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Sec3x Integral

To integrate sec x dx, one can use the substitution u = sec x + tan x, du = (sec x tan x + sec x) dx, which yields ln |sec x + tan x| + C. Alternatively, partial fractions can be used after substituting y = sin x, dy = cos x dx, yielding ln |tan x + sec x| + C. To integrate sec3 x dx, integration by parts with u = sec x, dv = sec2 x dx gives 1/2 sec x tan x + 1/2 ln |sec x + tan x| + C. Partial fractions can also be used after substituting y = sin x, dy =

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Francisco De León-Sotelo Esteban
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800 views

Sec3x Integral

To integrate sec x dx, one can use the substitution u = sec x + tan x, du = (sec x tan x + sec x) dx, which yields ln |sec x + tan x| + C. Alternatively, partial fractions can be used after substituting y = sin x, dy = cos x dx, yielding ln |tan x + sec x| + C. To integrate sec3 x dx, integration by parts with u = sec x, dv = sec2 x dx gives 1/2 sec x tan x + 1/2 ln |sec x + tan x| + C. Partial fractions can also be used after substituting y = sin x, dy =

Uploaded by

Francisco De León-Sotelo Esteban
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Integration of sec x and sec3 x

sec x dx by trickery The standard trick used to integrate sec x is to multiply the integrand by 1 = then substitute y = sec x + tan x, dy = (sec x tan x + sec x) dx. sec x dx = sec x
sec x+tan x sec x+tan x 2 sec2 x+sec x tan x sec x+tan x dy y sec x+tan x sec x+tan x

and

dx =

dx =

= ln |y| + C

= ln | sec x + tan x| + C sec x dx by partial fractions Another method for integrating sec x dx, that is more tedious, but less dependent on a

memorized trick, is to convert sec x dx into the integral of a rational function using the substitution y = sin x, dy = cos x dx and then use partial fractions. sec x dx = = =
sin x+1 sin x1 1 2 1 cos x 1 2

dx = +
1 1y

cos x cos2 x

dx =
1 2

cos x 1sin2 x 1 y+1

dx = dy =

1 1y 2 1 2

dy

1 1+y y+1 y1

dy =
1 2

1 y1

ln |y + 1| ln |y 1| + C

ln

+C =

ln

sin x+1 sin x1

+C

To see that this answer is really the same as the one above, note that =
(sin x+1)2 sin2 x1

(sin x+1)2 cos2 x

1 ln 2

sin x+1 sin x1

1 2

ln

(sin x+1)2 cos2 x

1 2

ln

(sin x+1)2 cos2 x

= ln

sin x+1 cos x

= ln | tan x + sec x|

sec3 x dx by trickery The standard trick used to evaluate sec3 x dx is integration by parts with u = sec x, dv = sec2 x dx, du = sec x tan x dx, v = tan x. sec3 x dx = sec x sec2 x dx = sec x tan x tan x sec x tan x dx

Since tan2 x + 1 = sec2 x, we have tan2 x = sec2 x 1 and sec3 x dx = sec x tan x [sec3 xsec x] dx = sec x tan x+ln | sec x+tan x|+C sec3 x dx

where we used sec x dx = ln | sec x + tan x| + C. Now moving the hand side to the left hand side 2

sec3 x dx from the right

sec3 x dx = sec x tan x + ln | sec x + tan x| + C sec3 x dx =


1 2

sec x tan x +

1 2

ln | sec x + tan x| + C

for a new arbitrary constant C. 1

sec3 x dx by partial fractions Another method for integrating sec3 x dx, that is more tedious, but less dependent on trickery, is to convert sec3 x dx into the integral of a rational function using the substitution y = sin x, dy = cos x dx and then use partial fractions. sec3 x dx = = = = =
1 4 1 4 1 cos3 x

dx =
1 y+1

cos x cos4 x 2

dx =
1 4

cos x [1sin2 x]2 1 (y1)2 1 (y+1)2

dx =

1 [1y 2 ]2

dy = dy

1 [y 2 1]2

dy

1 1 2 y1

dy =
1 y+1

2 (y1)(y+1)

1 (y+1)2

1 (y1)2

1 y1

dy
1 y+1 1 2 2y + C = 1 y 2 1 + 4 sin x+1 sin x1 1 4

1 y1

ln |y 1| + ln |y + 1|
1 4

ln

y+1 y1

+C

1 y 2 1y 2

ln

y+1 y1

+C =

1 sin x 2 cos2 x

ln

+C

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