cellular respiration developmental biology 2 bonds between A and T, 3 bonds between G and C purines = A, G (two rings) pyrimidines = T, C (one

one ring) isolating mechanisms: features of behavior, morphology, or genetics which serve to prevent breeding between species o Geographic isolation: Species occur in different areas o Temporal isolation: Individuals do not mate because they are reproductively active at different times o Ecological isolation: Individuals only mate in their preferred habitat o Behavioral isolation: Individuals of different species may meet, but one does not recognize any sexual cues that may be given o Mechanical isolation: Copulation may be attempted but transfer of sperm does not take place o Gametic incompatibility: Sperm transfer takes place, but the egg is not fertilized convergent evolution = analogous, divergent evolution = homologous lichen = fungus (mycobiont) + green alga/cyanobacterium (photobiont) terminally differentiated cells are most often found in G0 phase fat enters venous system from digestive system via thoracic duct cortisol: glucocorticoid produced by adrenal gland, released in response to stress and low level of blood glucocorticoids, increases blood sugar, suppresses immune system, aids in metabolism, decreases bone formation Northern blot DNA, Southern blot mRNA vernalization: acquisition of plants ability to flower/germinate in spring by exposure to prolonged cold of winter actin binds to cytoplasmic site of cell-matrix adherens junctions release of ADH is response to increase in blood osmolarity, RAAS is response to drop in blood pressure/volume walls of atria of heart release ANP in response to increase in blood volume/pressure, inhibiting release of renin, NaCl reabsorption, and aldosterone release GFR = (Urine concentration x Urine flow)/(Plasma Concentration) supination: radius is rotated by action of biceps brachii orienting movements: fast responses to geomagnetic stimuli; piloting: finding a way using familiar landmarks epiphyseal plate: hyaline cartilage plate in metaphysis at each end of long bone (children) nerve agents block acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme that normally relaxes the activity of acetylcholine auxin produced by the apical bud (or growing tip) diffuses downwards and inhibits the development of lateral bud growth, which would otherwise compete with the apical tip for light and nutrients smaller amount of auxin arriving to the roots results in slower growth of roots and the nutrients are subsequently invested in the upper part of the plant meristem: tissue consisting of undifferentiated cells apical dominance: one meristem prevents/inhibits growth of other meristems

basal meristems occur only in grass stems at the base of nodes and leaf blades metabotropic receptors: do not form ion pore, linked with signal transduction mechanisms, alter neuron function for seconds to minutes ionotropic receptors: directly linked to ion pore, operated within milliseconds SNAREs: mediate docking of synaptic vesicles with presynaptic membrane, targets of bacterial neurotoxins like botulism and tetanus, plasma-membrane bound recombination frequency: total number of recombinants (nonparental phenotypes) divided by total number of progeny allopatric speciation: speciation that results when emigration or geographical changes or large scale human activity happens sympatric speciation: new species evolve while inhabiting same geographic region through reproductive isolation starch (amylose, amylopectin): alpha 1, 4 linkages; cellulose: beta 1, 4 linkages biodiversity of community is measured by relative abundance and species richness long-day plants flower when day length exceeds critical night length, short-day plants flower when day length is less than critical night length positive cooperativity: affinity of binding sites for ligand is increased upon binding of ligand to binding site (hemoglobin) error rate of DNA polymerase: 1 in 10^9 bases water potential = solute potential + pressure potential arteries are thicker than veins coefficient of relatedness = fraction of genes that are shared mammals: enucleated red blood cells Biuret: protein; Benedicts: sugar; Ninhydrin: amino acids; Iodine: starch; Sudan: fat colchicines inhibits mitosis parenchyma: cells with thin primary walls, meristematic, large central vacuoles collenchyma: cells with thick primary walls, elongated, structural support sclerenchyma: dead cells with thick lignified secondary walls when stomata open, guard cells uptake potassium ions and water (by osmosis), increasing cell volume and turgor pressure; because of rings of cellulose microfibrils that prevent the width of the guard cells from swelling, the guard cells elongate and bow microphyll: single, unbranched vein; megaphyll: multiple, branched veins secondary sex characteristics: distinguish two sexes of a species, but are not part of reproductive system Down syndrome: trisomy 21, nondisjunction during meiosis I Klinefelter syndrome: XXY; Turner syndrome: X