TIME 19h00 TIME 09h00 09h50 09h50 12h00 11h10 11h40 12h00 15h10 13h20 14h50 15h10 16h10

16h10 16h10 17h40 16h30 17h00 17h40 19h00 TIME 09h00 10h40 10h40 11h10 11h10 12h10 12h10 15h40 13h10 14h40 15h40 17h50 16h00 16h30 17h50 OPENING WELCOME DRINK

TUESDAY, JANUARY 19 WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 20 SESSION I: SEMI-EXTENSIVE NURSERIES COFFEE- BREAK AND POSTER SESSION SESSION II: EXTENSIVE SYSTEMS IN PONDS AND LAGOONS LUNCH SESSION III: SEMI-INTENSIVE SYSTEMS SESSION IV: INTEGRATED SYSTEMS COFFEE- BREAK AND POSTER SESSION SESSION V: TECHNICAL IMPROVEMENTS THURSDAY, JANUARY 21 SESSION VI: PRODUCT QUALITY COFFEE- BREAK AND POSTER SESSION SESSION VII: CERTIFICATION SESSION VIII: CURRENT STATUS OF EXTENSIVE AND SEMI-INTENSIVE AQUACULTURE LUNCH SESSION IX: SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT OF NON-INTENSIVE SYSTEMS COFFEE- BREAK AND POSTER SESSION FINAL REMARKS & CLOSING

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SEACASE Project Partners:

Sponsored by:

Supported by:

Scientific Committee:
Maria Teresa Dinis Centro de Cincias do Mar (CCMAR) Lus Conceio Jrme Hussenot Denis Bally Centro de Cincias do Mar (CCMAR) Institut Franais de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER) Centre de Droit et dEconomie de la Mer, Universit de Bretagne Occidentale (CEDEM-UBO) Giovanna Marino Stefano Cataudella Pavlos Makridis Manuel Yfera Paulo Vaz-Pires Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale (ISPRA) Universit degli Studi di Roma 'Tor Vergata' (UTV) Hellenic Center for Marine Research (HCMR) Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andaluca (ICMAN-CSIC) Centro de Investigao Marinha e Ambiental, Laboratrio Associado (CIIMAR/CIMAR-LA)

Organizing Committee:
Maria Teresa Dinis

Lus Conceio Ana Ramalho Ana Jesus

Centro de Cincias do Mar (CCMAR)

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WELCOME TO THE SEACASE INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP

It is my great pleasure to welcome you to the International Workshop on Extensive and Semi-intensive Aquaculture Production in Southern Europe, held in Tavira, Portugal, from 20 to 21 January 2009. This Workshop is organized within the scope of European funded project SEACASE Sustainable Extensive and Semi-intensive Coastal Aquaculture in Southern Europe. Extensive and semi-intensive aquaculture systems are traditional activities found in many coastal areas of Southern Europe, with significant socio-economic impact. Nevertheless, these activities are being challenged by nowadays high labour and land-use costs, and their sustainability is threatened by the low productivity of the systems, as well as the market competition, due to lower price products from intensive aquaculture. In addition, these systems are under pressure by increased competition for coastal areas by other candidate users such as tourism, agriculture and industry. During this Workshop we expect to create a large debate between stakeholders in order to discuss the problems and possible solutions of sustainable coastal non-intensive systems, as well as to present the latest scientific results obtained within the scientific community. We believe this is also an opportunity to promote and disseminate these production systems. We hope you will have a technically rewarding experience, and use this occasion to meet old friends and make many new ones. Do not miss the opportunity to explore Tavira and the beautiful region of Algarve. This workshop could not have taken place without the contributions of many. Special thanks to the scientific committee and all SEACASE partners involved in each session. Acknowledgements also go to other key organizing committee members for their excellent team contributions: CCMAR administrative and finance staff and Aquaculture Research Group for their precious help and availability. Enjoy the venue and your stay in Portugal! SEACASE workshop Chair

Maria Teresa Dinis

WORKSHOP PROGRAMME
TUESDAY, JANUARY 19
19h00 Welcome drink

WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 20
09h00 09h30 Welcome by Maria Teresa Dinis, Chair of the SEACASE Steering Committee How does EU support the sustainable development of European aquaculture through research related initiatives? Stamatios Varsamos, European Commission

SESSION I: SEMI-EXTENSIVE NURSERIES

Chaired by Pavlos Makridis and Emlia Cunha 09h50 10h10

Semi-intensive nurseries in ponds and Lagoons, a mesocosm system Pavlos Makridis, HCMR Effect of vertical surfaces (AquaMats) on the enhancement of plankton productivity in semi-extensive Sparus aurata larval rearing Emlia Cunha, INRB Extensive fish nurseries based on marine periphyton Marion Richard, IFREMER Mesocosm nursery systems: is large beautiful? Carlos Andrade, Centro de Maricultura da Calheta

10h30 10h50

11H10 COFFEE- BREAK AND POSTER SESSION 11h40 Mesocosms as nurseries for rearing gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) and sole (Solea senegalensis): SEACASE trials in Portugal Emlia Cunha, INRB

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SESSION II: EXTENSIVE SYSTEMS IN PONDS AND LAGOONS

Chaired by Clara Boglione and Philippe Blachier 12h00 12h20

Improved farming protocols for Valliculture Clara Boglione, UTV Molecular approach to the identification of wild and hatchery seabream within a Valliculture case study Sabina De Innocentiis, ISPRA Traditional extensive fish polyculture in earthen ponds Esteros Manuel Yfera, CSIC Monitoring and integrated management for the preservation of eel (Anguilla anguilla) resources in diked saltmarshes Philippe Blachier, CREAA

12h40 13h00

13H20 LUNCH 14h50 Integrated modelling for management and development of sustainable shellfish aquaculture Camille Saurel, IMAR-DCEA

SESSION III: SEMI-INTENSIVE SYSTEMS

Chaired by Manuel Yfera and Luis Conceio 15h10 15h30 Semi-intensive polyculture of seabream and sole in earth ponds Hugo Ferreira, INRB Management techniques for fish production in brackish water ponds: Nile delta, Egypt Sherif Sadek, ACO Grow-out of white seabream (Diplodus sargus), zebra seabream (Diplodus cervinus) and common two-banded seabream (Diplodus vulgaris) in polyculture Pedro Pouso-Ferreira, INRB

15h50

SESSION IV: INTEGRATED SYSTEMS

Chaired by Jrme Hussenot and Clara Boglione 16h10 Integrated system versus lagoon/pond treatment as effluent purification process in a land-based marine fish hatchery Jrme Hussenot, IFREMER

16H30 COFFEE- BREAK AND POSTER SESSION 17h00 The Zeeland Sole Project: integrating sole (Solea solea), ragworm (Nereis virens) and shellfish culture Jan Ketelaars, Wageningen University Sustainable, integrated semi-intensive aquaculture of seaweeds and fish in southern Europe Rui Santos, CCMAR

17h20

SESSION V: TECHNICAL IMPROVEMENTS

Chaired by Giovanna Marino and Luisa Valente 17h40 18h00 18h20 Diet formulation for sustainable fish farming in ponds/lagoons Jorge Dias, CCMAR Slaughtering procedures: fish from extensive and semi-intensive production Paulo Vaz-Pires, CIIMAR Investigating stress response and adaptability to low temperature in the gilthead seabream through a physiological approach Giovanna Marino, ISPRA Investigating stress response and adaptability to low temperature in the gilthead seabream through a functional genomic approach Tomaso Patarnello, UNIPD End of the day

18h40

19h00

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THURSDAY, JANUARY 21 SESSION VI: PRODUCT QUALITY

Chaired by Mireille Cardinal and Jorge Dias 09h00 09h20 Juveniles quality on Aquaculture systems Clara Boglione, UTV Product quality according to the rearing system: intensive / semi-intensive / extensive / integrated system. Model species: seabream (Sparus aurata) Mireille Cardinal, IFREMER Best indicators for seabream (Sparus aurata) quality from extensive and semi-intensive systems Luisa Valente, CIIMAR Farming practices of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) in semi-intensive earth ponds: effects on the flesh quality Elisabete Matos, CCMAR Effect of diet with low fish-derived protein and oil on the sensory properties and nutritional value of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) Amparo Gonalves, INRB

09h40

10h00

10h20

10H40 COFFEE- BREAK AND POSTER SESSION

SESSION VII: CERTIFICATION

Chaired by Paulo Vaz-Pires and Florbela Soares 11h10 11h30 11h50 Codes of conduct and certification on semi-intensive and extensive systems Paulo Vaz-Pires, CIIMAR New EU organic aquaculture rules Richard Bates, DG MARE (EU) Organic aquaculture: a strategy for valorisation of semi-intensive aquaculture? Laura Ribeiro, INRB

SESSION VIII: CURRENT STATUS OF EXTENSIVE AND SEMI-INTENSIVE AQUACULTURE

Chaired by Loc Anras and Maria Teresa Dinis 12h10 Current status of extensive and semi-intensive aquaculture practices in Southern Europe Loc Anras, FMA Status and challenges of extensive and semi-intensive aquaculture in Portugal Antnio Vieira, ANAQUA Status and challenges of extensive and semi-intensive aquaculture in Spain Ignacio de la Rosa, CTAQUA

12h30 12h50

13H10 LUNCH 14h40 15h00 15h20 Current Status of extensive and semi-intensive aquaculture practices in France Loc Anras, FMA Status and challenges of extensive and semi-intensive aquaculture in Italy Andrea Fabris, API Status and challenges of extensive and semi-intensive aquaculture in Greece Akis Ventiris, FGM

SESSION IX: SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT OF NON-INTENSIVE SYSTEMS

Chaired by Denis Bailly and Pascal Raux 15h40

Sustainable coastal aquaculture: an oxymoron? Manuel SantAna, IBMC

16H00 COFFEE- BREAK AND POSTER SESSION 16h30 16h50 Aquaculture in transition spaces: the economic viability in question Pascal Raux, UBO Socio-economic assessment of national case-studies Pascal Raux, UBO

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17h10 17h30

The patrimonial audit: a tool to promote sustainable aquaculture Denis Bally, UBO Ecological-economic assessment of sustainable aquaculture options: integrated systems Vs monoculture Ana Nobre, IMAR

17H50 FINAL REMARKS & CLOSING

LIST OF ORAL COMMUNICATIONS

How does EU support the sustainable development of European aquaculture through research related initiatives? S. Varsamos 20

Session I: Semi-extensive Nurseries

Semi-intensive nurseries in ponds and Lagoons, a mesocosm system P. Makridis, P. Divanach 21

Effect of vertical surfaces (AquaMats) on the enhancement of plankton productivity in semi-extensive Sparus aurata larval rearing M.E. Cunha, H.Q. Ferreira, A. Barradas, M. Falco, P. Pouso-Ferreira 22 Extensive fish nurseries based on marine periphyton M. Richard, A. Anginot, J.T. Maurice, F. Paticat, L. Pavie, C. Trottier, M. Verdegem, J. Hussenot 23 Mesocosm nursery systems: is large beautiful? C. Andrade, N. Nogueira, P. Silva 25

Mesocosms as nurseries for rearing gilthead seabream ( Sparus aurata) and sole (Solea senegalensis): SEACASE trials in Portugal H.Q. Ferreira, M.E. Cunha, A. Barradas, P. Pouso-Ferreira 26

Session II: Extensive Systems in Ponds and Lagoons

Improved farming protocols for Valliculture C. Boglione 27

Molecular approach to the identification of wild and hatchery seabream within a Valliculture case study S. De Innocentiis, S. Livi, P. Di Marco, T. Petochi, A. Longobardi, V. Donadelli, G. 28 Marino Traditional extensive fish polyculture in earthen ponds - Esteros M. Yfera, A.M. Arias 29

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Monitoring and integrated management for the preservation of eel ( Anguilla anguilla) resources in diked saltmarshes E. Buard, P. Blachier, C. Rigaud, T. Gaillard, T. Le Berre, V. Machault 30 Integrated modelling for management and development of sustainable shellfish aquaculture C. Saurel, J.G. Ferreira, J.K. Petersen 31

Session III: Semi-intensive Systems

Semi-intensive polyculture of seabream and sole in earth ponds H.Q. Ferreira, A. Ramalho, J. Dias, M. Yfera, A. Arias, M. Falco, D. Serpa, A. Vieira, T. Aires, P. Pouso-Ferreira, M.E. Cunha, M.T. Dinis, L. Conceio

32

Management techniques for fish production in brackish water ponds: Nile Delta, Egypt S. Sadek 33 Grow-out of white seabream ( Diplodus sargus), zebra seabream ( Diplodus cervinus) and common two-banded seabream ( Diplodus vulgaris) in polyculture P. Pouso-Ferreira, H.Q. Ferreira, M. Silva, J.B. Guerra, L.D. Rodrigues, F. Soares 35

Session IV: Integrated Systems

Integrated system versus lagoon/pond treatment as effluent purification process in a land-based marine fish hatchery J. Hussenot, M. Cardinal, S. Cariou, B. Dupuy, R. Fabre, M. Hamdaoui, A. Herv, R. Kaas, M. Richard, L. Valente, J.S. Bruant 36 The Zeeland Sole Project: integrating sole ( Solea solea), ragworm ( Nereis virens) and shellfish culture J. Ketelaars 37 Sustainable, integrated semi-intensive aquaculture of seaweeds and fish in southern Europe L. Mata, R. Santos 38

Session V: Technical Improvements

Diet formulation for sustainable fish farming in ponds/lagoons J. Dias, L. Conceio, A. Ramalho, T. Aires, P. Borges, L.M.P. Valente, P. Rema, M.T. Dinis 39 Slaughtering procedures: fish from extensive and semi-intensive production P. Vaz-Pires, A. Ramalho, S. Soares, C. Escrcio, E. Matos 40 n Investigating stress response and adaptability to low temperature in the gilthead seabream through a physiological approach P. Di Marco, T. Petochi, A. Priori, S. Livi, S. De Innocentiis, M.G. Finoia, A. Longobardi, G. Marino 41 Investigating stress response and adaptability to low temperature in the gilthead seabream through a functional genomic approach A.N. Mininni, L. Bargelloni, T. Patarnello 42

Session VI: Product Quality

Juveniles quality on Aquaculture systems C. Boglione 43

Product quality according to the rearing system: intensive / semi-intensive / extensive / integrated system. Model species: seabream ( Sparus aurata) M. Cardinal, J. Cornet, C. Donnay-Moreno, J.P. Gouygou, J.P. Berg, J. Hussenot, E. Rocha, F. Malho, C. Escrcio, M. Bacelar, L.M.P. Valente 44 B e s t i n d i c a t o r s f o r s e a b r e a m ( Sparus aurata ) q u a l i t y f r o m e x t e n s i v e a n d semi-intensive systems L.M.P. Valente, M. Cardinal, C. Escrcio, M. Bacelar, E. Rocha, F. Malho, 45 J. Cornet, C. Donnay-Moreno, J.P. Gouygou, J.P. Berg, J. Hussenot Farming practices of gilthead seabream ( Sparus aurata) in semi-intensive earth ponds: effects on the flesh quality E. Matos, M.T. Dinis, P. Rodrigues, L.M.P. Valente, A. Gonalves, M.L. Nunes, J. Dias 46 Effect of diet with low fish-derived protein and oil on the sensory properties and nutritional value of gilthead seabream ( Sparus aurata) A. Gonalves, N. Bandarra, J. Dias, M.L. Nunes 47

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Session VII: Certification

Codes of conduct and certification on semi-intensive and extensive systems P. Vaz-Pires, A. Ramalho, L. Conceio, F. Soares, M.T. Dinis, P. Pouso-Ferreira, L. Ribeiro 48 New EU organic aquaculture rules R. Bates 49 Organic aquaculture: a strategy for valorisation of semi-intensive aquaculture? L. Ribeiro, F. Soares, M.E. Cunha, P. Pouso-Ferreira 50

Session VIII: Current Status of Extensive and Semi-intensive Aquaculture

Current status of extensive and semi-intensive aquaculture practices in Southern Europe L. Anras, C. Boglione, S. Cataudella, M.T. Dinis, S. Livi, P. Makridis, G. Marino, A. Ramalho, M. Yfera 51 Status and challenges of extensive and semi-intensive aquaculture in Portugal A. Vieira 53 Status and challenges of extensive and semi-intensive aquaculture in Spain I. de La Rosa , J.M. Garca de Lomas 54 Current status of extensive and semi-intensive aquaculture practices in France L. Anras, J.S. Bruant 55 Status and challenges of extensive and semi-intensive aquaculture in Italy A. Fabris 56

Status and challenges of extensive and semi-intensive aquaculture in Greece A. Ventiris, P. Makridis 57

Session IX: Socio-economic Assessment of Non-intensive Systems

Sustainable coastal aquaculture: an oxymoron? M. Magalhes-SantAna Aquaculture in transition spaces: the economic viability in question P. Raux, D. Bailly Socio-economic assessment of national case-studies P. Raux, D. Bailly The patrimonial audit: a tool to promote sustainable aquaculture D. Bailly, A. Delval, P. Raux 58 59 60 61

Ecological-economic assessment of sustainable aquaculture options: integrated systems Vs monoculture A.M. Nobre, D. Robertson-Andersson, A. Neori, K. Sankar 62

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LIST OF POSTERS Session II: Extensive Systems in Ponds and Lagoons

Benthic macrofauna communities in coastal earthen ponds used for fish farming in the South Atlantic coast of the Iberian Peninsula A.M. Arias, E. Ramos-Garca, M. Yfera 63 Plankton and physico-chemical characteristics in earthen ponds used for traditional extensive fish farming in the Bay of Cdiz (Spain). Comparison between old and recent built ponds M. Yfera, D. Quintana, A.M. Arias 64 Health and welfare of seabream from valliculture P. Di Marco, T. Petochi, A. Priori, A. Longobardi, V. Donadelli, G. Marino 65

Session III: Semi-intensive Systems

Effects of stocking density and feed formulation on the quality of effluent waters from semi-intensive polyculture ponds M. Falco, D. Serpa, H.Ferreira,P. Pouso Ferreira 66

Session V: Technical Improvements

Media manipulation for response control in marine microalgae Nannochloropsis sp. cultivation H.D. Burrows, A.C. Pais, M.G. Campos, T. Encarnao 67 The Influences of the Dietary Protein and Daily Feeding Frequency on Growth Performance and Feed Utilization of Polyculture Freshwater Prawn M. rosenbergii PL and Nile Tilapia O. niloticus Fry S.M. Hebalah, A.M. Goda, E. Omar, N. El-Bermawy, M. Wafaa 68 Effect of temperature and dietary protein/lipid ratio on growth performance and feed utilization of juvenile Senegalese sole ( Solea senegalensis) I. Guerreiro, H. Peres, A. Oliva-Teles 69

Management strategies for biofouling developed by the EU CRAB project with examples from an intertidal (Ria Formosa) and an offshore (Sagres) site on the Algarve, Portugal B. Fragoso, R. Climaco, J. Icely, A. Manjua 70 Assessment of a protocol for a new spray-dried microalgae formulation S. Castanho, S. Sousa, A.C. Mendes, P. Pouso-Ferreira 71

Green water technique using freeze-dried microalgae for Sparus aurata larvae rearing D. Marujo, S. Castanho, A. Cabrita, A.C. Mendes, P. Pouso-Ferreira, M.T. Dinis 72 Growth and survival of Senegalese sole, Solea senegalensis, fed with different levels of EFA A.C. Mendes, D. Martins, S. Castanho, J. Coutinho, N. Bandarra, L. Conceio, 73 S. Morais, P. Pouso-Ferreira Effect of partial substitution of fish protein by hydrolysed feather meal in seabream T. Aires, N. Nogueira, D. Teixeira 74

Session VI: Product Quality

Quality of seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) cultured under semi-intensive conditions T.G. Pereira, A. Gonalves, P. Pouso-Ferreira, M.L. Nunes 75 Influence of larval stage malformations on juvenile development of white seabream, Diplodus sargus 76 L. Nicolau, M. Barata, P. Pouso-Ferreira Improving the fish quality of intensive systems by a short crossing in effluent treatment ponds M. Richard, M. Cardinal, R. Fabre, J.T. Maurice, J. Cornet, C. Donnay-Moreno, J.P. Gouygou, J.P. Berg, L. Valente, S. Cariou, M. Hamdaoui, J. Hussenot 77 Evaluation and Prediction of morphological quality of juveniles for extensive aquaculture: new insights based on the application of Self-Organizing Maps T. Russo, E. Palamara, M. Scardi, S. Cataudella, C. Boglione 78

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Shape analysis of gilthead seabream ( Sparus aurata, L.) from different origins and rearing conditions C. Costa, F. Antonucci, S. Cataudella, C. Boglione 79 Evaluation of the skeletal quality in Senegalese sole ( Solea senegalensis) reared under intensive vs extensive conditions P.J. Gavaia, N. Richard, L. Dmaso, M.T. Dinis, P. Pouso-Fereira, S. Engrola, L. Conceio, L. Cancela 80

Session VIII: Current Status of Extensive and Semi-intensive Aquaculture

Carrying capacity of bivalve mollusks in coastal wetlands: A new potential tool in aquaculture development and management in the Gulf of Cdiz O. Moreno, J. Morales, A. Royo, C. Jimnez, P. Azcona, E.J. Malta 81

Session IX: Socio-economic Assessment of Non-intensive Systems

Sustainable coastal aquaculture in Europe: the ethics of farmed fish production M. Magalhes-SantAna, L. Conceio, J. Dias, P. Raux, I.A. Olsson 82 Technical and economical evaluation of tilapia hatcheries projects for egypt youth A. Salem, A.M. Nour, A.R. Haleam, M.A. Essa, T.M. Srour, M.A. Zaki , N. El-Bermawy 83

ORAL COMMUNICATIONS
HOW DOES EU SUPPORT THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF EUROPEAN AQUACULTURE THROUGH RESEARCH RELATED INITIATIVES?
S. Varsamos*
European Commission, Directorate General for Research, Square de Meeus 8, SDME 08/92, 1049 Brussels, Belgium

*[email protected]

The European Union (EU) was created to establish and guarantee long-lasting peace between its member states and its neighbours. Fifty years of European integration have shown that the EU has much more economic, social, technological, commercial and political weight as a whole, than if its member states act individually. Science has always been one of the most suitable fields to achieve this integration, mainly because cooperation is a key for achieving breakthroughs in knowledge and for transforming this into scientific advice, innovation, economic growth and general improvement of the quality of our lives. Today, the Union possesses three key funding instruments to support research and innovation: the first is the Research Framework Programme, along with the Cohesion policy which is funded through the Structural Funds and Cohesion Fund; and the Competitiveness and Innovation Framework Programme (CIP). The European aquaculture sector is one of the many important socio-economic sectors covered by the Research Framework Programme. The European Union supports an integrated approach for aquaculture research aiming at filling the gaps in knowledge, building capacities and critical mass for research, supporting the industry and promoting international cooperation based on the principle of mutual interest and benefit. The EU actions in this field intend to maximise synergies between Member States and Community efforts, to improve the dialogue between the scientific community, industry, policy makers and relevant stakeholders, to stimulate public and private investment in research technological development and innovation (RTDI) and to promote knowledge transfer and innovation. SEACASE has been funded during the 6th Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development, within the frame of the aforementioned EU strategy for aquaculture research, with the aim to review, explore and develop sustainable tools, methods and practices to stimulate productivity and profitability of environment-friendly extensive and semi-intensive aquaculture productions in Southern Europe, while promoting the quality, image, as well as non market values of these activities. Key-words:
EUROPEAN UNION, RESEARCH FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME, CIP, EU STRATEGY FOR AQUACULTURE RESEARCH

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Session I: Semi-extensive Nurseries SEMI-INTENSIVE NURSERIES IN PONDS AND LAGOONS, A MESOCOSM SYSTEM
P. Makridis*, P. Divanach
Hellenic Center for Marive Research, Iraklio, Crete, P.O. Box 2214, Greece

*[email protected]

A mesocosm system in 40 m3 tanks was used for the rearing of Senegalese sole and seabream larvae. The stocking density of the larvae was quite low (1-3 larvae L-1). In each case, larvae were reared as well in intensive systems (about 100 larvae L-1). The larvae in both trials were fed mass-cultured rotifers and enriched Artemia metanauplii. Two experiments were run in a lagoon in East Peloponnese with the aim to determine the possibility to use small cages for gradual adaptation of fish in lagoon conditions. The effect of the quality of the juveniles was tested, so growth and survival of juveniles produced in mesocosmos systems were compared with intensively produced juveniles. The first experiment was run in summer 2007 with sole juveniles, while the second experiment was run in summer 2009 with seabream juveniles. In both cases, the juveniles were transported by car. The first experiment lasted four weeks and the second six weeks. The effect of stocking density of sole juveniles was tested in the first experiment, so larvae were reared at 150, 300 and 500 juveniles per cage. Rearing of juveniles in the lagoon was performed in 1 m3 cages. In the rearing of seabream juveniles self-feeders were used for optimal growth. No differences were found in terms of growth and survival for sole and seabream juveniles between mesocosmos reared and intensively-reared juveniles. Sole juveniles showed a very slow growth, which could be explained by the extremely high temperatures during the experiment, and by the experimental set-up. Mesocosmos juveniles showed a better survival during the transport to the lagoon, but no difference was shown during the experiment. Self-feeders were used and the seabream juveniles showed a very high growth. Key-words:
FISH LARVAE, REARING SYSTEMS, SENEGALESE SOLE, GILTHEAD SEABREAM, GROWTH

EFFECT OF VERTICAL SURFACES (AQUAMATS) ON THE ENHANCEMENT OF PLANKTON PRODUCTIVITY IN SEMI-EXTENSIVE SPARUS AURATA LARVAL REARING M.E. Cunha*, H.Q. Ferreira, A. Barradas, M. Falco, P. Pouso-Ferreira
INRB, I.P./ L- IPIMAR L.A.,

*[email protected]

As a first step in assessing the viability of artificial vertical substrates, generally used for periphyton growth (AquaMats) in fish larval rearing, we evaluated the efficacy of using AquaMats to enhance plankton productivity and their effect on seabream larval rearing in semi-extensive systems. Experimental ponds (earthen ponds and two different size tanks) were provided with different quantities of AquaMats to change substrate areas to 1 (control), 12 and 20 times the original surface area, and two fish larval densities were tested, 2 and 5 larvae per litre. Higher production was observed in the tanks with AquaMats although significant higher plankton abundances were only found in the tanks where the area was increased 20 times. The main zooplankton groups associated with the presence of AquaMats were Calanoid and Harpacticoid copepodids and nauplii, veligers of gastropods and trocophora of polychaets. The presence of AquaMats also seemed to potentiate the development of dinoflagellates mainly Gynmodiniales. Pre-weaning seabream larvae reared in the presence of AquaMats were significantly longer than the larvae reared without AquaMats and their specific growth rate was higher. Larval rearing densities had a much greater effect on larval survival than AquaMats - even though the high density tanks started with 3 times as many larvae, the mortality was so high that at the end of the experiment the number of surviving larvae was actually lower. This was true whether or not AquaMats were used. Key-words:
AQUAMATS, PERIPHYTON, MESOCOSMS, FISH LARVAE

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EXTENSIVE FISH NURSERIES BASED ON MARINE PERIPHYTON

M. Richarda,b*, A. Anginotb, J.T. Mauriceb, F. Paticatb, L. Pavieb, C. Trottierb, M. Verdegemc, J. Hussenotd

a Littoral, Environnement et Socits (LIENSs), UMR 6250, CNRS-Universit de La Rochelle, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, F-17042 La Rochelle Cedex 01, France b Institut Franais de Recherche pour lExploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), 17137 LHoumeau, France c Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Department of Animal Sciences, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands d Institut Franais de Recherche pour lExploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Dept AGSAE, Station d'aquaculture, 85230 Bouin, France

*[email protected]

Traditional extensive cultures, as Acadja, Kathas or Samarahs, are well developed in African and Asian freshwater ponds. The principle of these cultures is to introduce artificial substrates (eg., wood stick, bamboo, etc.) to enhance the colonisation surface in ponds. Thus, a complex assemblage of muco-polysaccharides, detritus, bacteria, fungi, protists, algae and fauna (called hereafter periphyton) develops on it. Periphyton development increases natural food availability in ponds and consequently production of some fishes as carp and tilapia. SEACASE program is created to develop effective tools to maintain productivity and sustainability of extensive and semi-intensive aquaculture in Southern Europe. As part of this project, the IFREMER team proposed to test efficiency of periphyton-based systems on fish juvenile productivity in French marine ponds (Atlantic coast). Thus in May 2007, artificial substrates were deployed in marine ponds to test the influence of (i) collect methods and (ii) substrates types on periphyton development. This preliminary study revealed that a correction must be carried out for the dissolved inorganic salts present in periphyton samples from marine and brackish ponds. Moreover it showed that whole substrate unit sampling using a tube and stopper is recommended to avoid underestimation of periphyton development. Finally, it showed that periphyton development was greater on meshed than on sleek substrates. During the summer 2007 and 2008, three experiments were carried out to test the influence of (i) periphyton substrate and (ii) stocking densities on growth of seabream (Sparus aurata), grey mullet (Liza aurata) and Kuruma shrimp (Marsupenaeus japonicus) juveniles. Fishes and shrimps were reared in 1m2 cages and 7m2 enclosures respectively. Rearing devices randomly contained different densities of substrates and juveniles. Results of analysis and field observations showed that fishes ate on periphyton. Seabream growth was greater in medium density of meshed substrates. Juveniles of seabream had a top-down control on harpacticoid copepods observed on periphyton substrates.

Nevertheless, biomass of associated fauna on periphyton substrates was probably not sufficient to enhance the production of seabream. Longer substrate immersion and more frequent water renewals were recommended to enhance the food availability per juvenile at the both interfaces (benthic + periphyton). Shrimp growth was greater in the presence of substrates in enclosures. Substrates could act as refuge and food interface for shrimps. Nevertheless, their survival was lower. Thus production of shrimp did not vary according to the substrate presence. Periphyton based-systems do not seem to be an interesting solution to rear shrimps in terms of production/cost ratio in contrast to traditional extensive systems. Stocking density had a great influence on growth and survival of fish and shrimp juveniles. They were greater in low rearing density where trophic competition was lower. In contrast to seabream cages and shrimp enclosures, the food availability was not limiting in control cages of mullets. Mullets did not have to eat on periphyton substrates to survive and well growth. Their survival was great (70 to 100%) in contrast to seabream (18 to 57%) and shrimp juveniles (20 to 55%). In future studies, lower density of seabream and shrimp ( <5 ind.m2) will be recommended in extensive systems. After two months of rearing, final yield of mullet (120g.m-2) was almost ten times greater than one of seabream (13g.m-2) or shrimp (17g.m-2). Mullet is an appropriated species of extensive systems in Southern Europe. Finally, density of mullets could be greatly enhanced (>100 ind.m-2) in periphyton-based systems, especially if the latter would be enriched with fertilizers or with effluents of intensive farm in integrated systems. Key-words:
PERIPHYTON, EXTENSIVE SYSTEM, SEABREAM, MULLET, SHRIMP, STOCKING DENSITY, GROWTH

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MESOCOSM NURSERY SYSTEMS: IS LARGE BEAUTIFUL?

C. Andrade*, N. Nogueira, P. Silva
CMC, Centro de Maricultura da Calheta, 9370-133 Calheta, Madeira, Portugal

*[email protected]

Semi-intensive mesocosm hatcheries evolved from the concept of large enclosures for extensive larval production with the environmental control and feeding conditions typical from intensive systems. A mesocosm hatchery was installed at Calheta Mariculture Centre (CMC) in 2002, via a technology transfer project co-financed by the ERDF (EU) and technical support from the Institute of Marine Biology of Crete. Production was initiated with gilthead seabream Sparus aurata using 2 tanks for egg incubation and larval rearing (40m3 volume and a production output of 120,000 post larvae each). We used a green water technique (Nannochloropsis spp., 2x105 cells/mL) with low water exchange (10% to 200% daily), continuous light (1000 Lx) and addition of enriched rotifers (DHA Protein Selco, INVE Aquaculture, Belgium) and Artemia (Protein Selco, INVE Aquaculture, Belgium), at 2-4 individuals/mL and 0.1-0.5 individuals/mL, respectively. Fry produced under mesocosm (M) conditions out performed results reported for intensive systems (IN) in terms of growth (y=3.8072e0.0289x, r2=0.9757, n=328 M to y=3.1325e0.0297x, r2=0.9404, n=784 IN), survival (30% M to 8%IN, in 1g fish), lower size dispersion and occurrence of deformities. As a result of the success of the CMC mesocosm hatchery, the technique is now applied to different larval species and has been adapted for larger tanks. In the diversification trials, Pagrus pagrus and Diplodus sargus larvae live food demand was 3 to 4 times greater than S. aurata and required higher food monitoring effort, additional frequency and volumes of live food supplies. High cannibalism was observed in P. pagrus from 25 days after hatching, suggesting an early transfer to shallower tanks and improvements on food quality and feeding techniques are needed at this stage. Pseudocaranx dentex larvae were strongly phototropic (negative or positive) at early developmental stages, necessitating specific light management and adaptation of routine tasks, such as, water surface cleaning. Regarding the use of larger enclosures a 110 m3 tank was evaluated for mesocosm production of D. sargus larvae. Low system performance was due to limitations of the live food production chain. In conclusion, semi-intensive mesocosm hatcheries are particularly suitable for fry production in regions with low technology or little experience in aquaculture with low to medium size fishfarms. It is also suitable for the study of new species. Furthermore, culture conditions and fry quality make the system ideal for stock enhancement purposes and a strong candidate for organic farming. However, the size of larval tanks and related methodology must be adapted to meet the species environmental and feeding requirements, plus the production of food capability, from both endogenous source and accessory live food cultures. Key-words:
MESOCOSM HATCHERY, SPARUS AURATA, PAGRUS PAGRUS, DIPLODUS SARGUS, PSEUDOCARANX DENTEX, LARVAE PERFORMANCE

MESOCOSMS AS NURSERIES FOR REARING GILTHEAD SEABREAM (SPARUS AURATA) AND SOLE (SOLEA SENEGALENSIS): SEACASE TRIALS IN PORTUGAL
H.Q. Ferreira, M.E. Cunha*, A. Barradas, P. Pouso-Ferreira
INRB, I.P./ L- IPIMAR L.A.,

*[email protected]

Mesocosm systems to rear fish larvae under semi-intensive conditions were used to produce high quality juveniles with only minor deformities, pigmentation problems and stress-related diseases. A set of five trials were performed between April 2007 and June 2009 to test this production system on the larval rearing of a mixed culture of seabream and sole, seabream alone and sole alone. Larval rearing was performed in different settings (larval densities, feeding schedules, rearing volumes, water sources, and season, among others) and the results were used to evaluate the best set of conditions for efficient larval rearing of the two species. Results show that mixed culture of seabream and sole larvae is not practical since the feeding behavior of seabream caused heavy mortality on sole. Seeding mesocosms with low densities (1.7 larvae L-1) of seabream led to significantly lower mean weight (0.50 g 0.28 s.d.) of two month old juveniles and to significantly higher survival (5.7 % 2.17 s.d.). When higher densities were used (5 larvae L-1) the mean weight was 0.63 g 0.43 s.d and the survival was 1.3 % 0.45 s.d.. The carrying capacity of 1 m3 mesocosms was only enough for the development of a mean total biomass of 42g and 48g of two month old seabream reared respectively at high and low densities. The total biomass produced in the two rearing densities was not statistically different (P>0.05). When exogenous live feed was added to the mesocosms with high density (5 larvae L-1) the survival of two month old seabream juveniles became 6.8% 1.15 s.d., the mean weight 0.66 g 0.27 s.d and the carrying capacity 226 g .m-3. By comparison the intensive systems produced larvae with a mean weight of 0.60 g 0.26 s.d. When the mesocosms were seeded with sole larvae alone and exogenous live feed was added, survival was 5.51% 2.35 s.d., similar to the intensive system with a survival rate of 5.05 %. One month old larvae were significantly (P>0.05) longer (14.31 mm 2.11 s.d.) in the mesocosms than in the intensive system (7.44 0.70 s.d.). Daily growth rates in length during the first twenty days were similar (6% day-1) between mesocosms and intensive systems. Diseases (Amyloodinium sp., gas bubble disease) and the carrying capacity of mesocosms were the main factors constraining efficient growth in both species. Key-words:
MESOCOSM, LARVAL REARING, SEABREAM, SOLE

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Session II: Extensive Systems in Ponds and Lagoons IMPROVED FARMING PROTOCOLS FOR VALLICULTURE
C. Boglione*
Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica s.n.c., 00133 Roma Italy

*[email protected]

Two different approaches were used to try to enhance the economic return from Valliculture, an ancient extensive aquaculture methodology practiced in North Adriatic Italian valli, based on the evaluation of i) the effects of the origin (wild vs hatchery) of gilthead seabream juveniles on recapture and growth rates and ii) of maintaining gilthead seabream in Valle up to reach larger sizes (>300 gr) at harvest, in order to obtain large-sized wild-like gilthead seabream. Trials were carried by the University of Rome Tor Vergata and ISPRA (Italy) and four Valli were involved: Valle Morosina, Valle Ghebo Storto (Brenta river delta - 350 and 200 ha, respectively, by Tor Vergata), Valle Bonello and Valle Bagliona (Po river delta - 50 and 350 ha, respectively, by ISPRA). Origin effects - For two years, wild and reared juveniles (0.04-0.8 gr BW range) were stocked in the valli in springtime and recaptured at the fish barriers on autumn when fish return to the sea to avoid lowering temperatures. Samples both from seeded and recaptured fish were analysed for growth performances (length and weight), morphological (shape and skeletal anomalies) quality. Recapture rates (range 0-65%) and BW gain (90-200 gr) greatly varied accordingly to the weather conditions, juveniles origin, valle characteristics and ichthyophagous birds activities. All of these factors are analysed and relative incidences on fish performances and quality are discussed. Size effects - The effect of the time of harvesting on the productivity of valliculture was investigated in order to optimize production cycles (and bring added-value to valliculture productions). Gilthead seabream of about 700 gr BW were sampled, analysed and growth and survival performances were estimated when fish were recaptured before wintering periods. Morphological quality of final product was assessed on the basis of the similarity with wild phenotype (shape and skeleton). Economic aspects of 1-year and 2-3 year production cycles were compared. Also for the production of large-sized seabreams weather conditions and valle characteristics are factors that strongly influenced valliculture productivity, whilst ichthyophagous birds activity seemed to wield a minor role. Key-words:
GILTHEAD SEABREAM, JUVENILES ORIGIN, WILD, WILD-LIKE, VALLICOLTURA, VALLICULTURE, EXTENSIVE AQUACULTURE, PRODUCTIVITY, ICHTHYOPHAGOUS BIRDS

MOLECULAR APPROACH TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF WILD AND HATCHERY SEABREAM WITHIN A VALLICULTURE CASE STUDY
S. De Innocentiis*, S. Livi, P. Di Marco, T. Petochi, A. Longobardi, V. Donadelli, G. Marino
ISPRA, Higher Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, Via di Casalotti, 300 00166 Rome, Italy

*[email protected]

The effect of fish origin (hatchery vs wild) on growth and survival of seabream in valliculture was evaluated during the first year of the life cycle. In order to eliminate environmental variables from the final analysis, hatchery and wild seabream juveniles were seeded in equal proportions in the same valle and identified at recapture using molecular tools. One hundred fifty seabream, corresponding to 1.5% of the expected population size in the Bonello valle, were sampled during winter migration to the sea at the fixed fish barrier. In order to get representative samples of the whole population and to minimize eventual bias with respect to temporal migration, sampling was carried out at different time points, at the beginning, in the middle and at the end of the winter migration. The reference wild population, as well as all breeders of hatchery broodstock from which the seeded juveniles originated, were first analysed, and a DNA fingerprinting method based on 6 microsatellite loci genotyping was employed to assign seabream specimens to wild or hatchery origin. Along with genetic analysis, the physical and physiological status of the same samples were evaluated in order to infer the effects of fish origin on fish performance and welfare. Results of the molecular identification show different recapture rates according to fish origin and different fish proportions at the various sampling points. Key-words:
GILTHEAD SEABREAM, DNA FINGERPRINTING, MICROSATELLITES, VALLICULTURE, TRACEABILITY.

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TRADITIONAL EXTENSIVE FISH POLYCULTURE IN EARTHEN PONDS - ESTEROS

M. Yfera*, A.M. Arias
Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andaluca (CSIC), Campus Universitario Rio San Pedro s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Cdiz, Spain

*[email protected]

Extensive fish culture in earthern ponds esteros is a traditional activity in the salt-marshes area surrounding the Bay of Cdiz (S.W. Iberian Peninsula, Spain). This culture system started as a sub-activity associated to salt exploitation, but in the second half of 20th century became more relevant with the progressive abandon of salt-works. Currently, the initial 140 former salt-works properties (9,000 ha) have decreased to 90 (6,000 ha), 7 of which continue with the salt exploitation, 68 are used for extensive culture, and 15 have been transformed to semi-intensive fish farm. All these farms and saltpans, together with abandoned areas and inter-tidal marshes are integrated in the protected area Natural Park Bay of Cdiz. This juridical status prevent in some extend the negative impact of anthropic activity. Nevertheless, other aspects such as progressive sedimentation and drying up of ponds, and low profitability are threatening the maintenance of the activity, and consequently the landscape and the Park itself. These farms obtain a natural fry recruitment by an adequate management of water in-flow with the tides during winter season. The pond-monks are closed in late spring and the ponds keep permanently inundate during several months during which the fish grow while feeding on natural prey species from benthos communities and small fish. The fish are caught at the end of the year. The main fish species produced are mullets, seabass, seabream, sole and eel. The productivity in these traditionally extensive systems ranges between 100 and 160 kg/ha/year depending on zones and years. The main problems that may significantly reduce the production are the impact of ichthyophagous birds and furtive fishing. The economic sustainability of this extensive culture system is strongly depending on the appropriate management and integral use of all resources (including the recovery of drained areas and transformation of the former crystallization ponds to extensive culture) and on product differentiation. Key-words:
COASTAL PONDS, FISH, POLYCULTURE, EXTENSIVE SYSTEM

MONITORING AND INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT FOR THE PRESERVATION OF EEL (ANGUILLA ANGUILLA) RESOURCES IN DIKED SALTMARSHES
E. Buarda*, P. Blachiera*, C. Rigaudb, T. Gaillarda, T. Le Berrea, V. Machaulta
CREAA, Centre Rgional dExprimentation et dApplication Aquacole, Prise de Terdoux, 17480 Le Chteau dOlron, France b CEMAGREF, Unit Systmes estuariens et Poissons Migrateurs amphihalins, 33612 Cestas Cedex, France
a

*[email protected]

The CREAA has devised a monitoring method applicable to yellow and silver eels in saltmarshes through the use of an eel fyke net with 6 or 10 mm mesh. This method was tested in June 2007 and 2008 on the various saltmarshes of three different areas (Seudre, R Island and Arcachon Bay) with the following results: a majority of 30-45 cm yellow eels (50%) and a few eels over 60 cm (5%). The biomass of eels over 30 cm in the Seudre fishponds is estimated at 90 kg/ha (250 kg/ha in the 1980s). By comparison, Cdiz (Spain) saltmarshes mostly contain eels of 30-45 cm (45%) and of 45-60 cm (35%). Another study was conducted on 7 experimental Seudre fishponds: after having been emptied of all eels, they were filled with tagged, 25-35 cm yellow eels (6/100m_). Three different kinds of hydraulic management were then tested: open ponds with minimum water level, closed ponds with 5 mm screen and half-open ponds with 5 mm keepnets. After two years, closed ponds showed an important ratio of newly-admitted eels (50%) as well as 30% of re-captured tagged eels, 62% of which were silver males. Open ponds contained a great proportion of untagged eels (13/100m_) and only a few initially-tagged eels (4%). Finally, half-open ponds contained large quantities of untagged eels under 45 cm (33/100m_) and only a few tagged eels (3%). In conclusion, all tagged eels were males, which had silvered at the end of the second summer and left the ponds to return to sea, including eels, which were in closed ponds. We observed a growth of 6-7cm/year and the production potential of these saltmarshes would therefore be of 440 silver males per hectare and per year in the case of open ponds. Besides, the monitoring of fish farms and saline marshes showed large quantities of silver eels, which could leave the ponds to reproduce with the help of an appropriate management of hydraulic works. Furthermore, a sanitary survey of marsh eels as well as the analysis of their level of contamination by PCB and heavy metals showed that they did not suffer from any significant pathology or contamination. To conclude, the restoration of fish ponds is one of the keys to the preservation of wetland activities; the management of these territories in view of preserving eel species would amount to 700 /ha/year. Key-words:
EUROPEAN EEL, DIKED SALTWATER MARSHES, FISH PONDS, HYDRAULIC MANAGEMENT, SIZE CLASSES

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INTEGRATED MODELLING FOR MANAGEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF SUSTAINABLE SHELLFISH AQUACULTURE

C. Saurela*, J.G. Ferreiraa, J.K. Petersenb
IMAR-DCEA, Institute of Marine Research, Centre for Ocean and Environment, Fac. Ciencias e Tecnologia, Qta Torre, 2829-516 Monte de Caparica, Portugal. b The Danish Shellfish Centre, roddevej 80, DK-7900 Nykbing Mors, Denmark.
a

*[email protected]

Ecological modelling is an important instrument for helping managers and stakeholders to achieve sound decision-making in sustainable development of coastal water within the current EU legislation as it integrates different elements of the ecosystem. A robust generic component for the simulation of clams and oysters growth, the major species farmed in Southern Europe, is lacking in existing ecological carrying capacity models. An ecophysiological model at individual scale is being developed to be implemented in existing farm and ecological models. This integrated modelling will be tested in Portugal in extensive lagoon system. Key-words:
BIVALVES, ECOLOGICAL MODELLING, GROWTH, INDIVIDUAL MODELS.

Session III: Semi-intensive Systems SEMI-INTENSIVE POLYCULTURE OF SEABREAM AND SOLE IN EARTH PONDS
a

H.Q. Ferreirab, A. Ramalhoa, J. Diasa, M. Yfera, A. Arias, M. Falcob, D. Serpab, A. Vieirad, T. Airese, P. Pouso-Ferreirab, M.E. Cunhab, M.T. Dinisa, L. Conceioa*

CCMAR-CIMAR L.A., Centro de Cincias do Mar do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal INRB - IPIMAR c CSIC, Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andaluca, Apartado Oficial, E-11510 Puerto Real, Cdiz, Spain d Aqualvor Lda, Vale da lama, Odixere, 8600 Lagos, Portugal e SORGAL, Sociedade de leos e Raes, SA, EN 109 Pardala, 3880-728 S. Joo Ovar, Portugal
b

*[email protected]@ualg.pt

Earth ponds are the main production system for seabass and seabream in Portugal and in Spain, in particular in the Cdiz province. Different farms use various levels of intensification and pond size, but in general these are semi-intensive ponds covering large areas, ranging from one to several hectares, and with production ranging from 0.5 to 1.5 Kg/m2 at the end of the production cycle. Production costs in this farming system are higher compared to intensive cage farms, and its economic sustainability depends on product differentiation and optimization of production. Seabass and seabream are traditionally the target species produced, but natural stocking with wild Senegalese sole and other species is common. A case study in the framework of the SEACASE project consisted in testing different improved production protocols in the earth ponds which are presently used to ongrowing seabream in the South of the Iberian Peninsula. The aim was to enhance production through: 1) increasing revenue per ton of feed supplied to the system, while reducing its environmental impact, through polyculture of species with different feeding niches: seabream (feed, macroalgae), Senegalese sole (benthos, uneaten feed of seabream); 2) increasing production per hectare within sound environmental conditions. Controlled trials were performed in two locations: IPIMARs pilot Aquaculture Research Station (Olho, Portugal) and Aqualvor fish farm (Odixere, Portugal). These trials demonstrated that feeds with low incorporation levels of fish meal, and consequent lower release of soluble phosphorus, and thereby more environmentally friendly compared to common commercial feeds, can be used without adverse effects on production. They also showed that ongrowing sole in ponds in polyculture with seabream can bring added value, but recovery of stocked sole is variable. It depends on maintaining good pond bottom conditions, namely preventing the creation of anoxic layers in the bottom. Key-words:
GILTHEAD SEABREAM, SENEGALESE SOLE, GROWTH, POLYCULTURE

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MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES FOR FISH PRODUCTION IN BRACKISH WATER PONDS: NILE DELTA, EGYPT
S. SADEK*
Aquaculture Consultants Office, 9 Road 256, 11435 New Maadi, Cairo, Egypt.

*[email protected]; [email protected]

In 1984 the Egyptian aquaculture was figured to 29,244 tons, which is 25 % of total fish production for that year, and it rose to 635,517 tons in 2007, which is 63 % of the year's total. Three decades ago tilapia and mullet were the main species reared in extensive earthen ponds. Today ten finfish (Tilapia spp.; Mullet spp.; Carp spp., Catfish; Bagrus bayad; Eels; Seabream; Seabass; Meagre and Solea, besides three crustacean species; Macrobrachium rosenbergii, Penaeus semisulcatus and P. japonicus), are playing an important role in the Egyptian aquaculture production. Nile tilapia is ranking with 40 %, Mullet spp. 38 %; Carp spp. 16 % and others (Catfish; Seabream; Seabass, Meagre; eels and shrimp) 6 % from the total aquaculture production. The Egyptian aquaculture map showed that fish farming activities are more concentrated in sub-regions of the Nile delta (98 % of the total surface area), where the water resources are available and non-agricultural lands. Few fish farms are located in the Upper Egypt region, the Mediterranean and the Red Sea coasts for the 2 % remain. The private sector is producing 95.3 % and the public sector 4.7 % of the total aquaculture production. The number of finfish fry currently produced from hatcheries has reached 306 million seeds in year 2007; from which 98.8 % fresh water fry species (Nile tilapia and Carp spp.) and 1.2 % for marine finfish (seabream; seabass; solea and mullet). The public sector is charring for 62.6 % of the total seed production and 37.4 % for the private sectors. GAFRD, 2008 has reported that the actual major culture systems is the earthen ponds system, which their production rank in the first with 89 % of the total Egyptian aquaculture production, while cage culture follow by 10 %, and 1 % at lastly common carp paddy filed with the tilapia intensive culture production in tanks. Over 90% of fish farmed are produced in extensive and semi-intensive in earthen ponds for a total surface of around 151.4 thousands hectares are practiced in Egypt. The yearly production per hectare is fluctuating in the extensive culture ponds (polyculture Nile tilapia, Carp spp. and Mullet spp.) and/or (seabream, seabass and Mullet spp.) from 500 kg to 1 ton/ha. For the semi-intensive culture production is fluctuating from 4.5 to 20 tons/ha in monoculture system (tilapia or Meagre) and/or polyculture system (Nile tilapia associated with Mullet spp.). This paper examines the economic analysis of Egyptian fish farmings in different Nile Delta areas: area A (Kafr El-Sheik) and area B1 - B2 (Damietta). A sample survey of 215 farmers representing the fish farming community in areas was used.

The study was conducted from April 2006 to October 2008 covering one production season of 8 months for tilapia monoculture; 15 months for meagre monoculture and 24 months for seabream/seabass/mullet polyculture. Different performance indicators (PI) of the selected Egyptian earthen fish farms management characteristics were considered. In area (A) tilapia monoculture was dominated. The PI figures revealed that the average age of fish operators was (45 years), majority are married (71.5%), fairly level of education (67%), majority with rented land ownership (69.9%) and tilapia represented over 91% of total fish harvested. The top ranking serious constraints facing fish farmers in that area were found high prices of fish feed; declining fish prices and lack of credit finance. Feed costs per kg of fish were LE 3.10, representing 63.3% of the production costs. The break-even analysis (BEA) showed average production costs of LE 6.80/kg of fish while the sales price is LE 7.25 /kg. Result figures showed that there is high positive relationship between cost of feed and extra labours to the level of farm income. The study results in area (B-1) revealed that the meagre monoculture was applied. The PI showed that the average age of fish operators was (49.5 years), majority are married (80.5%), highly level of education (59%) and majority with rented land ownership (77.3%). Different constraints were found high prices of fish seed, availability of trash fish feed, low water quality source and lack of experience of fish diseases. The (BEA) showed average production costs of LE 15.0/kg of fish while the sales price is LE 25.0 /kg. Result figures showed that there is high positive relationship between high fish density, availability of trash fish feed and water exchange rate to the level of farm income. In area (B-2) the polyculture of seabream/seabass/mullet was widespread. The PI showed that the average age of fish operators was (52.0 years), majority are married (86.3%), medium level of education (41%) and majority with rented land ownership (89.0 %). Several serious constraints were found high prices and low quality of fish seed, availability and acceptable price of marine fish feed and poor to medium water quality source. The (BEA) figured average production costs of LE 30.0; 35 and 8 /kg of seabream; seabass and mullet respectively, while the sales price is LE 47.0; 58 and 16 /kg respectively. The is high positive relationship between increasing the water exchange rate, high fingerlings density, availability of good and acceptable of marine fish feed to the level of farm income. There is need to establish of producers association which could assist the Egyptian fish farmers to pioneer the management culture techniques; increase the availability of commercial inputs, improved marketing distribution channels and facilitate credit. Key-words:
EGYPT, EARTHEN PONDS, FISH FARMING, MONOCULTURE, MULLET, NILE DELTA, PERFORMANCE INDICATORS, POLYCULTURE, TILAPIA

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GROW-OUT OF WHITE SEABREAM (DIPLODUS SARGUS), ZEBRA SEABREAM (DIPLODUS CERVINUS) AND COMMON TWO BANDED SEABREAM (DIPLODUS VULGARIS) IN POLYCULTURE
P. Pouso-Ferreira*, H.Q. Ferreira, M. Silva, J.B. Guerra, L.D. Rodrigues, F. Soares
INRB, I.P./ L- IPIMAR, , Av. 5 Outubro s/n 8700 305 Olho, Portugal

*ppousao @cripsul.ipimar.pt

White seabream, zebra seabream and two-banded seabream are new candidates for aquaculture in earthen ponds. The polyculture of each one of this species, either with seabass or seabream, was adopted to maximize production and compare growth performances between all species. Between 2004 and 2009, at the IPIMAR Aquaculture Research Station (Olho, Portugal), several rearings were followed using different fish densities and species combination. Data from fish rearings were pooled by species, growth curves determined and used to model the growth performances between all species. Seabass had the best growth performance, followed by seabream, white seabream, zebra seabream and two-banded seabream (Fig. 1). To achieve 350 g seabass, seabream, white seabream, zebra seabream and two banded seabream took respectively 20, 21, 46, 53 and 114 months. To attain 1 kg of the same species took 45, 51, 129, 146 and 340 months. The growth of the three Diplodus species studied was significantly slower than seabass and seabream. In monoculture theses species enhanced slightly growth performance when compared with polyculture, especially zebra seabream, which attained 350 grams in 33 months. When compared with traditional species Diplodus species exhibit lower growth rates, still they represent an added value in different regions and might be used to diversify aquaculture products.

Keywords:
WHITE SEABREAM, ZEBRA SEABREAM, COMMON TWO-BANDED SEABREAM, POLYCULTURE, SEMI-INTENSIVE SYSTEM

Session IV: Integrated Systems INTEGRATED SYSTEM VERSUS LAGOON/POND TREATMENT AS EFFLUENT PURIFICATION PROCESS IN A LAND-BASED MARINE FISH HATCHERY
IFREMER, Dpt Amlioration Gntique, Sant Animale, Environnement, 85230 Bouin, France2 Ifremer Dpt Biotechnologies et Ressources Marines, Rue de lile dYeu, 44311 Nantes cedex 3, France Ferme Marine de Douhet LGP, Port du Douhet 17 840 La Bre Les Bains, France d CNRS-Universit de La Rochelle, UMR 6250 LIENSs, 17042 La Rochelle Cedex 01, France e CIIMAR, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
a b c

J. Hussenota*, M. Cardinalb, S. Cariouc, B. Dupuya, R. Fabreac, M. Hamdaouic, A. Hervb, R. Kaasb, M. Richardd, L. Valentee, J.S. Bruantc

*[email protected]

Why did Ifremer propose a case-study on integrated systems in the SEACASE project? Because (i) extensive and semi-intensive marine fish monoculture in ponds as find in Spain, Portugal or Italy, are not profitable today in France (low growth, mortality risk in winter), (ii) intensive fishfarm effluents on the other hand have two interesting characteristics: calories and nutrients. So, Integrated systems associating intensive land-based cultures and extensive pond cultures are an interesting coupling in order to improve aquaculture sustainability in French coastal wetlands. Ferme Marine de Douhet (FMD) is a marine fish hatchery/nursery using 3800m3/day of seawater pre-treated by foam fractionation, sand filtration and gas desaturation by means of packed columns. FMD effluents flow through twelve 500m_-ponds in the final treatment (macroalgal lagoon pond). In those ponds we tested diverse species, photo-autotrophic species (microalgae, macroalgae) and heterotrophic species (Kuruma shrimp, seabream and gigas oyster), and diverse effluent water renewal rates (WRR: 100%, 50%, 33% per day). Microalgal productions (diatoms) develop easily only in spring and at the lower WRR. When comparing the three tested macroalgae species (Chaetomorpha sp., Ulva rigida and Gracilaria vermiculophylla), it appears that algal production in summer is higher with Ulva, and Nitrogen removal higher in regularly harvested Ulva ponds. Fish quality of intensive seabream is like-wild after only 2-month extensive stocking in algae ponds. But algae respiration and organic mineralization by bacteria rendered water anoxic in 100% and 50% WRR, and proved to be not compatible with animal productions. After verification of the high food quality of the produced Ulva, FMD could valorise this algae under frozen or dry form to the industry. The best management system for the treatment ponds will be a regularly harvested Ulva pond system. A production unit of 100 mt per year of wet algae is forecasted. The integrated pond management and the algae harvest and packaging will be supported by the Ulva sale, and consequently the effluent depuration. Key-words:
INTEGRATED SYSTEM, LAGOON POND, MACROALGAE, ULVA, VALORISATION

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37

THE ZEELAND SOLE PROJECT: INTEGRATING SOLE (SOLEA SOLEA), RAGWORM (NEREIS VIRENS) AND SHELLFISH CULTURE
J. Ketelaarsa*
a

Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Korringaweg 5, 4401 NT Yerseke, The Netherlandsl

*[email protected]

Farming sole (Solea solea) has been hampered by the lack of nutritionally adequate commercial feeds. In the diet of wild sole, worms, especially Polychaetes, play an important role. The ragworm, Nereis virens, is a polychaete prey species that is well consumed by sole and that has shown to promote fast growth. In a comparative feeding trial juvenile sole grew twice as fast on a diet of fresh ragworms compared to the growth on a diet of a commercial dry feed. Even with prolonged feeding (i.e. a 5 month period) on a pure ragworm diet, a high growth rate was maintained. Fast growth on live ragworms is due to a high feed intake and to a better feed conversion. The superior feeding value of fresh ragworms as a fish feed is not well understood but may be related to the special digestive characteristics of sole. Ragworm culture is well developed in the Netherlands, ragworms mainly being produced as bait for sport fishing. As the bait market becomes saturated, new outlets are sought. The Zeeland Sole project explores several ways to link ragworm culture to sole and shellfish farming in a multi-trophic aquaculture system. The main challenge is to design a system that results in a dramatic reduction of the cost price of ragworms. Only then, using ragworms as a fish feed can become a viable option. In order to achieve such a cost reduction three different options have been identified. The first option is a coculture of sole and ragworm. In this case both species are grown in the same pond and the fish feeds itself with the live worm. Starting with a high density of worms sole will do the necessary thinning over the growing season. A mathematical model has been developed to explore the simultaneous development of both populations over a season. The second option involves the use of mechanically harvested ragworms as live feed for the sole. In this case sole and ragworms are cultured in separate ponds. Ragworms can be obtained from a pure ragworm culture but also from a mixed culture of worms and shellfish (cockles or clams). Combining shellfish with ragworm has the advantage that ragworms suppress the growth of weeds (macro algae) while benefiting from the malcro algae as a feed free of charge. In a third option ragworms are not used as a pure feed but instead as an ingredient of a mixed feed for sole. Pros and cons of the different options will be discussed in the framework of an integrated aquaculture farm. An experimental farm is currently being developed to test the technical and economic feasibility of the most promising options. Key-words:
INTEGRATED AQUACULTURE, SOLEA SOLEA, NEREIS VIRENS, SHELLFISH

SUSTAINABLE, INTEGRATED SEMI-INTENSIVE AQUACULTURE OF SEAWEEDS AND FISH IN SOUTHERN EUROPE

L. Mata, R. Santos
ALGAE Marine Ecology Research group, Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal

Integrated aquaculture of seaweeds and animals is a potential method to reduce the content of dissolved inorganic nutrients of pond effluents, thereby reducing their environmental impact. Green seaweeds of the genera Ulva have been successfully used in experimental systems. However, the low value of the produced biomass hinders the generalized use of this biofilter by the aquaculture industry. As well, the costs imposed by the existing legislation to account for the environmental impact of aquacultures are not enough to make seaweed biofilters appealing to the industry. Consequently, an integrated aquaculture system needs to use species that also produce valuable secondary products with an established market so that the seaweed biofiltration may effectively become an economic self-sustainable and environmental friendly technology. We will present the research conducted over the last years by our group with Asparagopsis species that produce an array of halogenated compounds commercially used in cosmetics formulations, including 1) establishment and optimization of their cultivation in a semi-intensive aquaculture in southern Portugal 2) comparison with the performance of Ulva spp. 3) optimization of the production of halogenated compounds and 4) potential for using these for antimicrobial therapy in animal aquaculture. The production rates obtained are the highest ever reported for cultivated algae. The system will remove all the nutrients produced by an identical area of fish pond, producing 150 fw kg m-2 y-1 of biomass. Key-words:
ASPARAGOPSIS, INTEGRATED AQUACULTUE, NUTRIENT BIOFILTRATION, SEAWEED PRODUCTION

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39

Session V: Technical Improvements DIET FORMULATION FOR SUSTAINABLE FISH FARMING IN PONDS/LAGOONS
a

J. Diasa*, L. Conceioa, A. Ramalhoa, T. Airesb, P. Borgesc, L.M.P. Valentec, P. Remad, M.T. Dinisa

CCMAR-CIMAR L.A., Centro de Cincias do Mar do Algarve, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal b SORGAL, Sociedade de leos e Raes, SA, EN 109 Pardala, 3880-728 S. Joo Ovar, Portugal c CIIMAR-CIMAR L.A., Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigao Marinha e Ambiental and ICBAS, Instituto de Cincias Biomdicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 177, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal d CIIMAR-CIMAR L.A., Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigao Marinha e Ambiental and Universidade de Trs-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta dos Prados, P.O. Box 1013, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal.

*[email protected]

A responsible growth of the aquaculture industry relies on the delicate balance between the safety and quality of fish for human consumption, the environmental cost of production systems and its socio-economic implications. Several farmed species, such as gilthead seabream, European seabass or Senegalese sole are considered as carnivorous fish. Under semi-intensive conditions, they are fed diets rich in protein and fats, derived mainly from ingredients of marine origin, such as fishmeal and fish oil. A shift towards a lower usage of these finite marine-harvest resources is a major sustainability challenge facing the aquaculture industry. Data from a set of trials generated within the SEACASE project shows that high levels of plant ingredients (up to 60% replacement of fishmeal) do not affect growth performance in seabream. Such approach leads to significant reductions of soluble phosphorus losses by the fish, contributing thus to the concept of low-pollution feeds. A replacement of up to 40% of the fish oil by a blend of vegetable oils has no detrimental effects on growth, feed use or health status of seabream. However, since muscle fatty acids profile mimics that of the diets, fish fed vegetable oils show lower levels of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), which are beneficial to human health. However, feeding a 100% fish oil diet during the last weeks prior to harvest restores n-3 PUFA and guarantees a fish of high nutritional quality. Key-words:
GILTHEAD SEABREAM, PLANT INGREDIENTS, GROWTH, SOLUBLE EXCRETION

SLAUGHTERING PROCEDURES: SEMI-INTENSIVE PRODUCTION

a

FISH

FROM

EXTENSIVE

AND

P. Vaz-Piresa*, A. Ramalhob, S. Soaresa, C. Escrcioa, E. Matosb

CIIMAR-CIMAR L.A., Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigao Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 177, 4050-123 PORTO, Portugal and ICBAS, Instituto de Cincias Biomdicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Largo Prof. Abel Salazar, 2, 4099-003 PORTO, b CCMAR-CIMAR L.A., Centro de Cincias do Mar do Algarve, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal

*[email protected]

Project SEACASE included all along the 3 years of activities several ways of characterization of slaughtering procedures, which included visits to non-intensive farms, contact with farmers, an enquiry about slaughtering in selected farms and the collection of published materials. The first steps included the listing of all possible methods, the development of a simple method to measure rigor mortis (as an indicator of global and final fish quality) and the performing of a simple trial to get an approximate and comparative idea about the times needed to achieve death. Following the identification of the most common method currently used (immersion in ice slurry), some improvements on this method were tested in practical conditions and viable solutions for improvement were defined and will be shown in this presentation. Main conclusions of these pilot trials include that although only slight improvements in temperatures and times could be achieved in practice, these resulted in some interesting improvements in specific quality parameters. Within the main conclusions of the SEACASE work on this particular subject, it was confirmed that the slaughtering process really begins earlier and includes (and is strongly influenced) by several pre-slaughter factors. These include welfare concerns during all farming steps, and the slaughter can be considered as only the final step of a complex welfare-related phases. Key-words:
SLAUGHTER, FISH WELFARE, ICE SLURRY

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41

INVESTIGATING STRESS RESPONSE AND ADAPTABILITY TO LOW TEMPERATURE IN THE GILTHEAD SEABREAM THROUGH A PHYSIOLOGICAL APPROACH
P. Di Marco, T. Petochi, A. Priori, S.Livi, S. De Innocentiis, M.G. Finoia, A. Longobardi, G. Marino*
ISPRA, Higher Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, Via di Casalotti, 300 00166 Rome, Italy

*[email protected]

Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) farmed in extensive and semintensive systems along northern Mediterranean coasts are exposed to low temperature and suffer from stress, metabolic and immune depression and mortality. A 5-week trial was carried out in 5 m3 recycling tanks at the Veneto Agricoltura Experimental Centre (Valle Bonello, Rovigo, Italy) to provide physiological and functional genomic knowledge on stress response and adaptability to low temperature in seabream. Two groups of seabream were caught in two different geographic areas (Veneto and Sicily) and analysed through microsatellite loci genotyping in order to ascertain their genetic variability and their suitability for the gene-expression analyses at low temperature. Fish (n= 1250, 100-150 g BW) were exposed to 6C for 3 weeks and then let them recover for 1 week at 16C. Two control groups (VC, SC) were maintained at 16C throughout the trial. Blood and tissue samples (n=538) were collected: during decreasing temperature phase from 16C to 12 C, during acute and chronic cold exposure at 6C (after 0, 6h, 24h, 48h, 72h, 7d, 21d), after 1 week of recovery from 6 to 16C (28d). Growth, behaviour, external appearance, physiological parameters, antioxidant enzymes, protein oxidation and complement activity were measured as stress, metabolic and immunological indicators. Cold temperature significantly affected growth, metabolic and immune functions (2-way ANOVA). Similar responses to low temperature were observed in the Veneto (V) and in the Sicilian (S) groups. The concentration of cortisol, glucose, triglycerides significantly increased in both groups, whereas cholesterol, T-proteins, urea, haematocrit and complement significantly decreased. Differences in S and V groups were observed in relation to their ability to recover from cold temperature, probably in relation to different early life histories, ambient temperature and feeding conditions. Back temperature to 16 allowed the recovery of all parameters in S groups, whereas induced a significant reduction of plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, NEFA and T-proteins in V groups. Complement activity decreased during cold exposure and was only partially restored in V group. Discriminant analysis (DA) also confirms univariate analysis results. At day 28, DA showed an overlapping of S and controls and a displacement of V group, suggesting that physiological recovery only occurred in Sicilian seabream. Overall data set indicates that a better nutritional status allowed seabream to cope with cold stress and with increased energy demand at higher temperature during spring. Changes of physiological parameters in response to cold stress reflect changes in several molecular pathways involved in lipid and protein metabolism, oxidative stress and immune response analysed by functional genomics (UPD). Key-words:
GILTHEAD SEABREAM, COLD STRESS, PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE

INVESTIGATING STRESS RESPONSE AND ADAPTABILITY TO LOW TEMPERATURE IN THE GILTHEAD SEABREAM THROUGH A FUNCTIONAL GENOMIC APPROACH
A.N. Mininnia*, L. Bargellonia, T. Patarnelloa
a

Department of Public Health, Comparative Pathology and Veterinary Hygiene, University of Padua, Italy.

*[email protected]

A 5-week experimental trial was carried out at the Aquaculture Experimental Centre of Veneto Agricoltura (Valle Bonello, Rovigo, Italy) from January to March 2008 to evaluate the effects of low temperature on gene expression in the gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). Experimental animals were adult seabreams (100 -150 g BW) caught from wild populations of two different geographical areas in Italy (Sicily and Veneto). All fish were kept in six 5 m3 circular re-circulating water tanks. In three tanks temperature was kept at 16C (controls) while in the other tanks a temperature of 7C was reached through two consecutive and rapid drops. Tissue samples (liver, gill, spleen and head kidney) were collected at different sampling time-points from control tanks and low-temperature ones. Liver and gill expression profiles were analyzed using a microarray technology after pooling individual samples for the same condition Time-course microarray data were subjected to hierarchical clustering analysis to identify genes that showed statistically significant changes in expression over time between low-temperature and control groups. Significance analysis of microarrays was used to find out differentially expressed genes between exposed to low temperature and control individuals collected at the same time-point. Functional annotation and enrichment analyses were carried out to highlight the most significant processes across differentially expressed genes. Results revealed a complex response to cold, with many molecular pathways involved in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, regulation of heat shock proteins (HSPs) and other protein chaperones, protein degradation and repair, regulation of cell death, and immune response. Low temperature seems to lead to oxidative stress, a high level of protein and DNA damage, a re-allocation of energy sources, and a perturbation of immune functions. Real-time RT-PCR was finally performed on a set of 10 genes in order to validate microarray results as well as to confirm homogeneity within pooled samples. Key-words
GILTHEAD SEABREAM, MICROARRAY, GENE EXPRESSION, LOW TEMPERATURE

42

43

Session VI: Product Quality JUVENILES QUALITY ON AQUACULTURE SYSTEMS

C. Boglione*
Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica s.n.c., 00133 Roma Italy

*[email protected]

Developmental anomalies are one of the most important factors affecting marine larviculture, with effects on production costs, taking into account that as many as 5060% of hatchery juveniles present at least one severe, externally detectable skeletal malformation, i.e.. In the aquaculture industry, losses due to malformations also impact on-growing farms, where malformed market size fish have to be discarded or sold at lower values than market prices. Extensive aquaculture conditions require juveniles able to face a wild-like environment, where no external sources of food, temperature control or ichthyophagous bird protection are available. Some developmental anomalies, like skeletal deformities or sense organs alterations, are generally associated with a general lowering of performance (i.e. swimming ability, conversion index, growth rate, survival, and susceptibility to stress, pathogens, bacteria). Therefore, in order to obtain high recapture rate with reared juveniles and to enhance sustainability of extensive aquaculture by lowering or abandoning the wild juveniles for stocking ponds and lagoons, three SEACASE partners, the University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy (hereafter named UTV), the Centro de Cincias do Mar do Algarve Universidad de Algarve, Portugal (CCMAR) and the University of Crete, Greece (UoC), analysed juveniles obtained with different rearing procedures in order to understand how to lower incidences of developmental anomalies. In particular, UTV analyzed for morphological quality differently reared and wild gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) juveniles. On all of them, the differences in the external fish body shape, and shape and number of skeletal elements with the wild ones were inspected. CCMAR analyzed wild sole (Solea senegalensis) juveniles and from intensive, mesocosms and other SEACASE experimental protocols for skeletal anomalies. UoC checked whether the rearing method (intensive versus extensive) during the gilthead seabream early development has an effect on the fish body lateral lines external appearance (and thus on its functionality) and on the anatomy of the specialized scales. Key-words:
GILTHEAD SEABREAM, SOLEA SENEGALENSIS, MORPHOLOGICAL QUALITY, SKELETAL ANOMALIES, MERISTIC COUNTS, LATERAL LINE ANOMALIES

PRODUCT QUALITY ACCORDING TO THE REARING SYSTEM: INTENSIVE / SEMI-INTENSIVE / EXTENSIVE / INTEGRATED SYSTEM. MODEL SPECIES: SEABREAM (SPARUS AURATA)

M. Cardinal 1 , J. Cornet 1 , C. Donnay-Moreno 1 , J.P. Gouygou 1 , J.P. Berg 1 , J. Hussenot1, E. Rocha2, F. Malho2, C. Escrcio2, M. Bacelar2, L.M.P. Valente2

1 IFREMER, Dpt Biotechnologies et Ressources Marines, 44311 Nantes 03, et Dpt Amlioration Gntique, Sant Animale, Environnement, 85230 Bouin, France.France 2 CIIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigao Marinha e Ambiental and ICBAS - Instituto de Cincias Biomdicas de Abel Salazar, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal

The quality of reared seabream (Sparus aurata) was studied through different systems used in Southern Europe: an extensive system in earthen pond in Spain, a semi-intensive polyculture in earthen pond in Portugal, Valliculture in Italy and an integrated system for the treatment of fish hatchery effluent. Various quality parameters were measured: Nutritional aspect including fat and protein content, fatty and amino acid profile, sensory characteristics using a trained panel, colour evaluation by instrumental method and histological characteristics of the muscle. These parameters were compared to those obtained from samples reared under intensive conditions. Key-words:
GILTHEAD SEABREAM, QUALITY PARAMETERS, NUTRITIONAL QUALITY, SENSORY CHARACTERISTICS, HISTOLOGY

44

45

BEST INDICATORS FOR SEABREAM (SPARUS AURATA) QUALITY FROM EXTENSIVE AND SEMI-INTENSIVE SYSTEMS
1 CIIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigao Marinha e Ambiental and ICBAS - Instituto de Cincias Biomdicas de Abel Salazar, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-223 Porto, Portugal 2 IFREMER, Dpt Biotechnologies et Ressources Marines, 44322 Nantes 03, et Dpt Amlioration Gntique, Sant Animale, Environnement, 85230 Bouin, France.France

L.M.P. Valente1, M. Cardinal2, C. Escrcio1, M. Bacelar1, E. Rocha1, F. Malho1, J. Cornet2, C. Donnay-Moreno2, J.P. Gouygou2, J.P. Berg2, J. Hussenot 2

Quality parameters (chemical, physical, sensory and histological) measured on seabream from extensive and semi-intensive system were compared to those obtained from intensive system. Results show that extensive system and in a lesser extent semi-intensive system, allow seabream to keep external appearance of wild specimen (yellow/gold colour between eyes) and that lipid content of fish from extensive system are generally on the low part of the values distribution observed for fish reared under intensive system. The fatty acid profile of the flesh, which reflects the kind of feed used during the growing phase, can reveal differences between systems. In our study, samples from intensive system have a higher level of w6 and often a lower proportion of w3 fatty acids. Regarding sensory characteristics, the cooked flesh of seabream from intensive system seems firmer and the muscle structure under the teeth more dense. These fish also presented smaller white muscle fibres and at a higher density. The taste and odour of fatty fish is also stronger. It seems that an extensive rearing in earthen pond is more propitious to the development of certain characteristics of odour and taste related to the environment. Key-words:
GILTHEAD SEABREAM, QUALITY PARAMETERS, FATTY ACID PROFILE, SENSORY CHARACTERISTICS, FLESH COLOUR, MUSCLE STRUCTURE

FARMING PRACTICES OF GILTHEAD SEABREAM (SPARUS AURATA) IN SEMI-INTENSIVE EARTH PONDS: EFFECTS ON THE FLESH QUALITY
a

E. Matos a*, M.T. Dinis a, P. Rodrigues a, L.M.P. Valente b, A. Gonalves c, M.L. Nunesc, J. Diasa

CCMAR-CIMAR L.A., Centro de Cincias do Mar do Algarve, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal b CIIMAR-CIMAR L.A., Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigao Marinha e Ambiental and ICBAS, Instituto de Cincias Biomdicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 177, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal c INRB, I.P./L-IPIMAR, Unidade de Valorizao dos Produtos da Pesca e Aquacultura, Av. Braslia, 1449-006 Lisboa, Portugal

*[email protected]

Aquaculture is vital for meeting the world's growing needs for fish and other seafood products. One of the major concerns of the consumer towards aquaculture products is quality, namely safety, freshness and nutritional value. Also, both consumers and producers are becoming increasingly aware of fish welfare issues. It is interesting to note that these two issues are intrinsically linked; as there is evidence that inadequate fish husbandry results in lower flesh quality. Under farming conditions, fish quality is influenced by extrinsic factors such as diet composition and feeding strategies. Moreover, fish handling prior to slaughter (exposure to air, high density during crowding and a long crowding period) and slaughtering method can be highly variable in semi-intensive farming systems. Several farming practices (feeding strategies, seasonal composition of fish, the isolated effect of harvesting stress and slaughter method) will be the object of a critical assessment regarding its impact on major flesh quality traits of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) reared under semi-intensive conditions. Key-words:
GILTHEAD SEABREAM, FLESH QUALITY, HARVESTING STRESS

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47

EFFECT OF DIET WITH LOW FISH-DERIVED PROTEIN AND OIL ON THE SENSORY PROPERTIES AND NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF GILTHEAD SEABREAM (SPARUS AURATA)
A. Gonalvesa*, N. Bandarraa, J. Diasb, M.L. Nunesa
INRB, I.P./L-IPIMAR, Unidade de Valorizao dos Produtos da Pesca e da Aquicultura, Avenida de Braslia, 1449-006, Lisboa, Portugal b CCMAR-CIMAR L.A., Centro de Cincias do Mar do Algarve, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
a

*[email protected]

A 12-week performance trial was undertaken to evaluate the effects of a concomitant replacement of fishmeal and fish oil in the final quality of seabream, mainly on the sensory properties and fatty acid profile of fish muscle. The influence of diet composition on the quality changes during the frozen storage was also evaluated. A control diet (CTRL) was formulated with practical ingredients to contain 48% protein, 20% fat and 23 kJ/g energy. The second diet was prepared in order to replace 60% of fishmeal by plant-protein sources (PP60FO) and the third diet was formulated based on the plant-rich diet in which fish oil was replaced at a 65% level by a mixture of soy and rapeseed oils (PP60VO). Sensory properties of fish muscle were not significantly affected by the diet composition. The changes during frozen storage were mainly due to the effect of storage time. Nevertheless, the development of rancid flavour was delayed in the fish fed the diet with the highest proportion of vegetable components. In agreement, the higher oxidative stability (lower TBARS values) was found in the fish fed vegetable based feeds. The replacement of both fishmeal and fish oil had a significant effect on the fatty acid composition and the ratio n-3/n-6 was significantly affected, due to the high levels of fatty acids n-6, particularly in the muscle of fish fed on diet PP60VO. Key-words:
GILTHEAD SEABREAM, PLANT INGREDIENTS, SENSORY QUALITY, NUTRITIONAL VALUE

Session VII: Certification CODES OF CONDUCT AND CERTIFICATION ON SEMI-INTENSIVE AND EXTENSIVE SYSTEMS
a

P. Vaz-Pires a*, A. Ramalho b, L. Conceio b, F. Soares b, M.T. Dinis b, P. Pouso-Ferreirac, L. Ribeiroc

CIIMAR-CIMAR L.A., Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigao Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 177, 4050-123 PORTO, Portugal and ICBAS, Instituto de Cincias Biomdicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Largo Prof. Abel Salazar, 2, 4099-003 PORTO, b CCMAR-CIMAR L.A., Centro de Cincias do Mar do Algarve, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal c INRB.IP-IPIMAR, Centro de Cincias do Mar do Algarve, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal

*[email protected]

Since the beginning, SEACASE project predicted a considerable effort on the concern about the differences between non-intensive farming products and their commercial alternatives (wild and intensively-produced fish) and the commercial valorisation of the existing advantages. After a phase of bibliographic collection of published material and direct contact with farmers from the project and many others within Europe, it is clear that the rearing conditions are somewhere between the more natural conditions available for the wild fish and the more controlled environment used in intensive farming. Among the advantages of non-intensive farming, the direct environment of the farmed species and the feeding systems are particularly relevant. The lower farming intensity also implies less quantities to deal in each operation, normally inducing less stress and consequently higher welfare and better final quality. SEACASE project discussed intensively the ways these advantages can be shown to consumers. The most adequate way seems to be by the implementation of Certification systems, which involve the establishment of quantifiable parameters and a checking system, able to prove what is being claimed. Several Certification systems already implemented were analysed and persons involved contacted to collaborate in this study. SEACASE project ends with a set of Codes of Conduct on the different farming systems studied within the project (that will be summarized in this presentation), which represent project members opinions and several other inputs collected outside the project. They can be used in the future as basic information and starting point for the creation of a complete Certification system for non-intensive aquatic farming systems. SEACASE partners strongly believes that the creation of such a system will help to achieve a more effective perception, by consumers, of the advantages of the non-intensively farmed species, and will also contribute to the subsistence of these more natural systems in the actual era of strong competition between all rearing systems, normally not favourable to the non-intensive producers. Key-words:
NON-INTENSIVE FARMING, PRODUCT QUALITY, CODES OF CONDUCT, CERTIFICATION PROCESSES

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NEW EU ORGANIC AQUACULTURE RULES

R. Bates*
European Commission (Directorate-General for Maritime Affairs and Fisheries)

*[email protected]

In 2007 the EU agreed a new regulation on organic production and labelling (Council Regulation (EC) No 834/2007 of 28 June 2007) which for the first time includes aquaculture. In 2009, after extensive discussion with experts, the Commission agreed implementing rules for aquaculture and seaweed and the new Regulation (Commission Regulation (EC) 710/2009 of 5 August 2009) was published in the summer. The presentation outlines the legislation, which will apply in the European Union from 1 July 2010. The regulation sets conditions for the aquatic production environment, for feeds, for impacts on other species, separation of organic and non-organic aquaculture units, and animal welfare including maximum stocking densities. Key-words:
ORGANIC AQUACULTURE

ORGANIC AQUACULTURE: A STRATEGY FOR VALORISATION OF SEMI-INTENSIVE AQUACULTURE?

L. Ribeiroa*, F. Soaresa, M.E. Cunhaa, P. Pouso-Ferreiraa
INRB, I.P./ L- IPIMAR L.A.,
a

*[email protected]

In western Mediterranean countries aquaculture in earthen ponds is the traditional production system. According to the new regulation on organic aquaculture animal and seaweed production (Regulation (EC) No 710/2009) these systems can evolve to organic with adaptations, enhancing the quality and profitability of the produced organisms. The aim of this talk is to describe the procedures currently used by the Portuguese semi-intensive aquaculture and to highlight those that require modifications in order to comply with recent legislation for biological production. The semi-intensive system of the Aquaculture Research Station of IPIMAR will be used as a case study to describe the alterations needed regarding origin of aquaculture animals, aquaculture husbandry practices, feed for fish, disease prevention and veterinary treatment to comply with the organic legislation, and evaluate its economical implications. Key-words:
ORGANIC AQUACULTURE, SEMI-INTENSIVE, PRODUCT VALORISATION

50

51

Session VIII: Current Status of Extensive and Semi-intensive Aquaculture CURRENT STATUS OF EXTENSIVE AND SEMI-INTENSIVE AQUACULTURE PRACTICES IN SOUTHERN EUROPE
Forum des Marais Atlantiques BP 40214, 17300 Rochefort, France Centro de Ciencias do Mar do Algarve (CCMAR), Portugal 3 Hellenic Center for Marine Research, (HCMR), Greece 4 Istituto centrale per la ricerca scientifica e tecnologica applicata al mare (ICRAM), Italy 5 University of Rome Tor Vegata, Italy. 6 Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andaluca (ICMANCSIC), Spain
1 2

L. Anras1*, C. Boglione5, S. Cataudella4, M.T. Dinis2, S. Livi4, P. Makridis3, G. Marino4, A. Ramalho 2, M. Yfera 5

*[email protected]

In less then 30 years intensive fish farming has quickly become the first provider of marine farmed products. Yet, extensive and semi-intensive systems still represent significant amounts of production and use large places along the southern Europe coastal zones (artificial lagoons, natural and managed deltas, and semi closed bays and estuaries, encompassing polders with earthponds). Modern techniques have been integrated by farmers for mass production of shellfish (oysters, clams), as well as semi-intensive fish and shrimp rearing. They are quite homogeneous from one country to another. Adversely, traditional practices display more differences regarding technical protocols and water management. Improvements on domestic species have been done to reliable productions, mainly concerning oysters and mussels monocultures. Oyster cultivation has intensively evolved with spreading over all available places. Shellfish aquaculture provides massive volumes of production in lagoons (>100 000 T), that is a noticeable contribution to total European shellfish production (including offshore productions). Lagoon use is optimized (over 100 000 ha), but expansion in many other lagoons is limited by the threats done by pollution and eutrophication processes. In many cases, marshlands with earthponds display a land use depletion (France, Spain), though they could still provide room for extra refining productions (small amounts), like in France. The old-age practices of extensive fish aquaculture still goes on because of the traditional background of local populations. Except in Italy (eg. Vallis) these activities benefits from only partial improvements. They produce small amounts, of high quality, but suffering from a lack of traceability and public recognition. Only Italy with their different types of lagoons display an optimized use of their potential for extensive fish production, with probably large amounts of production (despite lack of statistics).

Semi-intensive productions of fish are a prolongation of these practices. Several successful trials leaded during the last 15 years are now converted into reliable farming systems (Spain, Portugal). Fish production statistics are not completed, because of lack of data, but reach a minimum of 4200 T (total in countries studied). Real production amount probably display larger amounts, but non official trade practices and barter still persist and prevent from getting reliable information. Most of these environmentally friendly activities contribute to preserve natural wetlands in coastal areas, but guidelines for the correct management of extensive basins have still to be formulated. They must take into account some strategic issues regarding engineering, socio-economy and ecology for maintaining the extensive aquaculture production at a level of profitability and ecosystem functionality. Key-words:
EXTENSIVE FARMING, SEMI-INTENSIVE FARMING, MARINE AQUACULTURE, MARSHLANDS

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STATUS AND CHALLENGES OF EXTENSIVE AND SEMI-INTENSIVE AQUACULTURE IN PORTUGAL

A. Vieira*
ANAQUA, Associao Nacional de Aquacultores, Apartado 2138, 8501-902 Portimo, Portugal

*[email protected]

The extensive and semi-intensive aquaculture in Portugal is going trough a very difficult period, due to the lack of species that are suitable for production in Portugal allied to the increasing of prices of raw material (feed, electricity) and the production costs. On the other way the Portuguese aquaculture producers are selling his products much cheaper, because of the European trade market that allow the importation of fish from countries like Greece and Spain; it is very well known that the fish is growing in less time than the fish produced here in Portugal, due to several factors, specially the water temperature. So the Portuguese extensive and semi-intensive aquaculture must decrease his production costs in order to get more competitive prices on his final product. There are some proposals that ANAQUA is studying to get this reduction in the production costs, and pass by decreasing the tax burden over some raw material (fuel, electricity) and give the aquaculture producers specific formation in some areas of interest that are very important in this sector (like marketing, diseases, general working of a fish farm, feeding practices). However, the Portuguese aquaculture also needs to have a more wide variety and adaptable species in order to get more competitive inside the European market. Key-words:
EXTENSIVE AND SEMI-INTENSIVE AQUACULTURE, PRODUCT VALORISATION, PORTUGAL

STATUS AND CHALLENGES OF EXTENSIVE AND SEMI-INTENSIVE AQUACULTURE IN SPAIN

I. de La Rosaa, J.M Garca de Lomasb
LANGOSTINOS DE HUELVA S.A., Ctra. Pozo del Camino a Isla Cristina s/n. 21410 Isla Cristina.Huelva. Spain. CTAQUA., Centro Tecnolgico Acuicultura de Andaluca. Parque Comercial Las Salinas. Edificio Las Salinas. C/Dr Duarte Acosta, 7 2 ofc.611500-El Puerto de Santa Mara. Cdiz. Spain.
a b

Production volumes in coastal ponds and confined systems is difficult to know exactly because there are not always record information about small farms or pure extensive production units. It seems that for the last five years total production in extensive and semi-intensive aquaculture has been relatively stable. This trend will probably drop in 2009 and 2010. Comercial situation is very hard at the moment because there is a big offer of seabream, seabass and molluscs coming from different big companys in Europe and the prices go down under production costs. This particular situation started in 2008 and it is clearly affecting farms viability. Cost production in semi-intensive fish farming systems could be higher than intensive cage systems because of electric ang oxigenation cost, and labour efficency. Final price of extensive and semi-intensive products used to be higher than the price of intensive products but this fact is not enough at this moment. Forecast suggest that production will drop and companies will reduce production or even stop it. We are faced with a hard situation and extensive and semi-intensive farms have to optimize production costs. Some of the technical lines to work with are: - Fry cost: election of good quality juveniles. - feed cost: feed composition and feed strategies. - Electric costs - Other costs: Patology and predators. Key-words:
EXTENSIVE AND SEMIEXTENSIVE AQUACULTURE, PRODUCTION COSTS.

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CURRENT STATUS OF EXTENSIVE AND SEMI-INTENSIVE AQUACULTURE PRACTICES IN FRANCE

L. Anras1*, J.S. Bruant2
1 2

Forum des Marais Atlantiques BP 40214, 17300 Rochefort, France Ferme marine du Douhet BP 4 , 17840 La Bre les Bains, France

* [email protected]; bruant @douhet.com

Nowadays, French marine aquaculture mainly takes place in open water, on mudflats and lagoons. Most of commercial production is concentrated on oysters mussels (extensive open sea) and fish (intensive in sea-cages or intensive in raceways inland). The polders still hosts specific infrastructures but most of them, devoted formerly to fish farming, are mainly used for oysters refining or stocking before shipping. Former extensive fish farming activities still maintain but as recreational, with different trends among geographical areas (re-appropriation or abandonment). New tendencies are the development of new practices as oyster growth (extensive) in marshes, and shrimp production (semi-intensive). These high value products represent a small but growing market (oysters growing in marshes), and the second a stable micro-market. There were 4150 aquaculture companies in France (except continental fishfarms) in 2002, totalizing 533 billions euros turnover. French shellfish aquaculture is the first in Europe, but total aquaculture production is the second after Spain, and before Italy. Professional marine fish production is done by 50 companies, for a total production of 6000 tons per year. They produce fry or grow seabass (3600 tons), seabream (1400 tons) and turbot (950 tons). They occupy small areas inland in intensive systems or in cages in open sea. 60% of the fry production is exported, since France still import the same amount of what farmers produce to satisfy consumers needs (mainly from Europe). Many disseminated extensive farming system are still producing marine fish, for leisure, in very large areas, with unfortunately no production datas available. Shellfish aquaculture is done by 3720 private companies, most of them taking place on the Atlantic ocean. Production is estimated to 180 000 tons, 60% with oysters, 40% with mussels. The main region of production is Poitou-Charentes (44% for oysters and 13 mussels), followed by south Brittany and Pays de la Loire (21% for oysters and 35% mussels). In these regions a certain amount of oysters grown on seashore are refined in marshlands to get a better value (800 tons). Oysters productions in lagoons also have a great importance in the Mediterranean sea (since it represents only 10% national production), and their volume of production has also recently increased with open sea farming. Semi-intensive and extensive shrimp farms are able for over 15 years to produce high quality products. They are located in Vende, Seudre and Mdoc sites, on the Atlantic coast, and provide a little but high value market (25 tons) Extensive and semi-intensive commercial aquaculture in marshlands represents a small but high quality and good value market that still have to demonstrate its place among intensive productions. Key-words:
EXTENSIVE FARMING, SEMI-INTENSIVE FARMING, MARINE AQUACULTURE, MARSHLANDS

STATUS AND CHALLENGES OF EXTENSIVE AND SEMI-INTENSIVE AQUACULTURE IN ITALY.

A. Fabris*
Associazione Piscicoltori Italiani API Via del Perlar, 37/A 37135 Verona ITALY

*[email protected]

Coastal areas used for aquaculture purposes in Italy are confined saltwater environments, with salinities ranging from low brackish to hyperaline, partially separated from the sea by means of sands barriers, earth or other sediments and in connection through openings and/or large mouths. The extensive and semi-intensive aquaculture in Italy contributes historically to the physical and biological conservation of wetlands, which are constantly menaced by the negative effects of the activities surrounding or upstream these areas. It protects the hydrogeological stability of these zones. A unique model of lagoon farm end management, however, cannot be strictly defined since their ecological, hydrological and biological characteristics are very different. This also influences the composition of the fish population, the relative abundance of euryhaline and marine species and trophic status of coastal lagoon. The productive management of coastal lagoons by means of fixed fish barriers and hydraulic regulation of continental freshwater and seawater is the traditional model of extensive aquaculture in Italy. Human intervention is limited in terms of water management to maintain environmental conditions suitable for rearing the farmed species and harvesting the product from the fish barriers. The status of extensive and semi-intensive aquaculture in Italy will be discussed with particular attention to the following aspects: geographical and structural data, farming systems, typologies and farm infrastructures. Italian extensive and semi-intensive aquaculture is currently exposed to the general trend affecting Mediterranean aquaculture, in which the overinflated market and competition from intensively reared seabass and seabream have induced a lowering of aquaculture fish prices on the market. Coastal lagoons, stagni and valli are components of Italys economic assets. Extensive aquaculture in coastal lagoons represents a social, cultural and economic heritage, which is profoundly linked to biodiversity preservation.

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STATUS AND CHALLENGES OF EXTENSIVE AND SEMI-INTENSIVE AQUACULTURE IN GREECE

A. Ventirisa, P. Makridisb*
a b

Federation of Greek Maricultures,Athens, Greece. Hellenic Center for Marire Research, Institute of Aquaulture, P.O. Box 2214, 71003 Iraklion Crete, Greece

*[email protected]

Extensive and semi-intensive aquaculture in Greece takes place in more than 76 lagoons, which are located mainly in the areas of Western Greece, Northwest (Ipiros) and region of East Macedonia. These lagoons are shallow (average depth is about 1 m), a large majority of them (73%) are of chocked type with restricted water exchange with the ocean, and about half of them do not receive significant amount of freshwater. This has as a result that they represent quite sensitive biotopes. Eel, seabass, seabream, and different species of mullet are the fish species of economic important that are harvested. Only in some cases, there are sporadic measurements of the water quality and at the same time a lot of the lagoons receive water from agriculture, which may deteriorate water quality further. About 40% use traditional wooden traps for harvesting of the fish, and the rest use more modern traps. Most of the people that work in this traditional sector acquired their knowledge through their family and only few have a formal education or training related to their activity. The total production of extensive and semi-intensive aquaculture is estimated to about 500 tons. Maintenance of the lagoons involves deepening of lagoons, creation of overwintering ponds, and requires support by governmental funds in order to aid the preservation of a traditional sector. Key-words:
EXTENSIVE AQUACULTURE, LAGOONS, EUTROPHICATION

Session IX: Socio-economic Assessment of Non-intensive Systems SUSTAINABLE COASTAL AQUACULTURE: AN OXYMORON?
M. Magalhes-SantAnaa*
a

*[email protected]

Laboratory Animal Science, IBMC Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal

Sustainability is the buzzword of the moment in fisheries science, although that was not always the case. Since the advent of European industrial fish farming in the 1970s, aquaculture was primarily profit-driven and the early aspirations that it would satisfy global seafood needs and limit wild fish harvesting rapidly proved inflated. Many sustainable small-scale production systems turned into unsustainable intensive fish farms, highly dependent on fish feed and causing significant aquatic pollution. Additionally, production of farmed fish did not seem to have any effect in the restoration of wild fish populations. Rather than becoming part of the solution, marine aquaculture was turning into part of the problem of overfishing. Albeit major shifts have taken place during the last two decades in the social and ecological responsibilities of aquaculture industry, public perception of aquaculture production is by and large negative and associated with diseases in fish, chemical residues in the food chain, namely antibiotics, and environmentally poor practices. Furthermore, European consumers seem to have lower intrinsic quality expectations about farmed fish. Does this means that the promise of aquaculture blue revolution failed permanently? There are strong reasons to believe that the public view described does not do justice to most of contemporary European fish farming. This competitive food industry has seen a positive development in terms of technological innovation, scientific research and effective management policies. As a result, pollution decreased, animal welfare standards improved and greater attention is now given to coastal communities and natural ecosystems. Non-intensive integrated farming systems in particular played an important role in this change. Aquaculture is deeply involved in the public discourse of sustainability. But the social, economic and environmental dimensions of sustainable development are perceived differently by different stakeholders. The aim of this article is to define and discuss key issues to be addressed in order for European marine coastal aquaculture move towards (genuine) sustainability and greater public acceptability. Key-words:
COASTAL AQUACULTURE, SUSTAINABILITY, ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS, ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY

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AQUACULTURE IN TRANSITION SPACES: THE ECONOMIC VIABILITY IN QUESTION

P. Rauxa*, D. Baillya
a

UMR AMURE Centre de Droit et d'Economie de la Mer, Universit de Brest, Centre Ifremer Brest, BP 70, 29280 Plouzane, France

*[email protected] Based on surveys and interviews completed by literature review a global trend can be drawn to characterize marine aquaculture in transition spaces in Southern Europe from a social and economic point of view. This coastal aquaculture in transition spaces (wetlands, tidal areas, estuaries, lagoons, deltas) developed under various forms: shellfish, fish; earth or concrete ponds; seedbed over tidal area or trapping in wetlands; hatcheries, nurseries, prefattening and fattening, stocking. Among these productions, extensive systems face competitiveness issues. Higher production costs and a stronger variability of technical performances are as many disadvantages compared to more intensive systems productions, especially from the offshore cage productions. What happened for coastal extensive and semi-intensive farms in Southern Europe is symptomatic of a sector developed on high value species, driven more by technical choices rather than socio-economic ones. Quick productivity growth leads to quickly increasing production and lower prices. High value aquaculture species are often export-oriented aquaculture that are in general characterized by quickly increasing production, price declines and cyclical profitability. Aquaculture development in Southern Europe also underlined a development disconnected from consumers' preference and markets characteristics. Facing fish stocks depletion aquaculture comes back to the forefront on the same basis than the Blue Revolution, ignoring past failures and European seafood consumption's properties. As a consequence the aquaculture development is seeking after goals difficultly compatible in the specific European seafood consumption context. Present trend for the industry is a trend to concentration for more intensive systems. Family based small production units seem to better resist due to their structure. But if they are able to temporary reduce or cease activity they often do not offer a sufficient income for their owners and open the door to disused wetlands. Trapped into a vicious circle through an inefficient intensification and importance dependence from credit, intermediate scale farms are much more under question. If technological progress can delay difficulties it doesn't seem strong enough to reverse the situation. There are needs to rethink the scheme of development in a more sustainable way. The acknowledgement of the aquaculture role in maintaining ecosystems functionalities can provide a first answer as well as differentiation of products. Key-words:
AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC VIABILITY, SUSTAINABILITY, DRIVING FORCES

SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT OF NATIONAL CASE-STUDIES

P. Rauxa*, D. Baillya
a

UMR AMURE Centre de Droit et d'Economie de la Mer, Universit de Brest, Centre Ifremer Brest, BP 70, 29280 Plouzane, France

*[email protected]

The SEACASE project aims at exploring the different ways to improve the economic viability and the social and environmental sustainability of extensive and semi-intensive aquaculture in Southern European coastal areas. In that context, several case studies were selected to assess the diversity of farming systems in order to develop tools to maintain the farms' competitiveness while minimizing their environmental impact and improving products' quality and their brand image. Based on surveys and interviews, extensive and semi-intensive polyculture in esteros, integrated management of eels fisheries in coastal lagoons and wetlands, as well as oysters refinement in wetlands were studied. The socio-economic assessment reveals a development profile according to intensification schemes rather than to techniques, species farmed or country. The intrinsic characteristics of transition spaces (confined to semi-confined areas such as wetlands, tidal areas, estuaries, lagoons or deltas) appear to be a strong discriminating factor. If in the initial step of the development the issue of coastal aquaculture was rather technical and environmental, today the relevance is more social and economic. Extensive systems, whatever the species and countries considered, tend to be abandoned facing additional constraints from environmental regulations that reinforce the differential production cost with marine systems. Fully dependent from natural productivity, they also face decreasing productivity and a lack of interest from farmers' descendants. Usually presenting the most recent oldness, intermediate scale systems in terms of intensification suffer important difficulties. No more profitable or just profitable their future is seriously questioned. Far less numerous, vertically integrated and/or diversified systems benefiting from other activities and facilities are the ones that are still able to manage in an efficient way their resources. But their success is also built on their low representativeness. Key-words:
EXTENSIVE AQUACULTURE, SEMI-INTENSIVE AQUACULTURE, PROFITABILITY, DEVELOPMENT PROFILES, TECHNICO-ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT

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THE PATRIMONIAL AUDIT: A TOOL TO PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE AQUACULTURE

D. Baillya*, A. Delvalb, P. Rauxa
UMR AMURE Centre de Droit et d'Economie de la Mer, Universit de Brest, Centre Ifremer Brest, BP 70, 29280 Plouzane, France b AgroParisTech, UFR Gestion du vivant et stratgies patrimoniales, Institut de stratgies patrimoniales, 16 rue Claude Bernard, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
a

*[email protected]

Extensive and Semi-Intensive production systems settled in transition spaces in Southern Europe face a number of difficulties: competitiveness with more intensive systems and marine productions, conflict uses, competition for access to coastal areas. In that context, protection constraints of lush and fragile environments where coastal aquaculture takes place, add further to costs differentials with more intensive farms in open sea. Beyond of the economic viability it questions the place, role and maintenance of these systems over highly coveted spaces subjected to multiple pressures generating conflict uses. Aside technical and economic issues, other dimensions of the viability have to be considered. For instance, maintain aquaculture systems will be less costly to the society on long term rather than restoring ecosystem functionalities once aquaculture disappears. But the simple acknowledgement of non-market benefits derived from extensive aquaculture such as the maintenance of wetlands' multifunctionality, the structuring landscape dimension or the integrity of coastal ecosystems is not enough to guarantee the improvement of the economic viability. The substitution of a production for non-market services to the environment is still insufficiently acknowledged and remains a difficult way to improve sustainability. Looking for incentive mechanisms such as an increase of added value or a diversification of income are other complementary options: products differentiation in order to generate niche markets for extensive and semi-intensive aquaculture; complementary activities developed in order to generate an income through added value or through activities benefiting from environment and aquaculture's image (ecotourism, activities related to education and environmental awareness); technological innovations such as integrated systems but linked to economic reality. Rather than assessing the patrimonial value of aquaculture through non-market valuation methods that delivers a statement in monetary terms, the patrimonial audit tool is implemented favouring action and way of implementation. The audit focused on the eel fisheries and oysters refinement in earth ponds along the Seudre wetlands in France. Key-words:
PATRIMONIAL VALUE, CULTURAL VALUE, SUSTAINABILITY, ECOSYSTEMS FUNCTIONALITIES

ECOLOGICAL-ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT OF SUSTAINABLE AQUACULTURE OPTIONS: INTEGRATED SYSTEMS VS MONOCULTURE

A.M. Nobrea,b*, D. Robertson-Anderssonc, A. Neorid, K. Sankare
Institute of Marine Research (IMAR), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, New University of Lisbon. FCT, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal b Algae-Marine Plant Ecology Research Group, CCMAR, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal c Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, University of the Western Cape. Bellville 7535, South Africa d Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, National Centre for Mariculture, P.O. Box 1212, Eilat 88112, Israel e Department of Botany, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
a

*[email protected]

A quantification of the ecological-economic gains and losses in different aquaculture practices provides the real value of sustainable farms. The presentation includes: 1) An application of the differential Drivers-Pressure-State-Impact-Response approach for a comparison between abalone monoculture and integrated multitrophic aquaculture (IMTA) of abalone and seaweed, based on data from South African farms; 2) Description of the benefits that the application of similar approaches can have on the integration and management of traditional extensive and semi-intensive aquaculture systems into coastal ecosystems in Southern Europe. Key-words:
INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT, ECONOMIC VALUATION, DIFFERENTIAL DRIVERS-PRESSURE-STATE-IMPACT-RESPONSE, AQUATIC RESOURCES MANAGEMENT, SUSTAINABLE AQUACULTURE, IMTA, SEAWEED BIOFILTERS

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POSTERS Session II: Extensive Systems in Ponds and Lagoons BENTHIC MACROFAUNA COMMUNITIES IN COASTAL EARTHEN PONDS USED FOR FISH FARMING IN THE SOUTH ATLANTIC COAST OF THE IBERIAN PENINSULA
A.M. Arias, E. Ramos-Garca, M. Yfera*
Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andaluca (CSIC), Campus Universitario Rio San Pedro s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Cdiz, Spain

*[email protected]

Macrobenthos communities inhabiting coastal fish-farming earthen ponds have been studied during two yearly seasons in three different farms of the Gulf of Cdiz (SW Iberian Peninsula), two of them sited in Portugal (Portimao and Olho) and one in Spain (Puerto Real). Each farm has a different culture system and hydrologic regime. We are presenting here the main characteristics, dominant species and/or taxonomic groups and differences among the three studied ponds. In the three farms the populations of annelida and nematoda were the numerically most abundant organisms, followed by molluscs and crustaceans, and in a lesser extend by insecta. Species belonging to other taxonomic groups appeared in very small amount and episodically. In Puerto Real ponds the most abundant taxa were the polychaetes Capitella capitata, Oriopsis metchnikowi and Streblospio shrubsolii as well as oligochaetes; the molluscs Hydrobia minorecensis, H. ulvae and Cerastoderma glaucum; and the amphipods Microdeutopus gryllotalpa and Gammarus insensibilis. In Olho the dominant species were the polychaetes Capitella capitata, Nereis diversicolor, and nematodes; the molluscs Abra ovata, H. ulvae and H. minorecensis; and the amphipods M. gryllotalpa and Corophium sp. Finally the ponds in Portimo, the polychaetes were more diverse with regular presence of C. capitata, O. metchnikowi, S. shrubsolii, Nereis diversicolor and Polydora ligni as well as oligochaetes and nematodes. Contrarily the molluscs were less abundant and only A. ovata and H. minorecensis were regularly present. The amphipods Corophium sp, Melita palmate, M. gryllotalpa dominated among the crustaceans. Larvae of Chironomus salinarius were the only insect observed in the three sites although it was practically absent in Portimo. Key-words:
MACROBENTHOS, FISH PONDS.

PLANKTON AND PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS IN EARTHEN PONDS USED FOR TRADITIONAL EXTENSIVE FISH FARMING IN THE BAY OF CDIZ (SPAIN). COMPARISON BETWEEN OLD AND RECENT BUILT PONDS
M. Yfera*, D. Quintana, A.M. Arias
Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andaluca (CSIC), Campus Universitario Rio San Pedro s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Cdiz, Spain

*[email protected]

Main zooplankton groups, chlorophyll A, inorganic nutrients, organic matter, temperature and pH in water, as well as pH and redox potential in the sediment have been examined during eighteen months in a traditional farm of the Cdiz Bay (South Atlantic coast of the Iberian Peninsula). The study aimed in comparing two zones differing in the time of the sediment maturation. One zone has two ponds that have been working for decades while the other has a new pond that was inundated for the first time. All ponds take water from the same sea channel. Most of environmental and chemical factors were fairly similar in all ponds with exception of pH and redox potential in the sediment that were clearly different in the new pond. Yearly average values in the seawater ranged between 9 and 28 C for temperature, 26 and 56 g l-1 for salinity, and 7.8-8.8 for pH. Organic matter ranged between 0.05 and 0.2 g l-1 excepting in September 2008 when picked up to 0.4 g l-1. In that date an episodic event in the seawater channel surrounding the farm affected the environmental condition in some ponds, mainly the amount of organic matter, chlorophyll a, water pH and silicate concentration. Zooplankton communities were dominated by copepods (nauplius, copepodites and adults) and veligers of bivalves. Rotifers were also common in autumn. Overall, higher densities of these groups were punctually reached in the new pond reflecting the colonisation by opportunistic species. Key-words:
FISH PONDS, PLANKTON, ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES, SEDIMENT, SEAWATER,

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HEALTH AND WELFARE OF SEABREAM FROM VALLICULTURE

*[email protected]

P. Di Marco, T. Petochi, A. Priori, A. Longobardi, V. Donadelli, G. Marino*

ISPRA Institute for Environmental Protection and Research Via casalotti 300, 00166 Rome, Italy

Seabream is an economic important species traditionally reared in extensive and semintensive coastal lagoons and in northern Adriatic Italian valli. Quality of seeding, wintering and harvesting practices represent the main critical points during the productive cycle in extensive systems, significantly influencing final recapture rate (Ravagnan, 1992), fish quality (Orban, 2003) and fish welfare (EFSA, 2008). In valliculture, as in other extensive systems, slightly fewer hazards for fish welfare have been identified compared to other systems (EFSA, 2008). However, these hazards, consisting of predation by birds, stress at harvest and low temperature during winter periods, strongly impact the welfare and health of seabream. This study aimed to evaluate the health and welfare of wild and hatchery seabream juveniles at the end of the first year of rearing by means of anatomo-pathological and biochemical analyses. Seabream were seeded in April 2009 in Valle Bonello (Rovigo, Italy) and recaptured during November 2009 using a fixed fish barrier. A sub-sample of 100 specimens was taken. After rapid anaesthesia, blood was withdrawn from the caudal vein and then processed for serum sample collection and storage. A set of 15 blood chemistry parameters, including stress indicators (cortisol, glucose), serum lipids (NEFA, triglycerides, cholesterol), proteins (albumin, urea, total protein), enzymes (AST, ALT, LDH, ALP), minerals and electrolytes (Ca, Mg, Cl) were determined. Fish were measured and examined to evaluate growth, somatic indices and general health conditions before the wintering period. External lesions on fins (splitting, erosion), skin (scale loss, reddening, haemorrhages, ulcers), eye and gill lesions and internal alterations of liver, spleen, kidney and the gastrointestinal tract were recorded. Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses were applied to the data set. Autoptic indicators proved to be a practical tool for assessing seabream welfare, providing indications of the effects of predation, low temperature and fish management at the barriers. Results of biochemical analyses were compared to reference literature data and with seabream reference intervals identified in our laboratory. Genetic analysis is in progress to assess fish origin and detect any differences in welfare status between wild and hatchery specimens. Key-words:
GILTHEAD SEABREAM, VALLICULTURE, HEALTH AND WELFARE, PHYSICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL INDICATORS

Session III: Semi-intensive Systems EFFECTS OF STOCKING DENSITY AND FEED FORMULATION ON THE QUALITY OF EFFLUENT WATERS FROM SEMI-INTENSIVE POLYCULTURE PONDS
M. Falcoa, D. Serpaa*, H. Ferreiraa, P. Pouso-Ferreiraa
a

Instituto Nacional de Recursos Biolgicos, I. P./IPIMAR, Avenida 5 de Outubro, s/n, 8700-305 Olho, Portugal

*[email protected]

The environmental risks associated to intensive aquaculture, together with the increasing demand of consumers on food safety and on cultivated species welfare, have brought semi-intensive culture products back into the front scene. However, semi-intensive aquaculture systems face some difficulties mainly due to its low productivity and increased competitiveness for space allocation and market competition, especially with products from intensive aquaculture. One way to increase the competitiveness of semi-intensive pond aquaculture is by optimising the production systems, while maintaining sound environmental conditions in the adjacent coastal areas. With this purpose, different improved production protocols were tested in the earth ponds of the IPIMAR Aquaculture Research Station. In one trial, two different stocking densities of seabream and sole were tested in the earthen ponds (respectively, 1.5 and 3.0 Kg m-3), while in the other an ecofeed was tested against a standard industrial feed, to evaluate its effects on the quality of effluent waters from semi-intensive polyculture ponds. The impact of farming protocols on effluent water quality was evaluated by several physical, chemical and biological parameters, which were determined at regular intervals, with special incidence in the warmer periods. Fish density seemed to affect the composition of effluent waters, since organic nitrogen compounds were particularly higher in the high density ponds at the end of the trial, probably as a result of fish activity. Feed formulation also had an impact on effluent water quality, since lower organic phosphorus concentrations were found in the effluent waters of the ecofeed ponds. The information gathered in this study may help defining a good practices code for semi-intensive aquaculture systems, which will not only contribute for the maximization of fish production but also for the minimisation of the environmental impacts of this activity. Key-words:
STOCKING DENSITY, COMMERCIAL AND ECOFEEDS, WATER QUALITY, SEABREAM AND SOLE POLYCULTURE

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Session V: Technical Improvements MEDIA MANIPULATION FOR RESPONSE CONTROL IN MARINE MICROALGAE NANNOCHLOROPSIS SP. CULTIVATION
H.D. Burrowsa, A.C. Paisa, M. G. Camposb, T. Encarnaoa*
a b

Departamento de Qumica da Universidade de Coimbra 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal Faculdade de Farmcia, Universidade de Coimbra, Plo das Cincias da Sade 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal

*[email protected]

The effect of nitrate and phosphate concentration on the chemical and biochemical composition of the products of marine microalgae, Nannochloropsis sp., was investigated. The response of the microalgae in relation to the nitrate and phosphate concentrations leads to changes in the total amount of carotenoids, chlorophyll a, iron and magnesium. The carotenoids presented a higher yield when cultivated under low phosphate concentrations, but showed no change with nitrate concentration. Chlorophyll a increased in the presence of higher concentrations of nitrogen and lower concentrations of phosphorus. There was an increase in the amount of iron absorbed by cells in the presence of higher levels of nitrates, but none with phosphates. Magnesium content was not affected by culture manipulation. The antioxidative potential of the microalgae Nannochloropsis sp. was also determined by using the method of DPPH radical scavenging, and give values around 300 g/ ml. The degree of unsaturation of the lipid extract found was 0,77. The biomass production cultivated with atmospheric air and cultivated with a supplement source of CO2 was also assessed. The use of CO2 resulted in there being a greater amount of biomass produced. The results of the present study show great potential for the use of cultivation of microalgae under controlled media, which can be focused on obtaining compounds of considerable interest. Key-words:
MICROALGAE, NANNOCHLOROPSIS SP., ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY, CAROTENOIDS

THE INFLUENCES OF THE DIETARY PROTEIN AND DAILY FEEDING FREQUENCY ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND FEED UTILIZATION OF POLYCULTURE FRESHWATER PRAWN M. ROSENBERGII PL AND NILE TILAPIA O. NILOTICUS FRY
S.M. Hebalah a,b*, A.M. Goda a, E. Omar b, N. El-Bermawyb, M. Wafaa a.
a b

(NIOF), National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Aquaculture Division, Alexandria, Egypt. Animal and Fish Production Dept., Fac. of Agric. Saba Basha, Alexandria Univ., Egypt.

*[email protected]

Six different experimental treatments were assigned in triplicate to represent six nutritional treatments to determine the influences of two different dietary protein (30 and 35%) and three feeding frequency (2, 3 and 4 time a days) in a factorial manner on growth performance and feed utilization of polyculture freshwater prawn M. rosenbergii PL and Nile tilapia O. niloticus fry. Experiments were conducted in small-scale hapa (3.75 m3 each). An average initial body weight of 0.20 0.028 g for M. rosenbergii PL and 0.20 0.05 g for Nile tilapia. Each hapa were stocked with 150 PL and 37 Nile tilapia fry. The results showed that, the highest values of whole body Crude Protein (CP) crude fat, ash and energy content as the interaction effect of different dietary protein and feeding frequencies were recorded for PL fed diet content 30% or 35% CP and fed two times /day feeding frequency. Regarding to Nile tilapia, no clear trend was observed for whole body composition of fry as the interaction effect for the different dietary protein and feeding frequencies except for the highest (P 0.05) value of whole body lipid recorded for the fish fed diet containing 30% CP and 2 or 3 times /day feeding frequency. Irrespective of polyculture system no significant difference was showed in all whole body proximate composition indices as the effect of either different dietary protein level (30 and 35% CP) or different feeding frequency (2, 3 and 4 times /days), for both M. rosenbergii PL and Nile tilapia fry. Key-words:
FRESHWATER PRAWN, TILAPIA, POLYCULTURE, HAPA, FEEDING FREQUENCY, DIETARY PROTEIN

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EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND DIETARY PROTEIN/LIPID RATIO ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND FEED UTILIZATION OF JUVENILE SENEGALESE SOLE (SOLEA SENEGALENSIS)
I. Guerreiro a*, H. Peresa, A. Oliva-Telesa,b
a b

*[email protected]

Centro de Investigao Marinha e Ambiental (CIMAR), Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050 Porto, Portugal. Faculdade de Cincias do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre Ed. FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.

A 74-days trial was undertaken to evaluate the effects of the temperature (16 and 22 C) and dietary protein/lipid ratio on growth performance of Senegalese sole juveniles. For that purpose 4 practical diets were formulated to contain 55% protein: 16% lipid (diet 55P16L), 55% protein: 8% lipid (diet 55P8L), 45% protein: 16% lipid (diet 45P16L) and 45% protein: 8% lipid (diet 45P8L). Twenty-four homogenous groups of 20 Senegalese sole (mean initial body weight: 6.40.01 g) were stocked in 100-L capacity tanks (each with approximately 63l of water) and each diet was assigned to triplicate groups of fish. Fish were fed 2/3 times a day to apparent visual satiety, six days a week. Growth of Senegalese sole was highest in fish reared at the highest temperature. Within each temperature, growth was highest in fish fed the 45P16L diet at 16 C and the 55P8L diet at 22C. Feed intake was significantly higher at 16 C in fish fed the 55P16L diet and 45P16L diets and the 45P8L diet at 22 C. On the other hand feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio were higher in fish fed the diet with 55P8L at both studied temperatures, being higher at 22 C. At the end of the growth trial, at 16 C whole-body protein content was not significantly affected by dietary treatments. On the other hand, whole-body lipid content was significantly higher in fish fed diets 55P16L and 45P16L and energy was significantly higher in fish fed diet 45P16L. At 22 C energy was not significantly affected by dietary treatments whereas whole-body lipid content was significantly higher in fish fed the diet with 45P16L and protein content was significantly higher fin fish fed the diet with 55P8L. The results of this study indicate that regardless of water temperature, the diet with 55% protein and 8% lipid promoted the best growth and feed efficiency. Overall, increasing water temperature from 16 to 22 C improved growth and feed efficiency. Key-words:
SENEGALESE SOLE, PROTEIN/LIPID RATIO, TEMPERATURE, GROWTH

MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR BIOFOULING DEVELOPED BY THE EU CRAB PROJECT WITH EXAMPLES FROM AN INTERTIDAL (RIA FORMOSA) AND AN OFFSHORE (SAGRES) SITE ON THE ALGARVE, PORTUGAL
B. Fragosoa,b, R. Clmacob, J. Icelyb,c, A. Manjuad
IMAR - Instituto do Mar a/c Departamento de Zoologia, FCT, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal. b CIMA -FCTEdificio 7, Universidade do Algarve 8005-139 Faro, Portugal. c Sagremarisco Viveiros de Marisco Lda , Apartado 21, 8650-999 Vila do Bispo, Portugal c Viveiros Ana Manjua Unipessoal Lda , Rua Atade de Oliveira N97 3e 8000- 218 Faro, Portugal.
a

Biofouling represents a serious problem for the aquaculture industry, affecting both infrastructure and stock. The EU project Collective Research for Aquaculture Biofouling (CRAB) has developed best practice guidelines for European aquaculture based on: a pan European baseline study on biofouling communities using a standard protocol for evaluation; an analysis of current antifouling strategies throughout Europe; and trials for more novel non-toxic strategies for anti-fouling. The focus in this poster will be on the biofouling communities observed during the CRAB project at an inshore site (Ria Formosa) and an offshore site (Sagres) on the Algarve coast of Portugal, as well as initial observations from modifications to the standard CRAB protocol at Sagres. Results will also be presented on the trials at Sagres for one of the more viable non-toxic solutions to antifouling. Key-words:
BIOFOULING, NON-TOXIC, STRATEGIES, OFFSHORE, ANTIFOULING

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ASSESSMENT OF A PROTOCOL FOR A NEW SPRAY-DRIED MICROALGAE FORMULATION

S. Castanhoa*, S. Sousaa, A.C. Mendesa, P. Pouso-Ferreiraa
INRB I.P.- IPIMAR, Av. 5 Outubro s/n 8700 305 Olho, Portugal
a

*[email protected]

Despite recent improvements on the micro diets for marine larval fishes, hatcheries still depend largely on live prey production, normally involving high costs. During the last years several alternatives to live microalgae, used for live prey production, were developed to reduce production costs. In this study spray-dried microalgae formulation was tested during a 76 hours period in order to develop a protocol for rotifers, Brachionus sp. production in comparison to a yeast-based product. Three protocols were compared using different concentrations of product: 0.3g, 0.6g per 10-6 rot and a free dose (chosen according to water turbidity). Free dose treatment had variable doses during the trial and was the treatment with higher doses (Table 1). As a control treatment, the commercial yeast 3YEAST60 from Bernaqua was used. Table 1 Free dose treatment used during the trial Time (hours after rotifer inoculation) Concentration (g . 106 rot.day-1) 0 1 25 1,5 51 1,2

Growth and egg production of rotifers were analyzed together with practical aspects of rotifers production. Results show that a minor concentration of product provided a better water quality during the trial. Regarding growth, no statistical differences were observed between treatments, except in the last two observations (57 and 76h after inoculation) where 0.6g treatment exhibited higher growth than 0.3g treatment. Also, no statistical differences were observed in egg production, until the last observation (76h after inoculation) with higher egged individuals in the 0.6g treatment compared to the free dose treatment. Concerning rotifers welfare and growth our results seems to indicate that this spray-dried microalgae formulation can be used for rotifers production. A lower dose of product (0.3g per 10-6rot) can be used in the first 50 hours after rotifers inoculations with an increase of dose to 0.6g per 10-6rot afterwards. Key-words:
SPRAY-DRIED MICROALGAE, LIVE FEEDS, ROTIFERS PRODUCTION, BRACHIONUS SP.

GREEN WATER TECHNIQUE USING FREEZE-DRIED MICROALGAE FOR SPARUS AURATA LARVAE REARING
a

D. Marujo b , S. Castanho a ; A. Cabrita a , A.C. Mendes a , P . P o u s o - F e r r e i r a a , M.T. Dinisb

INRB I.P. - IPIMAR, Av. 5 Outubro s/n 8700 Olho, Portugal Universidade do Algarve/CCMAR, Campus de Gambelas, 8000 Faro, Portugal

Green water is a technique widely used during larval rearing, representing high economical costs. During the last years several commercial microalgae formulations have appeared on the market in order to reduce or substitute microalgae production in hatcheries. In this study the potential use of freeze-dried microalgae (FDM) as green-water technique on rotifers and seabream larval performance was analyzed. Performances of two FDM products on water recreating the larval rearing environment (turbidity, foam in the surface of the tanks, filter blockage and deposit of particles by direct observation of the tanks) were studied by comparing with live microalgae (LM), Nannochloropsis oculata. Product providing identical results on water performance to live microalgae was selected for rotifers and seabream trials. Rotifers survival was analyzed when using this product and live microalgae as green-water technique. After, growth and survival of seabream (Sparus aurata) was also studied using the same treatments, in a standard trial from hatching until 20 days after hatching (DAH). No significant differences were observed on rotifers survival with live and freeze-dried microalgae. Rotifers with LM exhibited a 78 13 % and 79 3 % survival, respectively after 3 and 6 hours of the beginning of the trial, whereas rotifers with FDM exhibited 63 7 % and 72 5 % survival, after 3 and 6 hours. At 20 DAH, seabream larvae exhibited identical values of growth (1.17 0.16 mg for LM and 1.23 0.14 mg for FDM) and survival (17 10 % for LM and 14 8 % for FDM) regardless the treatment used. Freeze-dried microalgae can be a viable substitution of live algae in green water technique for S. aurata larvae. Key-words:
GREEN WATER TECHNIQUE; MICROALGAE; BRACHIONUS SP.; SPARUS AURATA.

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GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF SENEGALESE SOLE, SOLEA SENEGALENSIS, FED WITH DIFFERENT LEVELS OF EFA
INRB I.P. - IPIMAR, Av. 5 Outubro s/n 8700 Olho, Portugal CIIMAR-Universidade do Algarve/CCMAR, Campus de Gambelas, 8000 Faro, Portugal c Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK
a b

A.C. Mendes a,, D. Martins b, S. Castanho a, J. Coutinho a, N. Bandarra a, L. Conceiob, S. Moraisc, P. Pouso-Ferreiraa

Solea senegalensis is a highly appreciated sole species, with a significant commercial value. Although several studies have been conducted in the last few years, the nutritional requirements of this species are still not well known. In this work we fed S. senegalensis post-larvae with Artemia enriched with one of five experimental emulsions with increasing graded levels (A-E) of each of two essential fatty acids: eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and arachidonic acid (ARA) during approximately two weeks (post-metamorphosis until weaning). EPA diet did not produce any differences, while in ARA trial there are differences in some treatments. Survival rates were not affected by the diets (Fig.1).

Key-words:
SOLEA SENEGALENSIS, FATTY ACIDS, EPA, ARA, GROWTH

EFFECT OF PARTIAL SUBSTITUTION OF FISH PROTEIN BY HYDROLYSED FEATHER MEAL IN SEABREAM

T. Airesa*, N. Nogueirab, D. Teixeirab
a b

SORGAL, Sociedade de leos e Raes, SA, EN 109 Pardala, 3880-728 S. Joo Ovar, Portugal Centro de Maricultura da Calheta, Vila da Calheta, 9370-133 Calheta, Madeira, Portugal

*[email protected]

Production of formulas with low amounts of fish meal for seabream is being researched widely. However, the substitution is usually made with vegetable raw materials. Three formulas were designed with similar digestible protein (DP)/ digestible energy (DE) and two energy levels. Seabream (initial weight 271.1616.00g) were fed ad libitum during three months six days per week. At the end of the feeding trial weight gain and biological parameters were assessed. The results obtained show that for large seabream at the lower end of optimal temperature (17.50.2C), no gain in growth and feed efficiency was obtained with high digestible energy, and that it is possible to substitute fish meal with a high amount of hydrolysed feather meal without loosing performance. When economical analysis is performed, this substitution gives the best cost-performance relation. Key-words:
GILTHEAD SEABREAM, FEATHER MEAL, SUBSTITUTION OF FISH MEAL

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Session VI: Product Quality QUALITY OF SEABASS (DICENTRARCHUS LABRAX) CULTURED UNDER SEMI INTENSIVE CONDITIONS
T.G. Pereiraa, A. Gonalvesa, P. Pouso-Ferreirab, M.L. Nunesa
U-VPPA, INRB I.P./L-IPIMAR, Avenida Braslia, 1449-006 Lisboa, Portugal U-AQ, INRB I.P./L-IPIMAR, Avenida 5 de Outubro, 8700-305 Olho, Portugal
a b

Fish farming (freshwater, brackish and marine fish species) has registered a rapid expansion in last decades, because of the increase of demand for seafood. Seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) is one of the main cultured fish species in Portugal. The highest knowledge gain about the effects of culture conditions on the quality of farmed fish will allow improving of quality features of cultured fish. Quality of cultured fish is influenced by intrinsic and extrinsic factors. The nutritional value and organoleptic characteristics of fish are especially affected by culture conditions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the proximate composition and sensorial quality of farmed seabass. Cultured seabass were reared in earthen pond in EPPO/L-IPIMAR, fed with commercial dry feed. After slaughter in ice: water slurry, fish were transported to the laboratory in ice. Total length and weight were determined. The liver and visceral fat were removed and separately weighed to calculate the perivisceral fat (%) and hepatosomatic index (HSI). Moisture, protein, fat and ash contents of fish muscle were assayed by AOAC methods. A shelf life study in ice was also carried out. The quality changes during the chill storage were evaluated by sensory assessment and chemical analysis (formation of volatile basic compounds: TVB-N and TMA-N). Total fish length and body weight were 41.371.06 cm and 886.3155.61 g, respectively. The perivisceral fat and HSI values were 6.59 1.41% and 2.460.48%, respectively. The proximate composition of fish muscle was 70.3% moisture, 20.9% total protein, 7.6% fat and 1.2% ash. Sensory results show high freshness of fish at initial stage (1 day in ice) and borderline quality after 14 days of chill storage. Significant formation of volatile compounds was not observed within this period and values around 17 and 3 mg N/100 g of muscle were found for TVB-N and TMA-N, respectively. Key-words:
SEABASS, SENSORY QUALITY, SEMI INTENSIVE REARING, PROXIMATE COMPOSITION

INFLUENCE OF LARVAL STAGE MALFORMATIONS ON JUVENILE DEVELOPMENT OF WHITE SEABREAM, DIPLODUS SARGUS
L. Nicolaua*, M. Barataa, P. Pouso-Ferreiraa
a

*[email protected]

INRB.IP-IPIMAR, Avenida 5 de Outubro, 8700 Olho, Portugal

In aquaculture skeletal deformations are responsible for higher mortalities, reduced growth and conversion rates, lower resistance to disease, alteration of external morphology, resulting in higher production costs. The purpose of this study was to analyse how the malformations observed during larval stage evolved at juvenile stage after fish were maintained at different densities. White seabream Diplodus sargus (Linnaeus, 1758) is new candidate species for aquaculture production, especially for semi-intensive regime in earthen ponds. Larval rearing experiments were carried out during 50 days. Samples were collected throughout development at regular stages from hatching until the end of larval stage. Specimens were stained with alcian blue 8GX and alizarin red S for the observation of cartilage and bone respectively, allowing the detection of skeletal deformities. After this period fish were maintained at different densities (1.5 and 5 kg/m3) until 150 DAH, when these individuals were sampled to determine the percentage of skeletal deformities visible externally. At the end of larval stage (50dah), high levels of skeletal deformities were observed, where 70% of Diplodus sargus larvae exhibited malformations with a variable degree of severity, and fish exhibited one deformity to multiple deformities. Of the deformations detected, 54% featured at the caudal complex, only observed by staining. Only 18% were externally visible deformities, such as lordosis and kyphosis. During juvenile stage, these malformations increased to 30-40%. Again, lordosis, kyphosis and vertebral fusion were the malformations more frequent at this stage. The percentage of malformations was identical (40%) regardless the different densities used. In this study density was not responsible for enhancing malformations. The majority of malformations observed externally at juvenile stage were identical to the ones described at the end of larval stage, by the double staining technique. The use of this methodology at the end of larval period might be used to predict the percentage of malformations being a valuable tool for production management. Key-words:
DIPLODUS SARGUS; SKELETAL DEFORMATIONS; DENSITY

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IMPROVING THE FISH QUALITY OF INTENSIVE SYSTEMS BY A SHORT CROSSING IN EFFLUENT TREATMENT PONDS
a Littoral, Environnement et Socits (LIENSs), UMR 6250, CNRS-Universit de La Rochelle, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, F-17042 La Rochelle Cedex 01, France b IFREMER, 17137 LHoumeau, France c IFREMER, Dpt Biotechnologies et Ressources Marines, 44311 Nantes 03, France d Ferme Marine de Douhet, 17840 La Bre les Bains, France e CIIMAR, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal f IFREMER, Dpt Amlioration Gntique, Sant Animale, Environnement, 85230 Bouin, France

M. Richarda,b*, M. Cardinalc, R. Fabred, J.T. Mauriceb, J. Cornetc, C. Donnay-Morenoc, J.P. Gouygouc, J.P. Bergc, L. Valentee, S. Carioud, M. Hamdaouid, J. Hussenotf

*[email protected]

As part of SEACASE project, an experiment was carried out to test the influence of production system (intensive vs. integrated system) on quality of seabream (Sparus aurata). The studied integrated system coupled a seabream intensive farm (Ferme Marine du Douhet, le dOlron) and extensive productions of macroalgae (Ulva, Chaetomorpha) and fish in effluent treatment ponds. Results showed that in contrast to intensive farms, seabream were naturally colourfull (golden yellow marl above eyes) in effluent treatment ponds. Fish flesh was more colourfull before and after cooking. Muscles were less fatty and contained more omega 3 fatty acids. Finally, odour and taste had a marine-iodine like characteristic. Analysis of stomachal contents showed that seabream ate crustaceans (decapods, isopods and amphipods) and ulvae in ponds. Crustaceans seemed to have the same profile of fatty acids than seabream. The quality of seabream reared in integrated systems is probably correlated with their natural environment (natural preys and sun). A short stay of two months in the integrated system could improve the quality of 300g-fish resulting from intensive system. Key-words:
PRODUCT QUALITY, GILTHEAD SEABREAM, EFFLUENT TREATMENT PONDS, INTEGRATED SYSTEM

EVALUATION AND PREDICTION OF MORPHOLOGICAL QUALITY OF JUVENILES FOR EXTENSIVE AQUACULTURE: NEW INSIGHTS BASED ON THE APPLICATION OF SELF-ORGANIZING MAPS
T. Russo, E. Palamara, M. Scardi, S. Cataudella, C. Boglione
Experimental Ecology and Aquaculture Laboratory Biology Department University of Rome "Tor Vergata" Via della Ricerca Scientifica 00133 Roma - ITALY

Data inherent skeletal anomalies in shape (deformities) and number (meristic counts) of a total of 2590 wild (6 lots) and reared (25 lots) juveniles of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata), were joined to the historical database of the Laboratory of Experimental Ecology and Aquaculture of the Tor Vergata University of Rome (2797 juveniles, whose 262 are wild ones) and submitted to Self Organizing Maps (SOMs) that are a particular kind of non-supervised artificial neural networks. They are data visualization techniques which generate models in which the original information, exemplified by prototypes, can be effectively analysed and correlated with other external source of information (rearing density, temperature, tank volumes). The SOMs revealed a series of well-defined patterns of shape and skeletal characteristic that relate to each rearing approach.

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SHAPE ANALYSIS OF GILTHEAD SEABREAM (SPARUS AURATA, L) FROM DIFFERENT ORIGINS AND REARING CONDITIONS
C. Costaa, F. Antonuccia, S. Cataudellab, C. Boglioneb
Agritech Lab (Lab. for the High-Tech Engineering Applications in Agriculture) CRA-ING (Agricultural Engineering Research Unit of the Agriculture Research Council) Via della Pascolare, 16 - 00016 Monterotondo (Roma) ITALY b Experimental Ecology and Aquaculture Laboratory Biology Department University of Rome "Tor Vergata" Via della Ricerca Scientifica 00133 Roma - ITALY
a

A total of 1402 wild and reared post-larvae specimens of seabream, divided in 4 size-groups, were sampled to investigate their morphological differences through Geometric morphometry coupled with Canonical Variates Analysis (CVA). Each group is composed by specimens originated from different rearing sites and by wild individuals. The CVA evidenced a good differentiation among wild and farmed and rearing sites.

EVALUATION OF THE SKELETAL QUALITY IN SENEGALESE SOLE (SOLEA SENEGALENSIS) REARED UNDER INTENSIVE VS EXTENSIVE CONDITIONS
1 2

P.J. Gavaia 1, N. Richard 1, L. Dmaso 2, M.T. Dinis 1, P. Pouso-Fereira 2, S. Engrola1, L. Conceio1, L. Cancela1
- CCMAR - Centre for Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, 8005 139 Faro, Portugal. [email protected] - Estao Piloto Piscicultura de Olho, IPIMAR/CRIP Sul, Av. 5 Outubro s/n 8700-302 Olho, Portugal

The Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) is characteristic from southern Europe and Mediterranean. It has recently been adapted for aquaculture production since it is well accepted by consumers and reaches high commercial values. After the description of the ontogenic events of skeletogenesis a evaluation on the incidence of malformations was conducted, revealing high levels of skeletal deformities reaching up to 80% incidence. This can represent a constraint for further improving performances in this species. A comparison of rearing methodologies revealed a relatively high incidence of skeletal deformities in early life stages captured in nature (20%) and in individuals raised in mesocosms (20-50%), that indicates that deformities have other causes than just the ones induced in captivity. Although relatively high numbers of deformities were observed in different conditions, the external anatomy is normally not severely affected, meaning that the aquaculture success of this species might not be impaired by skeletal deformities. Still, advances in nutritional and zootechnical conditions should be made to improve the overall skeletal quality of Solea senegalensis.

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Session VIII: Current Status of Extensive and Semi-intensive Aquaculture CARRYING CAPACITY OF BIVALVE MOLLUSKS IN COASTAL WETLANDS: A NEW POTENTIAL TOOL IN AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT IN THE GULF OF CDIZ
O. Moreno*, J. Morales, A. Royo, C. Jimnez, P. Azcona, E.J. Malta
*[email protected]

Shellfish harvesting has been a long tradition in the coastal salt-marshes of the Huelva and Cdiz, more recently the introduction of intensive bivalve aquaculture procedures forced the Andalusian administration to develop regional spatial planning of suitable areas for exploitation. Our paper will review the planning criteria used in the first attempts of identification and distribution of the culture units. The original planned distribution in individual/family cultivation units has been in operation during the past 25 years, in this time extensive studies has been performed in several European countries to set-up an operational methodological approach for the estimation of the carrying capacity for bivalve mollusks aquaculture. The current carrying capacity models proposed in the scientific literature could be grouped within three categories, which will be briefly described in comparison with the former planning concepts. Finally, a critical review about the feasibility of the proposed carrying capacity methodological approaches, as an operational management tool, will be performed taken to the Carreras saltwater-marshes complex (Huelva, SW Spain) as an application case study.

Session IX: Socio-economic Assessment of Non-intensive Systems SUSTAINABLE COASTAL AQUACULTURE IN EUROPE: THE ETHICS OF FARMED FISH PRODUCTION
M. Magalhes-SantAnaa*, L. Conceiob, J. Diasb, P. Rauxc, I.A. Olssona
Laboratory Animal Science, IBMC Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal b CCMAR-CIMAR L.A., Centro de Cincias do Mar do Algarve, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal c UMR-AMURE Centre de droit et dEconomie de la Mer Universit de Brest / IFREMER, Centre Ifremer Brest - BP 70, 29280 Plouzane, France
a

*[email protected]

While ocean fish populations have become critically endangered, the foreseeable collapse of commercial wild fish stocks puts increasing pressure over traditional oceanic fisheries and makes worldwide demand for dietary fish protein particularly dependent of farmed fish production. In response to this demand, aquaculture production has increased steadily during the last two decades but, at the same time, there is serious concern over the sustainability of a number of the practices involved. While European markets are amongst the world largest consumers of fish products, official health recommendations advocate an additional increase in fish consumption. As large consumers with environmental ambitions and economic power, European public and private sectors bear special responsibility in the implementation of sustainable marine aquaculture systems. Research projects are under way which intend to minimize environmental impacts of aquaculture, increase its socio-economic benefits and improve the safety and quality of aquaculture products. But how able are they to achieve these goals? The purposes of the present paper are to (1) present a critical appraisal of some of the measures that can help aquaculture production move towards sustainability and (2) make an analysis of how recent EU funded research projects on sustainable coastal aquaculture meet the aforementioned objectives. Key-words:
COASTAL AQUACULTURE, SUSTAINABILITY, ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS

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TECHNICAL AND ECONOMICAL EVALUATION OF TILAPIA HATCHERIES PROJECTS FOR EGYPT YOUTH
A. Salem a,d*, A.M. Nour b, A.R. Haleam c, M.A. Essa a, T.M. Srourd, M.A. Zaki b, N. El-Bermawyd.
(NIOF), National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Aquaculture Division, Alexandria, Egypt. Animal Production Dept., Fac. of Agric. El-Shatby, Alexandria Univ., Egypt. c Central Laboratory of Aquaculture Research, Agriculture Research Center, El-Abbassa, Egypt. d Animal and Fish Production Dept., Fac. of Agric. Saba Basha, Alexandria Univ., Egypt.
a b

*[email protected]

The goal of this study was to propose a fish project for the youth. A study was conducted to evaluate the technical and economical performance of three tilapia hatcheries differing in their scale of production and most of their management procedures but similar in some technical procedures: manual removal of fry from mouth brooders reared in concrete tanks kept inside greenhouses. The parameters tested included water quality, feeding regime and fry production related to brooders weight and stocking rate. The results revealed the superiority of the small-scale hatcheries in yearly fry production per individual female (3724 fry), total brooder weight (20248 fry/kg) and water volume in cubic meter (27930 fry). This superiority may be attributed to the application of high quality ground water supplied with continuous aeration and higher quality feed (30% protein). On the other hand large scale fish farm achieved the best fry yield per kg female/year averaging 24640 fry, a production which is a direct effect of the higher number of females per unit weight of stocked brooders (12 females / kg brooders). Economic evaluation, however, indicated that medium scale fish farm is more profitable than both small scale and large-scale farms as indicated by the lowest operating ratio and the value of return on cost. It is concluded that a medium size hatchery project should be recommended for the youth. Key-words:
EGYPT, YOUTH, TILAPIA, BROOD FISH, FRY, HATCHERIES, TECHNICAL, ECONOMICAL, EVALUATION AND PROJECTS.

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Workshop Financial Issues - contact person:

Cristina Incio Tel.: (+351) 289 800 900 Ext: 7286 Fax: (+351) 289 800 051 Email: [email protected]

http://www.seacase.org/workshop.html

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