LINUX ASSIGNMENT Exercise: 1

Q-2.Enter these commands at the UNIX prompt, and try to interpret the output. Ask questions and don't be afraid to experiment (as a normal user you cannot do much harm): Command:echo hello world. Output: It types hello world on terminal screen.

Command: passwd It is used to change users password.

Command:date Output: Wed Oct 20 12:23:10 PDT 2012 It gives us todays date & time.

Command: hostname Output:localhost.localdomain

Command: arch Output:i686 It is used to print machine hardware name.

Command: uname a

Output:Linux localhost.localdomain 2.6.32-131.0.15.el6.i686 #1 SMP Tue May 10 15:42:28 EDT 2011 i686 i686 i386 GNU/Linux. It gives us Kernel name, hostname, Kernel release, Kernel Version, machiene hardware name &OS name Command: dmesg | more It is used to print or control the kernel ring buffer.

Command: uptime Output: 05:37:57 up 32 min, 2 users, load average: 0.23, 0.34, 0.42 It tells us how long the system has been running.

Command: who am i Output:student pts/0 It shows current users 2012-10-17 05:23 (:0.0)

Command: who Output: student tty1 student pts/0 List all users. 2012-10-17 05:08 (:0)

2012-10-17 05:23 (:0.0)

Command:id Output:uid=500(student) gid=500(student) groups=500(student) context=unconfined_u:unconfined_r:unconfined_t:s0-s0:c0.c1023. It prints real and effective user and group IDs& Context.

Command: last It gives us the list of last logged in users.

Command: w Output:05:53:18 up 47 min, 2 users, load average: 0.12, 0.10, 0.18 USER TTY FROM :0 :0.0 LOGIN@ IDLE JCPU PCPU WHAT 05:08 47:20 1:10 0.18s pam: gdm05:23 3.00s 1.35s 0.33s w

student tty1 passwo student pts/0

It shows who is logged on and what they are doing.

Command: top It displays Linux tasks.

Command: echo $SHELL Output:/bin/bash It is used to view current shell that is being used.

Command:echo {con,pre}{sent,fer}{s,ed} Output:consents consented confers confered presents presented prefers preferred. It gives us the combination of all possible words.

Command: man ls It gives us manual page of ls command. Basically, ls command is used to give list of directory contents.

Command: man who It gives us manual page of who command. Basically, who command is used to show who is logged on.

Command: clear It is used to clear terminal.

Command: cal 2000 It gives us calendar of year 2000.

Command: 9 1752 It gives us calendar of Sept. 1752.

Command: bc-l Output: bc 1.06.95 Copyright 1991-1994, 1997, 1998, 2000, 2004, 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This is free software with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY. Here, bc stands for an arbitrary precision calculator language.

Command: echo 5+4 | bcl Output:9

Command: yes please It continuously prints please

Command: time sleep 5 Output:real 0m5.098s user 0m0.001s sys 0m0.008s

Command: history It shows us history of all commands which were typed in terminal.

Exercise: 2
Q-1. Try the following command sequence: cd change to home directory o output - [student@localhost ~]$

pwd show current working directory o output - /home/student ls -al - formatted listing with hiding files in /home/student directory. cd . no change pwd (where did that get you?) - /home/student cd .. - [student@localhost home]$ pwd - /home ls -al - formatted listing with hiding files in /home directory.

cd .. - [student@localhost /]$ pwd - / ls -al formatted listing with hiding files in / directory. cd .. - [student@localhost /]$ pwd (what happens now) - / cd /etc - [student@localhostetc]$

ls -al |more formatted listing with hiding files in /etc directory.

cat passwd cd - [student@localhost ~]$

pwd - /home/student

Q-2. Continue to explore the filesystem tree using cd, ls, pwd and cat. Look in /bi n, /usr/bin, /sbin, /tmp and /boot. What do you see? Sol. [student@localhost Desktop]$ cd /bin [student@localhost bin]$ ls -al Gives us list of all files in /bin [student@localhost bin]$ pwd /bin [student@localhost bin]$ cat /bin cat: /bin: Is a directory [student@localhost bin]$ cd /sbin [student@localhostsbin]$ ls Gives us list of all files in /sbin [student@localhostsbin]$ pwd /sbin [student@localhostsbin]$ cat /sbin cat: /sbin: Is a directory [student@localhostsbin]$ cd /tmp [student@localhosttmp]$ ls Gives us list of all files in /boot directory.

[student@localhost boot]$ pwd /boot

[student@localhost boot]$ cat /boot cat: /boot: Is a directory

Q-3. Explore /dev. Can you identify what devices are available? Which are character- oriented and which are block-oriented? Can you identify your tty (terminal)device (typing who am i might help); who is the owner of your tty (use ls -l)? Sol. [student@localhost Desktop]$ cd /dev [student@localhostdev]$ Block oriented-Hd,RAM,cash memory Character oriented-mouse,CPU,keyboard

[student@localhostdev]$ who am i student pts/0 2012-10-19 08:25 (:0.0)

[student@localhostdev]$ ls l Total:0

4.Explore /proc. Display the contents of the files interrupts, devices, cpuinfo , meminfo & uptime using cat. Can you see why we say /proc is a pseudo-fil esystem which allows access to kernel data structures? Sol. [student@localhost Desktop]$ cd /proc

Q-5. Change to the home directory of another user directly, using cd ~username. Sol. For this, first of all we have to add another user by sudo command. And after that, we have to modify its permission by using chmod command, then we can change to the home directory of another user

directly using cd ~ username Q-6.Change back into your home directory. Sol. For this, we will use cd /home command.

Q-7. Make subdirectories called work and play. Sol: To make subdirectories, we use mkdir command.

Q-8. Delete the subdirectory called work. Sol: To delete, we use rmdir command.

Q-9. Copy the file /etc/passwd into your home directory. Sol: For this, we use cp /etc/passwd /home

Q-10 Move it into the subdirectory play. Sol: For this, we use mv /home/passwd /Desktop/hello/play

Q-11 .Change into subdirectory play and create a symbolic link called terminal that points to your tty device. What happens if you try to make a hard link to the tty device? Q-12. What is the difference between listing the contents of directory play with lsl andlsL? Sol: ls l gives list of all files information with permission details file size etc

whilels L gives only file and directory names..

Q-13. Create a file called hello.txt that contains the words "hello world". Can you use "cp" using "terminal" as the source file to achieve the same effect? Sol: [student@localhost ~]$ vi hello.txt [student@localhost ~]$ cp hello.txt /dev/tty "hello world"

Q-14.Copy hello.txt to terminal. What happens? Sol. For this we will use command: cp hello.txt /dev/pts/1

Q-15. Imagine you were working on a system and someone accidentally deleted the ls command (/bin/ls). How could you get a list of the files in the current directory? Sol: we can use dir or echo * command in this condition. Q-16 How would you create and then delete a file called "$SHELL"? Try it. Sol: We cant create a file $SHELL Because it interprete it as a shell script command.

Q-17 How would you create and then delete a file that begins with the symbol #? Try it. Sol: We can not create a file that begins with the symbol #. Q-18 How would you create and then delete a file that begins with the symbol ? Try it.

Sol: We can create a file that begins with the symbol by using vi -- command. And we can delete such files by using rm command. Q-19 What is the output of the command: echo {con,pre}{sent,fer}{s,ed}? Now, from your home directory, copy /etc/passwd and /etc/group into your home directory in one command given that you can only type /etc once. Sol: Output of the command : echo {con,pre}{sent,fer}{s,ed} is: consents consented confers confered presents presented prefers preferred. Now, to copy given directory we can use this command, cp /etc/{passwd,group} /home

Q-20 Still in your home directory, copy the entire directory play to a directory called work, preserving the symbolic link. Sol: we can do this by usning ln command.

Q-21. Delete the work directory and its contents with one command. Accept no complaints or queries. Sol: We can delete directly using rm command. 22. Change into a directory that does not belong to you and try to delete all the files (avoid /proc or /dev, just in case!) 23 .Experiment with the options on the ls command. What do the d, i, R and F options do? Sol: ls -d list directory contents only ls -i print the index number of each file ls -R list subdirectories recursively

ls -F append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries