PHYSICS

Bertujuan membantu calon STPM yang

gagal atau berprestasi lulus sebahagian
ke arah meningkatkan pencapaian agar
mencapai tahap LULUS PENUH
Digubal oleh tenaga pengajar STPM
berpengalaman di Johor Darul Takzim
PHYSICS STPM WAVE MOTION AND SOUND WAVE
PANEL PENGGUBAL:
1. EN. WONG KOK WAH
SMK TUN HABAB , KOTA TINGGI
2. EN. YUNG SEE BOON
SMK DATO BENTARA LUAR,BATU PAHAT
3. EN. TIOH KON POO
SMK YONG PENG, BATU PAHAT
4. EN. ABU BAKAR BIN IBRAHIM
SM SAINS SULTAN ISKANDAR,MERSING
5. PN. LIM SEANG KEE
SMK DATO JAAFAR, JOHOR BAHRU
2
PHYSICS STPM WAVE MOTION AND SOUND WAVE
Unit 1
Objective: By the end of the lesson students should be able to:
State the definition of wave.
Explain the propagation of sound waves.
A. Waves
1. A wave is a disturbance which moves with a fixed velocity through a medium.
The wave form does not vary while in motion.
B. Propagation of Sound Waves
1. To produce sound waves, we must have (a) vibrating object and (b) a
medium for the sound waves to propagate
2. Sound waves propagate pulses of pressure through the medium.
3. Sound waves are mechanical longitudinal waves.
Self Test 1
1. What are the two different types of wave?
2. What is the difference between transverse and longitudinal wave motion?
3. The transverse wave in a string is represented by the equation
( ) [ ], 2 . 0 sin 10 t x y
where x and y are measured in centimeters and t in seconds. The phase difference
between two points 0.20 cm apart on the wave is
A. 0.11 rad B. 0.13 rad
C. 0.20 rad D. 0.63 rad
4. The equation for a wave motion is represented by
) 2 . 0 4 ( 2 sin 6 x t y
where x and y are in meter and t in seconds.
Calculate
(a) amplitude,
(b) wavelength,
(c) speed, of the wave.
5. The equation of a transverse wave traveling along a string is
) 0 . 5 20 . 0 sin( 0 . 6 t x y +
,where x and y are in cm and t in second.
Calculate
(a) amplitude,
(b) wavelength,
(c) frequency,
(d) speed,
(e) direction of propagation,
3
PHYSICS STPM WAVE MOTION AND SOUND WAVE
Suggested answer for self test 1.
1. Longitudinal and transverse waves
2. Longitudinal wave : The direction of oscillation of the particles of the medium
transmitting the wave is parallel to direction of wave propagation.
Transverse wave : The direction of oscillation of the particles of the medium
transmitting the wave is perpendicular to direction of wave propagation
3. D
4. Compare
) 4 . 0 8 sin( 6 x t y
to )
2
sin(

x
t a y
(a) amplitude, a = 6 m
(b)

4 . 0
2
m 0 . 5
4 . 0
2

(c)
8 2 f
Hz f 4
2
8

Speed,
1
0 . 20 ) 0 . 5 )( 4 (

ms f v
5. Compare
) 0 . 5 20 . 0 sin( 0 . 6 t x y +
r
to )
2
sin(

x
t a y +
(a) amplitude, a = 6.0 cm
(b) 20 . 0
2

cm

10
2 . 0
2

(c) f rads 2 0 . 5
1


Hz f
2
5

(d) Speed,
( )
1
25 10
2
5


,
`

.
|
cms f v

(e) Right to left

4
PHYSICS STPM WAVE MOTION AND SOUND WAVE
Unit 2
Objective: By the end of the lesson students should be able to:
define displacement, amplitude, frequency, period, wavelength, and
wavefront
interpret and use the progressive wave equation,
) sin( kx t a y
or
) cos( kx t a y
sketch and interpret the displacement-time graph and the
displacement-distance graph
use the formula

x 2

derive and use the relationship

f v
A. Progressive Wave
1. Progressive wave is waves propagated continuously outward from a
source of disturbance.
2. In Progressive wave, only the shape of the wave or the wave profile move
forwards.
3. There are (a) progressive mechanical waves and
(b) progressive electromagnetic waves.
4. The speed v of the progressive wave is given by

f v
5. The progressive harmonic wave equation is given by

]
]
]

,
`

.
|
t

x
ft A y 2 sin
6. We can deduce the following data from equation
(a) amplitude , A - maximum displacement for a particles from a
equilibrium/mean position
(b) speed/velocity of the wave using
f v
- distance traveled by a pulse of
wave in a unit
time in the direction of the wave propagation.
(c) frequency , f - number of vibrations per unit time.
(d) direction of propagation - - to the right, + to the left
(e) wavelength , - distance between two successive particles moving in
phase.
(f) Period , T time for a medium particle to make a complete vibration.
(g)

x 2

is the phase difference

5
0
4
-4
8 24
Displacement(mm)
Distance(cm) 16
PHYSICS STPM WAVE MOTION AND SOUND WAVE
Example 1


Figure 1
Figure 1 shows a displacement-time and a displacement distance graph for
a progressive wave. Determine
(a) the amplitude
(b) the period of oscillation
(c) the frequency of oscillation
(d) the wavelength of the wave
(e) the speed of the wave.
Solution:
(a) amplitude,A=4.0mm (Refer both graphs)
(b) T=20 ms=0.02s (Refer displacement-time graph)
(c) f= 1/T=1/0.02=50Hz
(d) =16cm
(e) Speed ,v=f=50x 16=80cms
-1
=8ms
-1
6
y
t/s 0
y
x/m 0
(a) y-t graph (b) y-x graph
T/2 T /2
25
Displacement(mm)
time(ms)
4
4
0
10
15
PHYSICS STPM WAVE MOTION AND SOUND WAVE
Example 2:
1. Diagram(a) below shows a graph of displacement y against distance x for a
progressive wave at a certain time. At time 0.4 s later, the profile of the wave
is shown in diagram (b).
Calculate the the frequency of the wave.
Solution: from (a) 1 = 0.02 m, after 0.4 s the distance traveled by the wave is
0.10 m,
Therefore, velocity of wave is 0.10 m / 0.4 s = 0.25 m s
-1
. f=v/= 0.25 / 0.02 = 12.5
Hz
Or
0.10 m / 0.02 m = 5 waves in 0.4 s.
Therefore 5/0.4 = 12.5 waves in 1 second = 12.5 Hz.
Example 3:
A progressive wave propagates through a medium along the direction of the x-
axis is represented by the equation
y = 0.4 sin (100t + x /2)
with x and y are measured in metres and t in seconds.
Determine
a) the amplitude of the wave.
b) The frequency of the wave
c) The wavelength
d) The speed of the wave
e) The direction of the wave propagation
Solution:
a) Amplitude,A=0.4m (Compare to y= Asin (2ft + 2x/ ) )
b) 2f=100
f=50Hz
c) 2/ = /2
=4.0 m
d) v =f=50 x 4.0 =200 ms
-1
e) The wave travels along the x-axis to the left.
7
y
x/m 0
0.02
y
x/m 0.10
0.12
(a) (b)
PHYSICS STPM WAVE MOTION AND SOUND WAVE
Self -Test 2
1.The figure above shows a displacement-distance graph of a ripple wave traveling
60cm in 2.0 seconds. Calculate
a)the velocity of the wave ,
b) the wavelength of the ripple wave,
c)the frequency of the waves,
d) the period of oscillation of water surface.
2. Which line ,A to D ,in the table shows correct relationships for the respective
wavelengths,L, S and frequencies,fL , fS , of light waves and sound waves ?

3. Two points on a progressive wave differ in phase by /4 . The distance between
them is 0.5m, and the frequency of the oscillation is 10Hz. What is the minimum
speed of the wave ?
4.(a) The displacement y at distance x and time t of a sound wave propagating in air
can be represented by y = 7.5 x 10
-4
sin (315 t 1.05 x ),
Where x and y are in metres and t is in seconds.
(i) Sketch, on the same axes, a graph of y against x at time t=0 and t=T/4,
where T is the period of the wave.
(ii) Determine the velocity and the frequency of the wave.
(iii) Calculate the phase difference of a point 2.0 m from the origin.

5. What moves in a progressive wave?

6. Define frequency.
7. Define wavelength.
8
y/mm
9
0
3 6
12
3
-3
x/cm
PHYSICS STPM WAVE MOTION AND SOUND WAVE

8. Define amplitude.

9. How is phase difference related to distance between two points along a progressive wave?
10. A progressive wave is represented by the equation
) sin( cx bt a y
the speed of the
progressive wave is
A. ab B. ac
C.
c
b
D.
b
c
Question 11, 12, and 13 all refer to the figure below.

Figure above represents the simple harmonic motion of a particle in a progressive wave
traveling at a speed of 5.0kms
-1
.
11. The frequency of vibration is
A. 2.5 kHz B. 5.0 kHz
C. 25 kHz D. 50 kHz
12. The amplitude of vibration is
A. m 2 B. 2
m
C. 2
2
m
D. 4
m
13. The wavelength is
A. 10 mm B. 15 mm
C. 20 mm D. 100 mm
14. Progressive waves of frequency 300 Hz are superimposed to produce a system of
stationary waves in which adjacent nodes are 1.5 apart. What is the speed of the
progressive waves?
A. 100 ms
-1
B. 200 ms
-1
C. 450 ms
-1
D. 900 ms
-1
9
time/
+2
-2
0
0
10 20 30 40
Displacement/
7.5 x 10
-4
- 7.5 x 10
-4
t=0 t=T/4
PHYSICS STPM WAVE MOTION AND SOUND WAVE
15. The progressive equation is given by )
2
sin(

x
t a y t . Explain the
meaning of the symbols used in the equation.
16. A progressive wave is represented by the equation
) 50 sin( 5 x t y +
,where x and y are in cm, and t in seconds. Find
(a) the wave amplitude,
(b) the wave frequency,
(c) the wave length,
(d) the wave velocity.
17. A progressive wave moving in the negative x-axis direction has an amplitude of 0.50 m,
frequency of 500 Hz and a speed of 300 ms
-1
.
(a)Calculate wavelength of the progressive wave.
(b)Write the equation for the progressive wave.
18. A form of progressive wave which has frequency of 800 Hz and a speed of 350ms-1 can be
stated in the form of the following equation
) sin( kx t A y
(a)Calculate the value of
(i)

(ii) k
(b)What is the phase difference between two points of distance 1.0 m apart along the
progressive wave.
19. Transverse waves of frequency 200 Hz moves along stretched string with a speed of 5.0ms
-
1
. Each particle of the string oscillates through a distance of 6.0 cm.
(a) What is its wavelength?
(b) Write an equation to represent the progressive wave along the string.
20. The water waves in Cendana lake is represented by the equation
) 0 . 4 20 sin( 60 . 0 x t y
with x and y in metres and t in seconds.
(a) Calculate the velocity of the water waves.
(b) Write an equation which represents the water waves in Teratai lake which have the same
6.0
-6.0
50
y/cm
Distance/cm
10
7.5 x 10
-4
- 7.5 x 10
-4
t=0 t=T/4
PHYSICS STPM WAVE MOTION AND SOUND WAVE
frequency as the water waves in Cendana lake but have half the amplitude of that in Cendana lake
and propagates with a speed twice that in Cendana lake in the opposite direction.
Suggested answer for self test 2
1.
(a) Velocity,v= s/t = 60x 10
-2
/ 2.0 = 0.30ms
-1
(b) From the graph, wavelength =6.0cm=6.0 x 10
-2
m
(c) Using v=f
0.30= f x (6.0x10
-2
)
f =5.0Hz
(d) Period,T=1/f =1/5= 0.2 s.
2. A
3. phase difference= 2x / =/4 (given x=0.5m , f=10Hz )
=8 x 0.5 =4.0m
Using , v= f
= 10 x 4.0= 40ms
-1
4. (i)
t=0, y = 7.5 x 10
-4
sin ( 1.05 x ) = - 7.5 x 10
-4
sin (1.05 x )
(ii) From the equation: y = 7.5 x 10
-4
sin (315 t 1.05 x )
And compare with
]
]
]

,
`

.
|

x
ft A y 2 sin
2f = 315, f = 315/2 = 50.1 Hz,
2/ = 1.05, =2/1.05 =5.98 m.
V = f = 50.1 x 5.98 = 300 m s
-1
.
11
7.5 x 10
-4
- 7.5 x 10
-4
t=0 t=T/4
PHYSICS STPM WAVE MOTION AND SOUND WAVE
(iii) m is equivalent to 2 radian, for 2.0 m is equivalent to 2
98 . 5
20
=2.10 rad.
5. Energy
6. f : number of oscillation per second
7. : the distance between 2 adjacent positions on a progressive wave that are in
phase with other.
8. a : The maximum displacement from the equilibrium position.
9. Phase difference

x 2
,x = distance between 2 points
= wavelength
10. C
11. D
12. B
13. D
14. D
15. )
2
sin(

x
t a y t
y : displacement of particle in a medium from its equilibrium position
a : amplitude of particle vibration/wave

: angular frequency
= wavelength of the wave
x = distance of a particle from the source of the wave.
16. Compare
) 50 sin( 5 x t y +
to )
2
sin(

x
t a y +
(a) amplitude = 5 cm
(b)

= 50 rads-1, but
f 2
Hz f

25
2
50
2

(c) 1
2

2 cm
(d) velocity,
f v
50 ) 2 )(
25
(

v cms
-1
17. (a)
60 . 0
500
300

f
v

m
(b) a=0.50m,
1000 ) 500 ( 2 2 f
rads
-1
from )
2
sin(

x
t a y +
)
60 . 0
2
1000 sin( 50 . 0
x
t

+
12
PHYSICS STPM WAVE MOTION AND SOUND WAVE
)
3
10
1000 ( sin 50 . 0
x
t y +
18. (a)(i)
5020 1600 ) 800 ( 2 2 f
rads
-1
(ii)

2
k ,
m
f
v
438 . 0
800
350

3 . 14
438 . 0
2


m
-1
(b) phase difference, 3 . 14 ) 0 . 1 )( 3 . 14 (
2
kx
x

rad
19. (a)
m
f
v
025 . 0
40
1
200
0 . 5

(b)
Hz f 400 ) 200 ( 2 2
, a = 6.0 cm = 0.06 m
Equation, )
2
sin(

x
t a y t
)
025 . 0
2
400 sin( 06 . 0
x
t y

t
) 80 400 sin( 06 . 0 x t y t
) 5 ( 80 sin 06 . 0 x t y t
20. Compare
) 0 . 4 20 sin( 0 . 6 x t y
to )
2
sin(

x
t a y
(a)
20 2 f
Hz f

10
2
20

0 . 4
2

m
2 4
2

velocity,
1
0 . 5
2
10


,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|
ms f v

(b) Same 20 , m
a
a 3 . 0
2
6 . 0
2
' ; '
10
' ) 0 . 5 ( 2 2 '

f v v
m ' , direction = +
Equation : )
2
20 sin( 3 . 0

x
t y +

) 2 20 sin( 3 . 0 x t y +
13
PHYSICS STPM WAVE MOTION AND SOUND WAVE
Unit 3
Objective: By the end of the lesson students should be able to:
Use the principle of superposition to explain the formation of standing
waves
define and interpret the standing wave equation
describe quantitatively the formation of standing waves along stretched
strings and use the formula for the frequency of the sound waves
produced

A :Stationary(Standing) Waves
1. The production of a resultant disturbance at a point due to the
overlapping of similar waves crossing the point simultaneously is known
as superposition.
2. In superposition, the net displacement of the particle is the algebraic
sum of individual displacements produced by each pulse at that point.
3. Stationary waves are produced when two progressive waves of the
same type with the same amplitude and frequency move towards each
other(opposite directions) and undergo superposition in the same
region.
4. The amplitude of the stationary wave is

x
A
2
cos 2
5. A point in a stationary wave at which there is no oscillation is known as a
node.
6. A point at which the amplitude is a maximum is known as an antinode.
(a) Distance between two adjacent nodes =
2
1
(b) Distance between two adjacent antinodes =
2
1
(c) Distance between a node and the nearest antinode =
4
1
14
node Antinode
Amplitude
PHYSICS STPM WAVE MOTION AND SOUND WAVE
B: Sources of Sound Transverse stationary waves along stretched string
1. The speed v of waves traveling along a stretched string which vibrates
transversely is given by
2.

T
v
3. When we pluck a stretched string, transverse waves are produced and
they travel along the string in opposite directions. Stationary waves are
set up along the string when the similar transverse waves traveling in
opposite directions superimposed.
4. A stretched string vibrates in the fundamental mode when only one
antinode is produced in between the two fixed ends of the string. The
frequency of vibration of the string is the fundamental frequency f0.
5. The fundamental frequency f0 is given by
6.

T
L
f
2
1
0
, o= 2L
7. L= length of the string, T = tension in the string, =mass per unit length
8. The stretched string can vibrate in other modes besides the fundamental
mode.
Fundamental 1st
overtone
2
nd
overtone
3
rd
overtone
4
th
overtone
stretched
String

T
L
f
2
1
0

f
1
=2f
o
f
2
=3f
o
f
3
=4f
o
f
4
=5f
o
Example 1
A stationary wave in a stretched string is represented by the equation
y= 3 sin x/ 4 cos 20t,
with x and y measured in centimeters and t in seconds .
a)What is the resultant amplitude ?
b) what is the distance between two adjacent nodes of the stationary
wave ?
Solution:
a) Resultant amplitude =2Acos(2x /)
b)Given : y= 3 sin( x/ 4 )cos( 20t)
General equation:y=[ 2Acos(2x/ )]sin2ft.
Hence, 2x/ = x/4 =8 cm
Therefore the distance between two adjacent nodes = /2 = 8/2 =4.0cm.
15
PHYSICS STPM WAVE MOTION AND SOUND WAVE
Example 2
A string is stretched by the weight of an object of mass 5.0kg, as shown in
figure above. It has the following properties: length PQ= 40 cm,
diameter,d=0.50mm and density of string= 7.9 x 10
3
kgm
-3
Determine:
a) the tension in the string.
b) The mass per unit length of the string
c) The fundamental frequency if the string vibrates in the fundamental
mode.
d) The frequency of the second overtone if the string can produce this
overtone.
Solution :
a) Tension, T=mg= (5.0)(9,81)=49.05N
b)
d
A L
If m represents the mass of PQ of length 40cm, then the mass per
unit length is given by = m/L
=V/L =AL/L= (d
2
/4)
= (7.9 x 10
3
)(0.5 x 10
-3
)
2
/4=1.55 x 10
-3
kgm
-1
c)

Hz
T
L
f
222
10 x 55 . 1
05 . 49
) 40 . 0 ( 2
1
2
1
3
0

c) Frequency of the second overtone= frequency of third harmonic.

=3f0
= 3 x 222 = 666 Hz
f1= v/= 3v/4l = 3(320)/4(0.64)= 375Hz.
16
P
Q
string
object
Smooth pulley
PHYSICS STPM WAVE MOTION AND SOUND WAVE
Example 3
The figure shows a standing wave on a stretched string. A, B, C, and D are
points on the string.
Compare the oscillations of the points B, C, and D with that of the point A in
terms of
(i) amplitude and
(ii) phase.
Solution:
(i) Amplitude of the point B is smaller than that of A.
Amplitude of the point C is zero.
The points A and D have the same amplitude.
(ii) The points A and B are in phase.
The point C does not oscillate at all.
The points A and D are in antiphase.
Self Test 3
1. Which of the following statements is not true about a stationary wave?
A. The phases of oscillation of the medium are the same between consecutive
nodes.
B. The amplitudes of oscillation of the medium are different between consecutive
nodes.
C. Velocities of oscillation of the medium are the same between consecutive nodes.
D. Frequencies of oscillations of medium are the same between consecutive nodes.
(Answer:C)
2. A stationary wave is represented by the equation y=5sin (x/8)cos(50t),where
x and y are in cm , and t in second. What is the distance between successive
antinodes ?
A. 4.0 cm B. 8.0 cm C. 12.0 cm D.25.0 cm
3. A stationary wave is set up on a stretched string XY as shown in the figure
17

A
A
A
PHYSICS STPM WAVE MOTION AND SOUND WAVE
.Which points vibrates exactly in phase with P


A. 1 and 2 B. 2 and 3 C. 1 only D. 3 only
4.The frequency of the fundamental note produced by a stretched string of length
1.0 m is 256Hz. When the string is shorterned to 0.4 m at the same tension, the
fundamental frequency is
A. 102Hz B. 312 Hz C. 416Hz D. 640Hz
5. A stretched wire of length 60.0cm and mass 10.0g vibrates transversely.
Waves travel along the wire at a speed 210ms
-1
. Three antinodes can be found in
the stationary waves formed in between the two ends of the wire. Determine
a) the wavelength of the progressive waves which move along the wire.
b)the frequency of vibration of the wire.
c) the tension in the wire.
6. One end of a string of mass 1.45 g and length 50.0 cm is attached to a frequency
generator and the other end to a weight holder which hangs over a fixed pulley. The
part of the string between the generator and the pulley is horizontal. The string is set
to vibrate. Several weights are added until a fundamental frequency of 120 Hz is
achieved.
(a) Describe the motion of the particles in the string.
(b) Calculate the tension in the string when the fundamental frequency is achieved.
7. A stretched string between two fixed points is free to vibrate when plucked at the centre.
(a) Sketch the fundamental mode of the vibrating string and state the equation
relating the fundamental frequency f
0
, to the length of string, l and the speed of
waves in the string, v.
(b) Sketch the 2 lowest overtones, and state their respective frequencies in terms of
f
0
.
8.
State the principle of superposition of two waves.
b) Stationary waves are formed in a stretched string. Explain the meaning of the terms
(i) node and antinode
(ii) fundamental frequency and overtones
9
A standing wave is represented by the equation y = 26cos 4x sin 5t where x and y
are in m and t is s.
(a) What is the frequency of the standing wave?
18
P
X
1 2 3
Y

A
A
A
PHYSICS STPM WAVE MOTION AND SOUND WAVE
(b) What is the distance between successive nodes?
I Calculate the wavelength.
10.
Show in the table below the frequency, the wavelength, the number of antinodes
(A), and nodes (N) for the various modes of vibration along
a stretched string. Sketch a diagram to show each mode of vibration.
11. The mass of a stretched string of length 2.4m is 60g. The tension in the string
is 10N. Determine the frequency if the string vibrates
a) in three segments
b)in the fundamental mode.
12.
The frequency of the third overtone produced by a vibrating string of length 2.00
m is 1600 Hz.
(a) Calculate the frequencies of
(i) the fundamental note
(ii) the first and second overtones
(b) Calculate the velocity of the wave along the string.
Solution:
Answers for self test 3
1. C 2. B 3. D 4. D
5.a)
The waveform of the stationary wave formed in the wire is as shown above.
We have

cm
L
0 . 40 ) 0 . 60 (
3
2
)
2
1
( 3

b) Hz
v
f 525
40 . 0
210

19

------- L ------------------
A
A
A
PHYSICS STPM WAVE MOTION AND SOUND WAVE
c)
N T
kgm
m
kg
L
m
v T
T
v
736 ) 210 )( 0167 . 0 (
0167 . 0
60 . 0
010 . 0
2
1
2

6.
(a) The particles along the string vibrates vertically to set up a stationary wave.
(b)

F
l l
v
f
2
1
2
0
where
l
m

) 5 . 0 (
10 45 . 1
3

,
`

.
|

F
l
f
2
2
0
4
1
N l f F 8 . 41
5 . 0
) 5 . 0 )( 4 )( 10 45 . 1 ( ) 120 (
4
2 3 2
2
0

7.
(a)
2

l
Fundamental mode of vibration,
l
v v
f
2
0

(b)

0 2
3 f f
0 4
5 f f
20
PHYSICS STPM WAVE MOTION AND SOUND WAVE
8.
a) Principle of superposition : The resultant displacement produced by 2 waves of a
point is the vector sum of the individual displacement of the 2 waves.
(b)(i) Node : are points in the medium that do not have any displacement or
vibrate at all.
Antinodes : Are points in the medium that vibrates with maximum
amplitude.
(ii) fundamental frequency : is the lowest frequency or mode of vibration
possible by a vibrating string or air column.
Overtone are integral multiple of the fundamental frequency that can occur
or produced by a vibrating string or an air column.
9.
(a) 2 f = 5
Frequency f = 0.76 Hz
(b) At the nodes, amplitude = 0
cos 4x = 0

m,...... m,7.85 4.71 m, 57 . 1
,.........
2
5
,
2
3
,
2
4

x
x

Distance between successive nodes = (4.71 1.57) m
= 3.14 m
(b) Wavelength = 2 x 3.14 m
= 6.28 m
10.
11.
a) Since the string vibrates in three segments,
therefore length of one segment= 1/3 (length of string)
= 1/3 (240 cm)
=80 cm
Distance between two consecutive nodes in one segment= /2=80cm
= 160cm
21
Air column producing 1
st

overtone.
Air column producing 1
st

overtone.
PHYSICS STPM WAVE MOTION AND SOUND WAVE
Speed of the waves traveling along the string, v=f
f= v/

T v
f
But = m/L= 0.06kg/2.4m = 0.025kgm
-1
Hence
025 . 0
10
6 . 1
1
f
f=12.5Hz
b) f = 3 x fundamental frequency
fundamental frequency,f
o
= 12.5/3 =4.2 Hz.
12.
Unit 4
Objective: By the end of the lesson students should be able to:
describe quantitatively the formation of standing waves in air columns and
use the formula for frequency including the determination of end correction
A. Closed pipe
22
l =/4



l=3
1
/4



Air column producing 1
st

overtone.
Air column producing 1
st

overtone.
PHYSICS STPM WAVE MOTION AND SOUND WAVE
1. For the stationary wave formed in the air column in a closed pipe: (closed at
one end and open at the other end )

0
0

v
f
, L
0
4
1
Hence,
L
v
f
4
0

2. There is always an anti node at the open end and a node at the closed end.
3. The air column in closed pipe can vibrate in other modes besides the
fundamental mode.
Fundamental 1st
overtone
2
nd
overtone 3
rd
overtone 4
th
overtone
Closed
Pipe
L
v
f
4
0

f1 =3fo f2 =5fo f3 =7fo f4 =9fo
B. Open pipe
1. For the stationary wave produced in the air column in an open pipe:

0
0

v
f
, L
0
2
1
Hence,
L
v
f
2
0

2. There are antinodes at both the open ends.
23
l =/4



l=3
1
/4



Air column vibrating with
Fundamental frequency
Air column producing 1
st

overtone.
Air column vibrating with Fundamental
frequency
Air column producing 1
st

overtone.
PHYSICS STPM WAVE MOTION AND SOUND WAVE
3. The air column in an open pipe can vibrate in other modes besides the
fundamental mode.
Fundamental 1st
overtone
2
nd
overtone 3
rd
overtone 4
th
overtone
Open
pipe
L
v
f
2
0

f1 =2fo f2 =3fo f3 =4fo f4 =5fo
Example 1
An organ pipe which is closed at one end has an effective length of 0.64m. If
the speed of sound is 320 m s
-1
, Calculate the two lowest resonance
frequencies.
Solution:
At the first resonance or the fundamental frequency:

64 . 0 4
320
4

l
v v
f
o

= 125 Hz
At the second resonance or the first overtone:


125 3 3
1
x f f
o

= 375 Hz.
24
l =/4



l=3
1
/4



PHYSICS STPM WAVE MOTION AND SOUND WAVE
Example 2
A pipe, open at both sides ,has a fundamental frequency of 5.5 kHz. If the
speed of sound in air is 330 ms
-1
,
(a) calculate the effective length of the pipe .
(b) calculate the frequencies of the first overtone and the fourth overtone.
Solution:
(a)
m 03 . 0
10 5 . 5 2
330
2 2
3



f
v
L

(b) First overtone = f
1
=2f
o
= 2 x 5.5 x 10
3
= 1.1 x 10
4
Hz.
Fourth overtone = f
4
= 5f
o
= 5 x 5.5 x 10
3
= 2.75 x 10
3
Hz.
Self-test 4
1. How many nodes will be formed in an open pipe when the 3
rd
overtone sound wave is
produced?

A. 3 B 4 C 5 D 6
2. A student blows at the end of a drinking straw of length 10.0 cm. What is the lowest
frequency of sound produced? [Speed of sound in air = 320 m s
-1
]
A. 800 Hz B. 1600 Hz
C. 3200 Hz D. 4800 Hz
3. A pipe is open at both ends. If the length of the pipe is l, the wavelength of the fundamental
tone is slightly
A. less than l B. less than 2l
C. more than l D. more than 2 l
4. A pipe which is opened at one end only has an effective length of 0.15 m. If the speed of
sound in air is 330 ms
-1
, what is the fundamental frequency of the pipe.
25
L
PHYSICS STPM WAVE MOTION AND SOUND WAVE
A. 275 Hz B. 550 Hz
C. 1100 Hz D. 1650 Hz
5. A tube X closed at one end and an opened tube Y have the same length. If the end-
correction effect can be neglected, what is the ratio of
Y tube for overtone first the of frequency
X tube for overtone first the of frequency
when air is blown across the opened end of the tubes?
A. 1:4 B. 2:3
C. 3:2 D. 3:4
6. An organ pipe is 0.33 m long, open at one end and closed at the other. The speed of
sound is 330 m s
-1
. Assuming end corrections are negligible.
(a) Sketch the fundamental mode of vibration of the air column in the pipe
(b) Calculate the frequency of the fundamental mode.
(c) Sketch the first and second overtone modes of vibration of the air column.
(d) Calculate the frequencies of the first and second overtones.
7. An organ pipe is 0.33 m long and opened at both ends. The speed of sound is 330 ms
-1
.
Assuming end corrections are negligible.
(a) Sketch the fundamental mode of vibration of the air column in the pipe
(b) Calculate the frequency of the fundamental mode.
(c) Sketch the first and second overtone modes of vibration of the air column.
(d) Calculate the frequencies of the first and second overtones.
8. A well with vertical wall resonates with a note of 7.0 Hz and does not resonant with
frequencies less than 7.0 Hz. Estimate the depth of the well if the speed of sound in air is 350
m s
-1
.
Answer:
1. B 2. B 3. D 4. B 5. D
6 (a)

fundamental mode
26
PHYSICS STPM WAVE MOTION AND SOUND WAVE
(b) fundamental frequency,
Hz 250
) 33 . 0 ( 4
330
4
0

l
v
f
(c) 1
st
overtone
1
st
overtone,
Hz f f 750 ) 250 ( 3 3
0 1

2
nd
overtone
2
nd
overtone,
Hz f f 1250 ) 250 ( 5 5
0 2

7. (a)

fundamental mode.
(b) 1
st
. overtone
Hz f f 1000 ) 500 ( 2 2
0 1


2
nd
overtone

Hz f f 1500 ) 500 ( 3 3
0 2

8. Depth, L =
5 . 12
0 . 7
350
4
1
4
1
4
1

f
v

m
27
PHYSICS STPM WAVE MOTION AND SOUND WAVE
UNIT 5
Objective: At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
understand and define sound intensity.
relate sound intensity to distance from source.
relate sound intensity to the amplitude of vibrations of air molecules.
understand and define sound intensity level in Bel and decibel,dB.
calculate the sound intensity level at different distances from source.
relate sound intensity and sound intensity level.
A. Sound Intensity
1. The sound intensity I is the amount of energy transferred per second
(or power) by the sound wave that passes through unit area of any
plane surface normal to the direction of propagation of the waves.
2. Intensity,
2
4 r
P
I

, where P is the power of the source and r is the

distance from the point source.
3. The unit of intensity is J s
-1
m
-2
,or W m
-2
.
4. The intensity at a point is inversely proportional to the square of the
distance r of the point from the energy source.
5.
2
1
r
I
6. The intensity at a point is directly proportional to the square of the
amplitude A of the vibrating particle at that point.
7.
2
A I

8. Therefore,
r
A
1

Example 1.
A small source of sound radiates energy equally in all directions. The intensity
of the sound 2.0 m from the source is 3.0 x 10
-4
Wm
-2
. Assuming that the
sound is propagated without energy loss, what will be the intensity of the
sound at a distance of 3.0 m from the source.
Answer:
Using
2
1
r
I
28
PHYSICS STPM WAVE MOTION AND SOUND WAVE
2 4 4
2
1
2
2
2
2
1
10 3 . 1 ) 10 0 . 3 (
9
4
9
4
4
1
9
1
) 1 (
) 2 (
) 2 ...( ..........
3
1
) 1 ..( ..........
2
1




Wm I
I
I
I and I
Example 2.
A point source of sound radiates energy uniformly in all directions. At a
distance of 2.0 m from the source, the amplitude of vibration of air molecules
is 5.0 x 10
-3
m . Assuming that no sound energy is absorbed, calculate the
amplitude of vibration of the air molecules at a distance of 5.0 m from the
source.
Answer:
Using
r
A
1

m A
A
A
A and A
3 3
2
1
2
2 1
10 0 . 2 ) 10 0 . 5 (
5
2
0 . 5
0 . 2
0 . 2
1
0 . 5
1
) 1 (
) 2 (
) 2 ...( ..........
0 . 5
1
) 1 ....( ..........
0 . 2
1



B. Sound Intensity Level
1. Sound intensity level of a sound is the logarithm of the ratio of the sound
intensity I to the threshold intensity of hearing Io.
2. =
Bel
I
I

,
`

.
|
0
10
log
3. or =10
dB
I
I

,
`

.
|
0
10
log
4. change of sound intensity level:
dB
I
I

,
`

.
|

1
2
10
log 10
5. The threshold of hearing is the minimum intensity of audible sound and
the universally agreed standard intensity is 10
-12
W m
-2
.
29
PHYSICS STPM WAVE MOTION AND SOUND WAVE
6. The intensity level of the threshold of hearing is 0 dB.
Example 1:
The sound intensity level that is detected by an observer at a particular
distance from a sound source is 105 dB. What is the intensity of the sound
falling on the observers ear?
Answer:
Intensity level,
2 2 12 5 . 10 5 . 10
12
12
10 10
10 16 . 3 ) 10 0 . 1 ( 10 10
10 0 . 1
5 . 10 )
10 0 . 1
( log ) ( log

Wm I
I
I
I
I
o

Example 2:
The difference in intensity level between the first sound of intensity I1 and the
second sound of intensity I2 is 20 dB. What is the ratio
?
2
1
I
I
Answer:
) ( log
0
1
10 1
I
I

,
) ( log
0
2
10 2
I
I


0 . 2 ) ( log ) ( log
0
2
10
0
1
10 2 1

I
I
I
I


0 . 2 ) ( log
2
0
0
1
10

I
I
I
I

0 . 2 ) ( log
2
1
10

I
I

100 10
0 . 2
2
1

I
I
Self-Test 5:
1. A point source of sound emits energy equally in all directions at a constant rate
and a person 8 m from the source listens. After a while, the intensity of the
source is halved. If the person wishes the sound to seem as loud as before, how
far should he be from the source?
A. 2 m B.
m 2 2
C. 4 m D.
m 2 4
2. A sound wave of amplitude 0.20 mm has an intensity of 3.0 W m
-2
. What will be
the intensity of a sound wave of the same frequency which has an amplitude of
0.40 mm?
A. 4.2 W m
-2
B. 6.0 W m
-2
30
PHYSICS STPM WAVE MOTION AND SOUND WAVE
C. 9.0 W m
-2
D. 12 W m
-2
3. A point source produces a sound at a rate of 120 W uniformly in all directions.
What is the intensity level of the sound at a distance of 2.0 m from the source?
[Take threshold of hearing = 10
-12
W m
-2
]
A. 30 dB B. 124 dB
C. 130 dB D. 141 dB
4. If the level of intensity of a sound is raised by 10 dB, what is the ratio of the
new sound intensity to the original sound intensity?
A. 0.1 B. 1
C. 10 D. 10
10
5. The intensity of a sound save is 6 m W cm
-2
. If the intensity level is increased by
10 dB, what is the new intensity of the wave in m W cm
-2
?
A. 0.06 B. 6.6
C. 12 D. 60
6. A spherical sound wave is emitted by a point source. What is the intensity level
of this sound at 5 m from the source compared to the intensity level at 1 m from
the source?
A. +7 dB B. -7 dB
C. +14 dB D. -14 dB
7. A small source of sound radiates energy equally in all directions. At a particular
frequency, the intensity of the sound 1.0 m from the source is
2 5
m W 10 0 . 1

,
corresponding to an amplitude of oscillation of the air molecules of 70
. m

Assuming that the sound is propagated without energy loss, what will be
(a) the intensity of the sound
(b) the amplitude of oscillation of the air molecules, at a distance of 5.0m from
the source?
8. Define intensity of sound at a point from a source.
A point source of sound radiates energy uniform in all directions. At a distance
of 3.0 m from the source, the amplitude of vibration of air molecules is
m
7
10 0 . 1

. Assuming that no sound energy is absorbed, calculate the
amplitude of vibration 5.0 m from the source.
9. The difference in intensity level between the first sound of intensity I
1
and the
second sound of intensity I
2
is 35 dB. What is the ratio
2
1
I
I
?
10. Define sound intensity level.
The intensity level of a sound at a distance of 6.0 m from a source is 60 dB.
What is the intensity level of the sound at a distance of 12.0 m away from the
31
PHYSICS STPM WAVE MOTION AND SOUND WAVE
source?
Suggested Answers to Self-Test 5:
1.D 2. D 3. B 4. C 5. D 6.D
7.

1
a
m r 0 . 1
1
m r 0 . 5
2


(a)
2
1
r
I
2
1
1
1
r
I

2
2
2
1
r
I

2
1
2
2
2
1
r
r
I
I

1
25
0 . 1
0 . 5 10 0 . 1
2
2
2
5

I
2 7
5
2
10 0 . 4
25
10 0 . 1

Wm I
(b)
2
a I
2
1 1
a I

2
2 2
a I
2
2
2
1
2
1
a
a
I
I

2
2
2
7
5
) 70 (
10 0 . 4
10 0 . 1
a

m a 14
10 0 . 1
) 10 0 . 4 ( ) 70 (
5
7 2
2

(8)
2
a I
2
1
r
I
r
a
1

1
2
2
1
r
r
a
a

r
2
= 5.0 m, r
1
=3.0m, a
2
= ?,
m a
7
1
10 0 . 1



0 . 3
0 . 5 10 0 . 1
2
7

a
m a
8
7
2
10 0 . 6
0 . 5
) 0 . 3 )( 10 0 . 1 (

32
S
PHYSICS STPM WAVE MOTION AND SOUND WAVE
(9)
) ( log
0
1
10 1
I
I

,
) ( log
0
2
10 2
I
I

5 . 3 ) ( log ) ( log
0
2
10
0
1
10 2 1

I
I
I
I


5 . 3 ) ( log
2
0
0
1
10

I
I
I
I

5 . 3 ) ( log
2
1
10

I
I

3 5 .. 3
2
1
10 16 . 3 10
I
I
10.
=10
dB
I
I

,
`

.
|
0
10
log
Thus, 50=10
dB
I
I

,
`

.
|
0
1
10
log
,
5
0
1
10
I
I
,
0
5
1
10 I I
The resultant intensity 2 x
0
5
1
10 2 I I
=10
dB
I
I

,
`

.
|
0
0
5
10
10 2
log
= 53 dB
UNIT 6
Objective: At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
33
PHYSICS STPM WAVE MOTION AND SOUND WAVE
Understand the phenomena of beat.
Calculate beat frequency.
Understand the phenomena of Doppler Effect.
Calculate the apparent change in frequency due to relative motion of
sound source and observer.

A. Beats
1. Beats: When two notes of slightly different frequencies but similar
amplitude are sounded together, the loudness increases and decreases
periodically and beats are said to be heard.
2. Beat frequency, f = f2 - f1
3. Frequency of resultant wave =
2
2 1
f f +
B. Doppler Effect
1. Doppler Effect is the apparent change in the frequency of a sound due to
the relative motion between the observer and the source.
2. The motion of the source will cause the apparent change in wavelength.
3.
f
v v
s
t
'
4. The motion of the observer will cause the apparent change in speed of
sound.
5.
o
v v v t '
6. The apparent frequency,
'
f of the waves received by an observer who
experience the Doppler effect is given by
7.
'
'
'

v
f f
v v
v v
f
s

,
`

.
|
t
t

0 '
+vo Observer moving towards the source
-vo Observer moving away from the
source
+vs Source moving away from the
observer
-vs Source moving towards the
observer
Example 1:
Two tuning fork of frequencies 350 Hz and 354 Hz are sounded together in an
34
PHYSICS STPM WAVE MOTION AND SOUND WAVE
enclosed room. What is the beat frequency heard by an observer inside the
room?
Answer:
Beat frequency, Hz f f f 4 350 354
1 2

Example 2:
A source producing sound waves of frequency 1500 Hz, is moving away from
a stationary observer with a velocity of 45 ms
-1
. The velocity of sound =330
ms
-1
. What is the frequency of the sound heard by the observer?
Answer:
source moving away, vs=+45 ms
-1
, observer stationary,vo=0
Using
Hz f
v v
v v
f
s
o
1320 ) 1500 )(
45 330
0 330
( ) ( '
+
+

+
+

Example 3:
Velocity of sound = 330 ms
-1
. A source producing sound of frequency 1500 Hz
is moving towards an observer at a speed of 30 ms
-1
, and the observer is
moving towards the source at a speed of 20 ms
-1
. What is the frequency of the
sound heard by the observer?
Answer:
Source moving towards observer,vs=-30 ms
-1
, obserever moving towards
source, v0=+20 ms
-1
.
Hz f
v v
v v
f
s
o
1750 )
300
350
( ) 1500 )(
30 330
20 330
( ) ( '

Self-Test 6:
1. A car sounds its horn while moving along a straight road. An observer who is
stationary by the side of the road finds that the frequency of the sound made by
the horn is f
1
when the car is approaching and f
2
when the car is moving away
from her after passing her. The speed of sound is 320 m s
-1
and the speed of the
car is 40 m s
-1
. The ratio
1
2
f
f
A. 0.78 B. 1.29
C. 0.89 D. 1.12
2. A car sounds its horn and moves towards a large building. The sound of the
horn that is reflected from the building returns and undergoes superposition with
the emitted sound. What is the beat frequency heard by the driver of the car?
(Speed of the car = 10 m s
-1
; speed of sound = 330 m s
-1
; original frequency of
the horn = 200 Hz)
35
PHYSICS STPM WAVE MOTION AND SOUND WAVE
A. 6.06 Hz B. 6.25 Hz
C. 11.8 Hz D. 12.5 Hz
3. A tuning fork of unknown frequency makes 3 beats per second when sounded
together with another standard tuning fork of frequency 384 Hz. The beat
frequency becomes less if a little wax is fixed to the branches of the first tuning
fork. What is the frequency of this tuning fork?
4. What is beat?
Two sound waves with frequencies 450 Hz and 456 Hz undergo superposition.
What is the frequency of the resultant wave and what is the beat frequency?
5. What do you understand by Dopplers Effect?
A source moves towards a stationary observer with a speed one-quarter that of
sound. If the frequency from the source is 600 Hz, what is the apparent
frequency heard by the observer?
6. A train moves away from an observer standing on the platform with a velocity
of 20 ms
-1
. The siren emitted by the train has a frequency of 1 200 Hz.
(a) What is the frequency of the sound heard by the observer?
(b) What is the frequency of the sound heard by a passenger in the train?
(Speed of sound = 330 ms
-1
)
7. A police patrol car moves with a peed of 30 ms
-1
has its siren on. The sound
emitted is at frequency 1 000 Hz. What is the apparent frequency of the sound
heard by the driver of a car which is approaching the patrol car with a speed of
30 m s
-1
. (Speed of sound = 330 m s
-1
)
8. A stationary sound source emits sound of frequency 5000Hz. An observer
moves towards this source with a speed 25 m s
-1
in a straight line.
(a) What is the frequency of the sound heard by the observer?
(b) If a part of the sound is reflected by the observer and travels towards the
source,what is the frequency of the reflected wave?
(speed of sound wave=300 m s
-1
)
9. Beats are produced at one point when two sound waves meet.
(a) If the frequency of one of the waves is 600 Hz and the other is 596 Hz,what
is the beat frequency?
(b) If the intensity of each of the waves is 7.0 x 10
-9
W m
-2
,what is the
maximum intensity level heard at that point?
10. A whistle which emits sound of frequency 2 000 Hz moves away from a
observer towards a cliff with a speed of 20 m s
-1
.
(a) What is the frequency of the sound that the observer hears directly from the
whistle?
(b) What is the frequency of the sound reflected from the cliff and heard by the
36
PHYSICS STPM WAVE MOTION AND SOUND WAVE
observer?
(c) What is the frequency of the beats produced by the incident and reflected
sound?
(d) Canwe hear the beat?
(Speed of sound = 330 m s
-1
)
Suggested answers to Self-Test 6:
1. A 2. D
3.
1
3 384

s f f
B

Hz f 381
or Hz 387
when wax is fixed to f,
f f '
and 3 '
B
f

Hz f 387
(4) Beat frequency = 456 450 = 6 s
-1
Frequency of resultant wave = 453
2
450 456

+
Hz
(5) S V O

4
v
u
s

apparent wavelength
f
u v
s

'

apparent frequency,
f
u v
v v
f
s

,
`

.
|

'
'

600
4

,
`

.
|

v
v
v
Hz 800 600 )
3
4
(
(6) S O
f

20
s
u
37
PHYSICS STPM WAVE MOTION AND SOUND WAVE
(a)
Hz f
u v
v
f
s
1131 ) 1200 (
20 330
330
'
,
`

.
|
+

,
`

.
|
+

(b) frequency of sound heard by passenger in the train is the same as frequency
of
siren emitted by train 1200 as there is no relative motion between the source and
observer.
(7) S O

s
u

0
u

,
`

.
|

f
u v
s
'

0
' u v v +
f
u v
u v v
f
s

,
`

.
|

+

0
'
'
'

Hz f 1200 ) 1000 (
300
360
) 1000 (
30 330
30 330
'
,
`

.
|

(8) (a)

S O

f

0
u
f
v

0
' u v v +
Hz f
v
u v v
f 5379 ) 5000 (
330
25 330 '
'
0

,
`

.
| +

,
`

.
| +

(b) S O
f
'
'
0
f
u v

Hz f
u v
v v
f 5820 ) 55379 (
25 330
330
'
'
'
0

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|

(9) (a) Beat frequency = 600-596 = 4 Hz

38
PHYSICS STPM WAVE MOTION AND SOUND WAVE
(b)
2
a I ,
2 9
1
10 0 . 7

Wm I
maximum amplitude = a + a = 2a
maximum intensity,
2
2
) 2 ( a I
4
4
2
2
1
2

a
a
I
I

2 9
2
) 10 0 . 7 ( 4

Wm I
max. intensity level Bel 45 . 4
10
) 10 0 . 7 ( 4
log
12
9
10

(10) S O
0
u
(a)
f
u v
0
'
+

Hz f
u v
v v
f
s
1886 ) 2000 (
20 330
330
'
'
,
`

.
|
+

,
`

.
|
+

(b)
f
u v
s

' '
Hz
u v
v v
f
s
2129 ) 2000 (
20 330
330
'
' '
,
`

.
|

(d) Beat frequency =

Hz f f 243 1886 2129 ' ' '
(e) Can, but the maxima are too close to hear clearly.
39