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Layout Design: 18-322 Fall 2003

The document discusses CMOS layout design. It covers basic CMOS transistor layout including design rules, layers, and examples of logic gates like inverters and NAND gates laid out using abutted diffusion regions. Complex gates like OAI are discussed showing options to minimize output capacitance by sharing diffusion regions. Stick diagrams are introduced as a way to represent layouts using colored lines for different layers. The goals of layout design procedures are outlined as minimizing area and metal usage.

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Sai Sadiq
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118 views

Layout Design: 18-322 Fall 2003

The document discusses CMOS layout design. It covers basic CMOS transistor layout including design rules, layers, and examples of logic gates like inverters and NAND gates laid out using abutted diffusion regions. Complex gates like OAI are discussed showing options to minimize output capacitance by sharing diffusion regions. Stick diagrams are introduced as a way to represent layouts using colored lines for different layers. The goals of layout design procedures are outlined as minimizing area and metal usage.

Uploaded by

Sai Sadiq
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Layout Design

Lecture 4 18-322 Fall 2003


Textbook: Design Methodology Insert A
[Portions adapted from J. P. Uyemura Introduction to VLSI Circuits and Systems, Wiley 2001.]

Roadmap
Today: Basic CMOS Layout: design in the small Thursday: Layout Verification & design in the large Next week:
Transistor sizing Wires

Homework 1: Due Thursday Homework 2: Out Thursday Lab 2: This week

Todays Overview
Physical structure of ICs
Design rules Basic gates layout

Stick diagrams
Basic rules Examples

Cadence (Virtuoso)

Review: MOSFETs
Gate (G) No connection

G=0
Source Gate layer Conduction layer Drain Open switch

Source layer

Drain layer

Closed switch

G=1

G is responsible for the absence or presence of the conduction region between the drain and the source regions

Review: Controlling Current Flow (nFET)


VG
source diff

0V n+

insulator drain diff

L W n+ Top view n+

n+
No electrons

p Side view

+
n+
electrons

electron channel

n+ n+ n+ p

Review: Manufacturing
2D top-down view How design engineers see the chip.

3D cross-section view How process engineers see the chip.

Design Rules
Interface between designer and process engineer
Clean separation between the process during wafer fabrication and the design effort
Permissible geometries -> DESIGN RULES

Width rule, space rule, overlap rule, etc.

Ways to do design rules


Scalable Design Rules Absolute measures

Scalable Design Rules


CMOS scales
Implement something now, shrink it later Express all design rules in terms of a unit dimension Change the actual dimension of the unit, and the whole design shrinks Mead and Conway

Unit dimension: Minimum line width (2) In 1978, = 1.5 m (a.k.a. 3 micron technology) In 2003, = 0.065 m (a.k.a. 0.13 micron technology) Important Intellectual idea, not used in industry (but we will)

Transistor Layout
poly

Transistor

L W
3 2

The choice of geometry determines transistor parameters!

All distances are expressed in

Well boundary

Transistor Layout
5 4 2 2 Source Source to gate shortcirc L 2 Drain W 2 Non-catastrophic misalignment

AS = AD = 5W
= 0.5m -> A = 12.5m2

Absolute Design Rules


It is hard to scale every aspect of design linearly The elegance of scalable CMOS isnt worth the cost Specify all dimensions in real units (m or nm) Currently (0.13 micron), there are THOUSANDS of design rules

CMOS Process Layers


Layer Well (p,n) Active Area (n+,p+) Select (p+,n+) Polysilicon Metal1 Metal2 Contact To Poly Contact To Diffusion Via Color Yellow Green Green Red Blue Magenta Black Black Black Representation

Inverters
VDD VDD VDD

Vin

Vout

Vin

Vout

Vin

Vout

GND GND Layout of a NOT gate

GND Alternate layout of a NOT gate

Transistor sizing determines inverter fundamental properties!

Series/Parallel Connections
A A n+ n+ B n+ n+ A n+ B n+ n+ n+ p n+ B

Devices can share patterned regions; this may reduce the layout area or complexity!
A B
X

X
X

B
X

poly metal

Red Blue

n+/p+ Green

contact Black

NAND2
V DD

V DD NOT(AB) A B GND

B A

NOT(AB)

GND

Question: How About AND2?


V DD VDD

V DD NOT(AB) A B GND

B A

NOT(AB)

A and B

GND

GND

NOR2
V DD A NOT(A+B) B GND GND B NOT(A+B)
The output here is connected to one p-trans drain and two n-trans drains.

V DD

NOR2 (alternate layout)


V DD V DD

A NOT(A+B) B GND

A B NOT(A+B)
The output here is connected to one p-trans drain and one n-trans drain.

GND

This is better!
Less drain area connected to the output . This results in a faster gate.

Complex Logic Gates: OAI Gates


#1
2 A B C D A F B C A D B C 1 D

#2
2

F= NOT(A(B+C+D))

OAI Gates: Sharing S/D (option 1)


2

C A

OAI Gates: Sharing S/D


2 VD D

C A

1 GND A B C D

OAI Gates: Sharing S/D


2 VD D

C A

D F

The output here has four output drain capacitances.


1 GND A B C D

Capacitance: Friend or Foe???


Foe: Slows down the output:
Big Capacitance More charge to to change voltage SLOWER!

Friend: Stabilizes the Power Supply

Big Capacitance More charge to to change voltage More stable supply voltage!

OAI Gates: Sharing S/D (option 2)


#2
2 A

C 1

OAI Gates: Sharing S/D


2 VDD A

C 1

GND A B C D

OAI Gates: Sharing S/D


V DD V DD

The output here has two output drain capacitances.


GND A B C D A B C D

GND

Right

Wrong

Gate Design Procedure


Run VDD and GND in metal at top and bottom Run vertical poly for each gate input Order gates to allow maximum source-drain abutting Place max number of n-diffusions close to GND Place max number of p-diffusions close to VDD Make remaining connections with metal
Minimize metal usage

Question: How About TGs?

Overview
Physical structure of ICs
Design rules Basic gates layout

Stick diagrams
Basic rules Examples

Cadence (Virtuoso)

Stick Diagrams
Introduced by Mead & Conway in the 80s Every line of a conduction material layer is represented by a line of a distinct color

nFET and pFET Representations

Basic Rules (1)

Basic Rules (2)

Basic Rules (3)

Logic Gates Design

Examples

Complex Functions
OUT = ABC + D
VDD A D B C
X X X X X V DD

OUT
X X X

OUT

A B
GND

D
C

Summary
Discussed
Design rules Basic gates layout Stick diagrams

Need more practice on


Stick diagrams Layout (mostly in the lab)

Preview: The 18-322 Flow


Boolean function

Transistor Schematic Schematic Simulation Layout (w/ DRC) Component Design

1st part of the Thursdays Lecture

LVS Check Extracted Simulation

Preview: Modern ASIC Design


Designer Productivity is a big problem In 1978, people could draw transistors, now there are 100s of millions per chip New abstractions necessary: Cell Libraries Design Rules

Masks

Layout Design

Std Cell Design

18-322

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