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UNIT IV PERFORMANCE OF CW
MODULATION SYSTEMS

Superheterodyne radio receiver and its
characteristic SNR Noise in DSBSC systems
using coherent detection Noise in AM system
using envelope detection FM system
FM threshold effect Pre-emphasis and de-
emphasis in FM Comparison of
performances.
















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NOISE IN FM RECEIVERS

The frequency-modulated signal is given by




Pre-detection SNR
The pre-detection SNR in this case is simply the
carrier power divided by the noise passed
by the bandpass filter, ; namily,




) 40 . 9 ( ) ( 2 2 cos ) (
0 (

+ =
}
t
f c c
d m k t f A t s t t t t
T
c
B N
A
0
2
AM
pre
2
SNR =

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1. A slope network or differentiator with a purely
imaginary frequency response that varies linearly with
frequency. It produces a hybrid-modulated wave in
which both amplitude and frequency vary in
accordance with the message signal.
2. An envelope detector that recovers the amplitude
variation and reproduces the message signal.





Post-detection SNR
The noisy FM signal after band-pass filtering
may be represented as



We may equivalently express in terms of
its envelope and phase as




Where the envelope is

) 41 . 9 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( t n t s t x + =
) 42 . 9 ( ) 2 sin( ) ( ) 2 cos( ) ( ) ( t f t n t f t n t n
c Q c I
t t =
) 43 . 9 ( )] ( 2 cos[ ) ( ) ( t t f t r t n
n c
| t + =

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And the phase is














We note that the phase of is




) 43 . 9 ( )] ( 2 cos[ ) ( ) ( t t f t r t n
n c
| t + =
) 45 . 9 (
) (
) (
tan ) (
1
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

t n
t n
t
I
Q
n
|
) 46 . 9 ( ) ( 2 ) (
0
}
=
t
f
d m k t t t t |

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The noisy signal at the output of the band-pass filter
may be expressed as




The phase of the resultant is given by











Under this condition, and noting that ,
the expression for the phase simplifies to




Then noting that the quadrature component of the
noise is
) 47 . 9 ( )] ( 2 cos[ ) ( )] ( 2 cos[
) ( ) ( ) (
t t f t r t t f A
t n t s t x
n c c c
| t | t + + + =
+ =
) 48 . 9 (
)) ( cos( ) (
)) ( sin( ) (
tan ) ( ) (
1
)
`

+
+ =

t t r A
t t r
t t
c

| u
1 sin tan
1
<< ~

ce
) 49 . 9 ( )] ( sin[
) (
) ( ) ( t
A
t r
t t
c
| u + =
)], ( sin[ ) ( ) ( t t r t n
n Q
| =

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The ideal discriminator output






The noise term is
defined by



The additive noise at the discriminator output is
determined essentially by the quadrature component
of the
marrowband noise .



The power spectral density of
the quadrature noise compinent
as follows;




) 50 . 9 (
) (
) ( ) (
c
Q
A
t n
t t + =| u
) 51 . 9 (
) (
) ( 2 ) (
0
c
Q
t
f
A
t n
d m k t + ~
}
t t t u
) 52 . 9 ( ) ( ) (
) (
2
1
) (
t n t m k
dt
t d
t v
d f
+ =
=
u
t
) 53 . 9 (
) (
2
1
) (
dt
t dn
A
t n
Q
c
d
t
=
) (t n
d
) (t n
Q
) (t n
) 54 . 9 (
2
2
) (
c c
A
jf
A
f j
f G = =
t
t
) 55 . 9 ( ) (
) ( | ) ( | ) (
2
2
2
f S
A
f
f S f G f S
Q
Q d
N
c
N N
=
=
) ( f S
Q
N
) (t n
Q

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Power spectral density of the noise is shown in F






Therefore, the power spectral density of
the noise appearing at the receiver output is defined
by















) (t n
d
) 56 . 9 (
otherwise , 0
2
| | ,
) (
2
2
0

<
=
T
c
N
B
f
A
f N
f S
d
) (
0
f S
N
) 57 . 9 (
otherwise , 0
W | | ,
) (
2
2
0
0

<
=
f
A
f N
f S
c
N
) 58 . 9 (
3
W 2

power noise detection - post Average
2
3
0
W
W
2
2
0
c
c
A
N
df f
A
N
=
=
}

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) 59 . 9 (
W 2
3
SNR
3
0
2 2
FM
post
N
P k A
f c
=

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Figure of merit












The figure of merit for an FM system is approximately
given by





Thus, when the carrier to noise level is high, unlike an
amplitude modulation system an FM system allows us
to trade bandwidth for improved performance in
accordance with square law.


Threshold effect
At first, individual clicks are heard in the receiver
output, and as the pre-detection SNR decreases
further, the clicks merge to a crackling or
sputtering sound. At and below this breakdown
) 60 . 9 ( 3
W
3
W 2
W 2
3
SNR
SNR
merit of Figure
2
2
2
0
2
3
0
2 2
ref
FM
post
D
P k
N
A
N
P k A
f
c
f c
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
= =
) 61 . 9 (
W 4
3
merit of Figure
2
|
.
|

\
|
~
T
B

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point, Eq.(9.59) fails to accurately predict the
post-detection SNR.

Computer experiment : Threshold effect with FM
Complex phasor of the FM signal is given by




Similar to the AM computer experiment, we measure
the pre-detection and post-detection SNRs of the
signal and compare the results to the theory developed
in this section.





{ }
}
=
t
f c
d m k j A t s
0
) ( 2 exp ) ( t t t

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PRE-EMPHASIS AND DE-EMPHASIS


To compensate this distortion, we appropriately pre-
distort or pre-emphasize the baseband signal at the
transmitter, prior to FM modulation, using a filter with
the frequency response



The de-emphasis filter is often a simple resistance-
capacitance (RC) circuit with





At the transmitting end, the pre-emphasis filter is








) 62 . 9 ( W | |
) (
1
) (
de
pre
< = f
f H
f H
) 63 . 9 (
1
1
) (
dB 3
de
f
f
j
f H
+
=
) 64 . 9 ( 1 ) (
dB 3
pre
f
f
j f H + =

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The modulated signal is approximately






|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
}
}
) ( 2 ) ( 2 2 cos
) (
) ( 2 2 cos ) (
0
0
t m k ds s m k t f A
ds
ds
s dm
s m k t f A t s
f
t
f c c
t
f c c
o t t t
o t t

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Pre-emphasis can be used to advantage whenever
portions of the message band are degraded relative to
others.