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Environmental Science Unit1

Environmental science studies the interaction between the physical, biological and cultural components of the environment. The physical elements include landforms, water, climate and soils. Biological elements comprise plants, animals and microorganisms. Cultural elements refer to economic, social and political factors created by humans. Environmental studies are important because environmental issues have become global in scale and threaten humanity. They enlighten us about the need for sustainable development and conservation efforts to protect the environment.

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476 views

Environmental Science Unit1

Environmental science studies the interaction between the physical, biological and cultural components of the environment. The physical elements include landforms, water, climate and soils. Biological elements comprise plants, animals and microorganisms. Cultural elements refer to economic, social and political factors created by humans. Environmental studies are important because environmental issues have become global in scale and threaten humanity. They enlighten us about the need for sustainable development and conservation efforts to protect the environment.

Uploaded by

vk100
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE : DEFINITION, SCOPE AND IMPORTANCE

Element of Environment
Environment is constituted by the interacting systems of physical, biological and cultural elements inter-related in various ways, individually as well as collectively. These elements may be explained as under:

(1) Physical elements


Physical elements are as space, landforms, water bodies, climate soils, rocks and minerals. They determine the variable character of the human habitat, its opportunities as well as limitations.

(2) Biological elements


Biological elements such as plants, animals, microorganisms and men constitute the biosphere.

(3) Cultural elements


Cultural elements such as economic, social and political elements are essentially manmade features, which make cultural milieu.

ENVIRONMENT STUDIES: IMPORTANCE


Importance of Environment Studies: The environment studies enlighten us, about the importance of protection and conservation of our indiscriminate release of pollution into the environment. At day by besides become present a great number of environment issues, have grown in size and complexity day, threatening the survival of mankind on earth. We study about these issues and effective suggestions in the Environment Studies. Environment studies have significant for the following reasons:

1. Environment Issues Being of International Importance


It has been well recognised that environment issues like global warming and ozone depletion, acid rain, marine pollution and biodiversity are not merely national issues but are global issues and hence must be tackled with international efforts and cooperation.

2. Problems Cropped in The Wake of Development


Development, in its wake gave birth to Urbanization, Industrial Growth, Transportation Systems, Agriculture and Housing etc. However, it has become phased out in the developed world. The North, to cleanse their own environment has, fact fully, managed to move dirty factories of South. When the West developed, it did so perhaps in ignorance of the environmental impact of its activities. Evidently such a path is neither practicable nor desirable, even if developing world follows that.

3. Explosively Increase in Pollution


World census reflects that one in every seven persons in this planted lives in India. Evidently with 16 per cent of the world's population and only 2.4 per cent of its land area, there is a heavy pressure on the natural resources including land. Agricultural experts have recognized soils health problems like deficiency of micronutrients and organic matter, soil salinity and damage of soil structure.

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

4. Need for An Alternative Solution


It is essential, specially for developing countries to find alternative paths to an alternative goal. We need a goal as under: (1) A goal, which ultimately is the true goal of development an environmentally sound and sustainable development. (2) A goal common to all citizens of our earth. (3) A goal distant from the developing world in the manner it is from the over-consuming wasteful societies of the developed world.

5. Need To Save Humanity From Extinction


It is incumbent upon us to save the humanity from exinction. Consequent to our activities constricting the environment and depleting the biosphere, in the name of development.

6. Need For Wise Planning of Development


Our survival and sustenance depend. Resources withdraw, processing and use of the product have all to by synchronised with the ecological cycles in any plan of development our actions should be planned ecologically for the sustenance of the environment and development.

7. Misras Report
Misra (1991) recognized four basic principles of ecology, as under: (i) Holism (ii) Ecosystem (iii) Succession (iv) Conversation. Holism has been considered as the real base of ecology. In hierarchical levels at which interacting units of ecology are discussed, are as under: Individual<population<community<ecosystem<biome<biosphere. Misra (1991) has recognised four basic requirements of environmental management as under: (i) Impact of human activities on the environment, (ii) Value system, (iii) Plan and design for sustainable development, (iv) Environment education. Keeping in view the of goal of planning for environmentally sustainable development India contributed to the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), also referred to as Earth Summit held at Rio de Janciro, the Capital of Brazil, 3rd-14th June, 1992.

NEED FOR PUBLIC AWARENESS


It is essential to make the public aware of the formidable consequences of the Environmental Degradation, if not retorted and reformative measures undertaken, would

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE : DEFINITION, SCOPE AND IMPORTANCE

result in the extinction of life. We are facing various environmental challenges. It is essential to get the country acquainted with these challenges so that their acts may be eco-friendly. Some of these challenges are as under:

1. Growing Population
A population of over thousands of millions is growing at 2.11 per cent every year. Over 17 million people are added each year. It puts considerable pressure on its natural resources and reduces the gains of development. Hence, the greatest challenge before us is to limit the population growth. Although population control does automatically lead to development, yet the development leads to a decrease in population growth rates. For this development of the women is essential.

2. Poverty
India has often been described a rich land with poor people. The poverty and environmental degradation have a nexus between them. The vast majority of our people are directly dependent on the nature resources of the country for their basic needs of food, fuel shelter and fodder. About 40% of our people are still below the poverty line. Environment degradation has adversely affected the poor who depend upon the resources of their immediate surroundings. Thus, the challenge of poverty and the challenge environment degradation are two facets of the same challenge. The population growth is essentially a function of poverty. Because, to the very poor, every child is an earner and helper and global concerns have little relevance for him.

3. Agricultural Growth
The people must be acquainted with the methods to sustain and increase agricultural growth with damaging the environment. High yielding varities have caused soil salinity and damage to physical structure of soil.

4. Need to Ground water


It is essential of rationalizing the use of groundwater. Factors like community wastes, industrial effluents and chemical fertilizers and pesticides have polluted our surface water and affected quality of the groundwater. It is essential to restore the water quality of our rivers and other water bodies as lakes is an important challenge. It so finding our suitable strategies for consecration of water, provision of safe drinking water and keeping water bodies clean which are difficult challenges is essential.

5. Development And Forests


Forests serve catchments for the rivers. With increasing demand of water, plan to harness the mighty river through large irrigation projects were made. Certainly, these would submerge forests; displace local people, damage flora and fauna. As such, the dams on the river Narmada, Bhagirathi and elsewhere have become areas of political and scientific debate. Forests in India have been shrinking for several centuries owing to pressures of agriculture and other uses. Vast areas that were once green, stand today as wastelands. These areas are to be brought back under vegetative cover. The tribal communities inhabiting forests respects the trees and birds and animal that gives them sustenance. We must recognise

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

the role of these people in restoring and conserving forests. The modern knowledge and skills of the forest deptt. should be integrated with the traditional knowledge and experience of the local communities. The strategies for the joint management of forests should be evolved in a well planned way.

6. Degradation of Land
At present out of the total 329 mha of land, only 266 mha possess any potential for production. Of this, 143 mha is agricultural land nearly and 85 suffers from varying degrees of soil degradation. Of the remaining 123 mha, 40 are completely unproductive. The remaining 83 mha is classified as forest land, of which over half is denuded to various degrees. Nearly 406 million head of livestock have to be supported on 13 mha, or less than 4 per cent of the land classified as pasture land, most of which is overgrazed. Thus, our of 226 mha, about 175 mha or 66 per cent is degraded to varying degrees. Water and wind erosion causes further degradation of almost 150 mha This degradation is to be avoided.

7. Reorientation of Institutions
The people should be roused to orient institutions, attitudes and infrastructures, to suit conditions and needs today. The change has to be brought in keeping in view Indias traditions for resources use managements and education etc. Change should be brought in education, in attitudes, in administrative procedures and in institutions. Because it affects way people view technology resources and development.

8. Reduction of Genetic Diversity


Proper measures to conserve genetic diversity need to be taken. At present most wild genetic stocks have been disappearing from nature. Wilding including the Asiatic Lion are facing problem of loss of genetic diversity. The protected areas network like sanctuaries, national parks, biosphere reserves are isolating populations. So, they are decreasing changes of one group breeding with another. Remedial steps are to be taken to check decreasing genetic diversity.

9. Evil Consequences of Urbanisation


Nearly 27 per cent Indians live in urban areas. Urbanisation and industrialisation has given birth to a great number of environmental problem that need urgent attention. Over 30 percent of urban Indians live in slums. Out of Indias 3,245 towns and cities, only 21 have partial or full sewerage and treatment facilities. Hence, coping with rapid urbanization is a major challenge.

10. Air and water Population


Majority of our industrial plants are using outdated and population technologies and makeshift facilities devoid of any provision of treating their wastes. A great number of cities and industrial areas that have been identified as the worst in terms of air and water pollution. Acts are enforced in the country, but their implement is not so easy. The reason is their implementation needs great resources, technical expertise, political and social will. Again the people are to be made aware of these rules. Their support is indispensable to implement these rules.

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