clauses in the
giving them Aid and Comfort. No Person shall be convicted of Ninth Section of the first Article; and that no State, without its
Treason unless on the Testimony of two Witnesses to the same Consent, shall be deprived of its equal Suffrage in the Senate.
overt Act, or on Confession in open Court.
The Congress shall have Power to declare the Punishment of ARTICLE VI
Treason, but no Attainder of Treason shall work Corruption of All Debts contracted and Engagements entered into,before the
Blood, or Forfeiture except during the Life of the Person attained. Adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United
States under this Constitution, as under the Confederation.
ARTICLE IV This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which
Section 1. Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each State to shall be made in Pursuance thereof, and all Treaties made,or
the public Act, Records, and judicial Proceedings of every other which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States,
State. And the Congress may, by general Laws, prescribe the shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in every
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 CONSTITUTION Amdt. XII

State shall be bound thereby, Anything in the Constitution or speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and
Laws of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding. district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which dis-
The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the trict shall have been previously ascertained by law; and to be
Members of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be con-
judicial Officers, both of the United States and of the several fronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory proc-
States, shall be bound, by Oath or Affirmation, to support this ess for obtaining witnesses in his favor; and to have the
Constitution; but no religious Test shall ever be required as a Assistance of Counsel for his defence.
Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United
States. AMENDMENT VII
In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall
ARTICLE VII exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved;
The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States shall be suffi- and no fact, tried by a jury, shall be otherwise reexamined in any
cient for the Establishment of this Constitution between the States Court of the United States than according to the rules of the
so ratifying the Same. common law.
Articles in Addition to, and Amendment of, the Constitution of
the United States of America, Proposed by Congress, and Ratified AMENDMENT VIII
by the Legislatures of the Several States Pursuant to the Fifth Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed,
Article of the Original Constitution nor cruel and unusual punishment inflicted.

AMENDMENT I AMENDMENT IX
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of reli- The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall not be
gion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.
freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people
peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a AMENDMENT X
redress of grievances. The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitu-
tion, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States
AMENDMENT II respectively or to the people.
A well-regulated Militia being necessary to the security of a free
State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be AMENDMENT XI
infringed. The Judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to
extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted
AMENDMENT III against one of the United States by Citizens of another State or by
No Soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house, Citizens or Subjects of any Foreign State.
without the consent of the Owner; nor in time of war, but in a
manner to be prescribed by law. AMENDMENT XII
The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by
AMENDMENT IV ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least,
The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves; they
shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and
papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures,
in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-President; and they
shall not be violated; and no Warrants shall issue, but upon
shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and
probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly
of all persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of
describing the place to be searched and the persons or things to
votes for each, which lists they shall sign, and certify, and trans-
be seized.
mit, sealed, to the seat of the government of the United States,
directed to the President of the Senate; the President of the Senate
AMENDMENT V
shall, in the presence of the Senate and the House of Representa-
No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise tives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be coun-
infamous, crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a ted; the person having the greatest number of votes for President
Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole
in the Militia, when in actual service, in time of War, or public number of Electors appointed; and if no person have such a
danger; nor shall any person be subject, for the same offence, to majority, then, from the persons having the highest numbers, not
be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in exceeding three, on the list of those voted for a President, the
any criminal case to be a witness against himself nor be deprived House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the
of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken
private property be taken for public use, without just by States, the representation from each State having one vote; a
compensation. quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members
from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall
AMENDMENT VI be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives
In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a shall not choose a President, whenever the right of choice shall
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Amdt. XII APPENDIX 1

devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next follow- or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may, by a vote
ing, the Vice-President shall act as President, as in case of death, of two thirds of each House, remove such disability.
or other constitutional disability of the President. The person
having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President, shall be Section 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States,
the Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the whole authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pen-
number of Electors appointed; and if no person have a majority, sions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or
then, from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States
choose the Vice-President; a quorum for the purpose shall consist nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred
of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators; a majority of the in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any
whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such
constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligi- debts, obligations, and claims shall be held illegal and void.
ble to that of Vice-President of the United States.
Section 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by
AMENDMENT XIII appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.
Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as
AMENDMENT XV
a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly
convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place sub- Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote
shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any
ject to their jurisdiction.
State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by

Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this
appropriate legislation.
article by appropriate legislation.

AMENDMENT XIV AMENDMENT XVI

Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on in-
and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United comes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment
States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make among the several States and without regard to any census or
or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immuni- enumeration.
ties of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive
any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of AMENDMENT XVII
law, nor deny any person within its jurisdiction the equal protec- The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Sena-
tion of the laws. tors from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years;
and each Senator shall have one vote. The electors in each State
Section 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most
several States according to their respective numbers, counting the numerous branch of the State legislatures.
whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not When vacancies happen in the representation of any State in
taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of the Senate, the executive authority of such State shall issue writs
electors for President and Vice-President of the United States, of election to fill such vacancies: Provided, That the legislature of
any State may empower the executive thereof to make temporary
Representatives in Congress, the Executive and Judicial officers
appointment until the people fill the vacancies by election as the
of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to
legislature may direct.
any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty one years
This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the
of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged,
election or term of any Senator chosen before it becomes valid as
except for participation in rebellion or other crime, the basis of
part of the Constitution.
representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which
the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number AMENDMENT XVIII
of male citizens twenty one years of age in such State. 5

Section 1. After one year from the ratification of this article

Section 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in the manufacture, sale or transportation of intoxicating liquors
Congress, or elector of President and Vice President, or hold any within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof
office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction
State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a Member of thereof for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited.
Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of
any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any Section 2. The Congress and the several States shall have
State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have concurrent power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid

5 This article was replaced by the 21st amendment

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 CONSTITUTION Amdt. XXV, § 1

Section 3. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have Section 2. The transportation or importation into any State,
been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legisla- Territory, or possession of the United States for delivery or use
tures of the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within therein of intoxicating liquors, in violation of the laws thereof, is
seven years of the date of the submission hereof to the States by hereby prohibited.
Congress.
Section 3. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have
AMENDMENT XIX been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by conventions
The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be in the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven
denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the
account of sex. Congress.
Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate
legislation. AMENDMENT XXII
Section 1. No person shall be elected to the office of the
AMENDMENT XX President more than twice, and no person who has held the office
Section 1. The terms of the President and Vice President shall of President, or acted as President, for more than two years of a
end at noon on the 20th day of January, and the terms of Senators term to which some other person was elected President shall be
and Representatives at noon on the 3d day of January, of the elected to the office of the President more than once. But this
years in which such terms would have ended if this article had Article shall not apply to any person holding the office of Presi-
not been ratified; and the terms of their successors shall then dent when this Article was proposed by the Congress, and shall
begin. not prevent any person who may be holding the office of Presi-
dent, or acting as President, during the term within which his
Section 2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every Article becomes operative from holding the office of President or
year, and such meeting shall begin at noon on the 3d day of acting as President during the remainder of such term.
January, unless they shall by law appoint a different day.
Section 2. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have
Section 3. If, at the time fixed for the beginning of the term of been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legisla-
the President, the President-elect shall have died, the Vice Presi- tures of three-fourths of the several States within seven years
dent-elect shall become President. If a President shall not have from the date of its submission to the States by the Congress.
been chosen before the time fixed for the beginning of his term,
or if the President-elect shall have failed to qualify, then the Vice AMENDMENT XXIII
President-elect shall act as President until a President shall have Section 1. The District constituting the seat of Government of
qualified; and the Congress may by law provide for the case the United States shall appoint in such manner as the Congress
wherein neither a President-elect nor a Vice President-elect shall may direct:
have qualified, declaring who shall then act as President, or the A number of electors of President and Vice President equal to
manner in which one who is to act shall be selected, and such the whole number of Senators and Representative in Congress to
person shall act accordingly until a President or Vice President which the District would be entitled if it were a State, but in no
shall have qualified. event more than the least populous State; they shall be consid-
ered, for the purposes of the election of President and Vice
Section 4. The Congress may by law provide for the case of President, to be electors appointed by a State; and they shall meet
the death of any of the persons from whom the House of Repre- in the District and perform such duties as provided by the twelfth
sentatives may choose a President whenever the right of choice article of amendment.
shall have devolved upon them, and for the case of the death of
any of the persons from whom the Senate may choose a Vice Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this
President whenever the right of choice shall have devolved upon article by appropriate legislation.
them.
AMENDMENT XXIV
Section 5. Sections 1 and 2 shall take effect on the 15th day of Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote in
October following the ratification of this article. any primary or other election for President or Vice President, for
electors for President or Vice President, or for Senator or Repre-
Section 6. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have sentative in Congress, shall not be denied or abridged by the
been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by three fourths United States or any State by reason of failure to pay any poll tax
of the several States within seven years from the date of its or other tax.
submission.
Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this
AMENDMENT XXI article by appropriate legislation.
Section 1. The eighteenth article of amendment to the Consti-
tution of the United States is hereby repealed. AMENDMENT XXV
Section 1. In case of the removal of the President from office
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Amdt. XXV, § 1 APPENDIX 1

or of his death or resignation, the Vice President shall become resume the powers and duties of his office unless the Vice Presi-
President. dent and a majority of either principal officers of the executive
department or of such other body as Congress may by law pro-
Section 2. Whenever there is a vacancy in the office of the vide, transmit within four days to the President pro tempore of the
Vice President, the President shall nominate a Vice President who Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their
shall take office upon confirmation by a majority vote of both written declaration that the President is unable to discharge the
Houses of Congress. powers and duties of his office. Thereupon Congress shall decide
the issue, assembling within forty eight hours for that purpose if
Section 3. Whenever the President transmits to the President not in session. If the Congress, within twenty one days after
pro tempore of the Senate and the Speakers of the House of Congress is required to assemble, determines by two thirds vote
Representatives his written declaration that he is unable to dis- of both Houses that the President is unable to discharge the
charge the powers and duties of his office, and until he transmits powers and duties of his office, the Vice President shall continue
to them a written declaration to the contrary, such powers and to discharge the same as Acting President; otherwise, the Presi-
duties shall be discharged by the Vice President as Acting dent shall resume the powers and duties of his office.
President.
AMENDMENT XXVI
Section 4. Whenever the Vice President and a majority of Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States, who are
either the principal officers of the Executive departments or of eighteen years of age or older, to vote shall not be denied or
such other body as Congress may by law provide, transmit to the abridged by the United States or by any State on account of age.
President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House
of Representatives their written declaration that the President is
unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice
Section 2. The Congress shall have the power to enforce this
article by appropriate legislation.
President shall immediately assume the powers and duties of the
office as Acting President.
Thereafter, when the President transmits to the President pro AMENDMENT XXVII
tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Represent- No law, varying the compensation for the services of the Senators
atives his written declaration that no inability exists, he shall and Representatives, shall take effect, until an election of Repre-
sentatives shall have intervened.

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