a Essential Mathematical L TEX

Version 0.02 September 1989

1 Introduction
a a This document is a supplement to \Essential-L TEX", describing mathematical typesetting L TEX. It makes no attempt at completeness so if in doubt read the manual.

2 Math, Display-math and Equation

Mathematics is treated by TEX completely di erently from ordinary text. There are two special modes for mathematics, math mode and display math mode . Math mode commands are surrounded by \( and \).
Some mathematics set inline 2 3 = 6. Note that spaces in the input le are ignored in math mode.
... set inline \( 2\times 3 = Note that spaces ... 6 \).

There is a variant of Display math mode, the equation environment which automatically generates an equation number.
1 2 0 1 2 0 1 3 = 4 6 1 3 (1)
\begin{equation} \left(\begin{array}{cc} 1 & 2 \\0 & 1 \end{array}\right) \left(\begin{array}{cc} 2 & 0\\1 & 3 \end{array}\right) = \left(\begin{array}{cc} 4 & 6 \\1 & 3 \end{array}\right) \end{equation}

A larger equation to be displayed on a line by itself. 1 X (i) f (x) = f i!(x) i=0

Display math mode commands are surrounded by \ and \].

... to be displayed on a line by itself. \ f(x) = \sum_{i=0}^{\infty}\frac{f^{(i)}(x)}{i!} \]

The short examples above show the main types of commands available in math mode. 1. Subscripts and superscripts are produced with _ and ^, as in x_{1} = p^{2} x1 = p2. 2. Fractions are produced by the \frac command. \(\frac{a + b}{c}\) a+b . c 3. Various commands give names to mathematical symbols. p N
\infty \Rightarrow \surd \bigotimes 1 )

4. Arrays are produced by the array environment. This is identical to the tabular environment a described in essential-L TEX except that the entries are typeset in math mode instead of LR mode. Note that the array environment does not put brackets arround the array so it can also be used for setting determinants, or even sets of equations in which you want the columns to line up. 5. The commands \left and \right produce delimiters which grow as large as needed, they can be used with a variety of symbols eg. \left( \left\{ \left|. The full set of these delimiters is shown in Table 9 below. 1

3 Spacing
All spaces in the input le are ignored in math mode. Sometimes you may want to adjust the spacing. Use one of the following commands or an explicit \hspace. \, thin space \: medium space \! negative thin space \; thick space a A good example of where L TEX needs some help with spacing is
RR

z dxdy instead of

RR

zdxdy

\int\!\!\int z\, dx dy .. \int\int z dx dy

4 Changing fonts in math mode

The default math mode font is math italic. This should not be confused with ordinary text italic . The font for `ordinary' letters can be changed with the usual commands, \em, \bf etc. Note that lower case Greek letters are just regarded as mathematical symbols, \alpha etc, and are not a ected by these commands. \bf produces bold face roman letters. If you wish to have bold face math italic letters, and bold face Greek letters and mathematical symbols, use the \boldmath command before going into math mode. This changes the default math fonts to bold. x = 2 ) x ' 6:28 \( x = 2\pi \Rightarrow x \simeq 6.28 \) x = 2 ) x ' 6:28 \(\bf x = 2\pi \Rightarrow x \simeq 6.28 \) {\boldmath x = 2 ) x ' 6:28 \(x = {\bf2}\pi \Rightarrow x \simeq{\bf6.28}\)} There is also a calligraphic font for upper case letters produced by the \cal command.
F
\( \cal F \)

5 Symbols
a The tables show most of the symbols available from the standard L TEX symbol fonts. Negations of the relational symbols can be made with the \not command.

G6 H

G \not\equiv H

6 What about $'s?

a If you have converted to L TEX from plain or AMS -TEX, you will probably be wondering why there has been no mention of $ and $$. In these systems math mode is surrounded by $'s and display math mode is surrounded by $$. This a has certain drawbacks over the L TEX system as it is di cult for your text editor to match $'s as it is hard to tell which ones are starting math mode and which are ending it. TEX will also get confused if you miss a $ out. The (incorrect) input
let (a,b,c)$ be a Pythagorean triple, i.e.\ three integers such that $a^{2}+b^{2}=c^{2}$.

produces the slightly mysterious error message

! Missing $ inserted. <inserted text> $ <to be read again> ^ l.56 ...triple, i.e.\ three integers such that $a^ {2}+b^{2}=c^{2}$ ?

Note that it reports the wrong error and in the wrong place, the use of the ^ command out of math mode. TEX has typeset `be a : : : such that' in math mode and exited math mode at the $ after `such a a that'. If you had made the equivalent L TEX error, L TEX has a better idea of what you indended:
let (a,b,c)\) be a Pythagorean triple, i.e.\ three integers such that \(a^{2}+b^{2}=c^{2}\)

The error message may still be unintelligable, but at least it reports the error in the right place, you have used \) to end math mode when you were not in math mode (as you omitted the \( which should have been before the (a,b,c)).
See LaTeX manual for explanation. Type H <return> for immediate help. ! Bad math environment delimiter. \@latexerr ...for immediate help.}\errmessage {#1} \)...ifinner $\else \@badmath \fi \else \@badmath \fi l.56 let (a,b,c)\) be a Pythagorean triple, i.e.\ three integers such that \... ? LaTeX error.

Let G be a p-group

The single dollar is sometimes useful for small sections of math.

Let $G$ be a $p$-group

The double dollar is not always equivalent to \ ... \], and so should not be used if you want your a L TEX le to be compatible with di erent styles and style options (try the eqn style option).
a The standard L TEX fonts have enough symbols for most people, Tables 1{12. If you need more you could try the AMS -TEX extra symbol fonts, most easily obtained by including amssymbols in the \documentstyle option list. See Table 13.

7 AMS -TEX symbols

"

\alpha \beta \gamma \delta \epsilon \varepsilon \zeta \eta \Gamma \Delta \Theta

\theta \vartheta \gamma \kappa \lambda \mu \nu \xi \Lambda \Xi \Pi

o $ % &

o \pi \varpi \rho \varrho \sigma \varsigma

' !

\tau \upsilon \phi \varphi \chi \psi \omega

\Sigma \Upsilon \Phi

\Psi \Omega

Table 1: Greek Letters

\pm \mp \times \div \ast \star \circ \bullet \cdot +

\ ] u t _ ^ n o

? +

\cap \cup \uplus \sqcap \sqcup \vee \wedge \setminus \wr -

/ . < >

4 5

\diamond \bigtriangleup \bigtriangledown \triangleleft \triangleright \lhd \rhd \unlhd \unrhd

y z q

\oplus \ominus \otimes \oslash \odot \bigcirc \dagger \ddagger \amalg

Table 2: Binary Operation Symbols

\leq \prec \preceq \ll \subset \subseteq \sqsubset \sqsubseteq \in \vdash : \geq \succ \succeq \gg \supset \supseteq \sqsupset \sqsupseteq \ni \dashv

'

v 2 `

w 3 a

<

= 6= : =

\equiv \sim \simeq \asymp \approx \cong \neq \doteq \propto <

./ 1 ^ _ = >

j= ? j k

\models \perp \mid \parallel \bowtie \Join \smile \frown = >

Table 3: Relation Symbols ;

,

\colon

\ldotp

\cdotp

Table 4: Punctuation Symbols

( ! ) $ , 7!
\leftarrow \Leftarrow \rightarrow \Rightarrow \leftrightarrow \Leftrightarrow \mapsto \hookleftarrow \leftharpoonup \leftharpoondown

( )

* + Table 5: Arrow Symbols 4

(= ! =) ! () 7 ! ,!

\longleftarrow \Longleftarrow \longrightarrow \Longrightarrow \longleftrightarrow \Longleftrightarrow \longmapsto \hookrightarrow \rightharpoonup \rightharpoondown

" * # + l m % & . -

\uparrow \Uparrow \downarrow \Downarrow \updownarrow \Updownarrow \nearrow \searrow \swarrow \nwarrow

:::

{ | ` }

< =

\ldots \aleph \hbar \imath \jmath \ell \wp \Re \Im \mho

0 ; r p > ? k

\cdots \prime \emptyset \nabla \surd \top \bot \| \angle .

8 9 :

.. .

\ ]
j

\vdots \forall \exists \neg \flat \natural \sharp \backslash \partial |

2 3

...

4 | } ~

\ddots \infty \Box \Diamond \triangle \clubsuit \diamondsuit \heartsuit \spadesuit

Table 6: Miscellaneous Symbols

P Q ` R H
\sum \prod \coprod \int \oint

T S F W V

\bigcap \bigcup \bigsqcup \bigvee \bigwedge

J N L U

\bigodot \bigotimes \bigoplus \biguplus

Table 7: Variable-sized Symbols

\arccos \arcsin \arctan \arg \cos \cosh \cot \coth \csc \deg \det \dim \exp \gcd \hom \inf \ker \lg \lim \liminf \limsup \ln \log \max \min \Pr \sec \sin \sinh \sup \tan \tanh

Table 8: Log-like Symbols (

f b h j
( \{ \lfloor \langle |

g c i k

) ]

) ] \} \rfloor \rangle \|

" # l d

\uparrow \downarrow \updownarrow \lceil /

* + m e n

\Uparrow \Downarrow \Updownarrow \rceil \backslash

9 : ? ?

\rmoustache \arrowvert

8 ; w w

Table 9: Delimiters
\lmoustache \Arrowvert

9 ; > > > >

\rgroup \bracevert

8 :

\lgroup

Table 10: Large Delimiters a ^ a

\hat{a} \check{a}

a a

\acute{a} \grave{a}

a \bar{a} a \dot{a} a _ ~ \vec{a} a \ddot{a} ~ a a Table 11: Math mode accents

c abc ! abc abc abc |{z} p n abc
abc xyz

\breve{a} \tilde{a}

f abc abc abc z}|{ abc p abc f

0

\widetilde{abc} \overleftarrow{abc} \overline{abc} \overbrace{abc} \sqrt{abc} f'

\widehat{abc} \overrightarrow{abc} \underline{abc} \underbrace{abc} \sqrt n]{abc} \frac{abc}{xyz}

Table 12: Some other constructions 5

\boxdot \blacksquare \circlearrowright \boxminus \twoheadrightarrow \upuparrows \upharpoonleft \leftrightarrows \rightsquigarrow \circeq \multimap \triangleq \eqslantless \preccurlyeq \backprime \geqq \sqsupset \trianglelefteq \blacktriangleright \triangledown \lesseqqgtr \veebar \measuredangle \smallfrown \Cap \rightthreetimes \Bumpeq \pitchfork \complement \circleddash \lrcorner \maltese \ngeq \nsucc \ngeqslant \nsucceq \gnsim \succneqq \gnapprox \varsupsetneq \supsetneqq \supsetneq \nmid \nVdash \ntrianglelefteq \nrightarrow \nleftrightarrow \mho \daleth \rtimes \thicksim \precapprox \varkappa

\boxplus \centerdot \circlearrowleft \Vdash \twoheadleftarrow \downdownarrows \downharpoonleft \rightleftarrows \leftrightsquigarrow \succsim \therefore \precsim \eqslantgtr \leqq \risingdotseq \geqslant \vartriangleright \bigstar \blacktriangleleft \eqcirc \gtreqqless \barwedge \sphericalangle \Subset \curlywedge \subseteqq \lll \dotplus \intercal \ulcorner \yen \lvertneqq \nless \lneqq \lneq \precnsim \nleqq \precnapprox \nsim \nsubseteqq \varsubsetneqq \nsubseteq \nshortmid \nvDash \ntriangleleft \nLeftarrow \divideontimes \thorn \lessdot \shortmid \thickapprox \curvearrowleft \hslash

\boxtimes \lozenge \rightleftharpoons \Vvdash \leftleftarrows \upharpoonright \rightarrowtail \Lsh \looparrowleft \gtrsim \because \lesssim \curlyeqprec \leqslant \fallingdotseq \gtrless \vartriangleleft \between \vartriangle \lesseqgtr \Rrightarrow \doublebarwedge \varpropto \Supset \curlyvee \supseteqq \ggg \backsim \circledcirc \urcorner \checkmark \gvertneqq \ngtr \gneqq \gneq \succnsim \ngeqq \succnapprox \napprox \nsupseteqq \varsupsetneqq \nsupseteq \nshortparallel \nVDash \ntriangleright \nRightarrow \varnothing \beth \gtrdot \shortparallel \approxeq \curvearrowright \hbar \Bbb A \Bbb B ...

\square \blacklozenge \leftrightharpoons \vDash \rightrightarrows \downharpoonright \leftarrowtail \Rsh \looparrowright \gtrapprox \doteqdot \lessapprox \curlyeqsucc \lessgtr \succcurlyeq \sqsubset \trianglerighteq \blacktriangledown \blacktriangle \gtreqless \Lleftarrow \angle \smallsmile \Cup \leftthreetimes \bumpeq \circledS \backsimeq \circledast \llcorner \circledR \nleq \nprec \nleqslant \npreceq \lnsim \precneqq \lnapprox \varsubsetneq \subsetneqq \subsetneq \nparallel \nvdash \ntrianglerighteq \nleftarrow \nLeftrightarrow \nexists \gimel \ltimes \smallsetminus \succapprox \digamma \backepsilon

Table 13: AMS symbols 6