Faraday Rotation Using FDTD Technique

Report Submitted By

Mohammad Ismail Hossain

Course: Computational Electromagnetics.

Abstract
In this report, we address to implement Faraday Rotation augment FDTD code to model a plasma (anisotropic medium). We show that as a wave propagates through the medium, the polarization rotates. We will also observe that for dierent type of sampling time we have dierent status of waves. In order to see the boundary condition, we use PML boundary condition and observe the eect of using boundary condition. Finally, we visualize these eects by using MATLAB simulation.

Contents
1 Introduction
1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3
3

2 Theoretical Background
2.1 2.2 Faraday Rotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Frequency Dependent Permittivity and Susceptibility . . . . . . . . .

4
4 4

3 Simulation Results
3.1 3.2 3.3 Demonstrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MATLAB Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7
7 8 10

4 Conclusion

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Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Introduction

The nite-dierence time-domain (FDTD) technique for the analysis of interactions of electromagnetic waves with material bodies was formulated for nondispersive by  Yee . Since that time considerable eort has been expended in extending the application of the method to lossy dielectrics. FDTD may also be applied to compute transient propagation in plasma when the plasma can be characterized by on a complex frequency dependent permittivity. Here, we are using pulse normally incident on an isotropic plasma slab, with the one limitation that the excitation pulse must have no zero frequency energy components. However, nite-dierence time-domain (FDTD) formulation has been developed, which allows explicit calculation of wideband transient electromagnetic interactions with plasma or anisotropic materials. The method is used to compute wide-band reection from an air-water interface over a frequency range where the complex permittivity of water varied signicantly with frequency [4]. First, FDTD is applied to a material (plasma) that has a nite zero frequency conductivity (the polar dielectric model for water used in has zero conductivity at zero frequency) [4]. Since plasma has the same functional behavior for permittivity as good conductors, the results presented here apply to conductors as well. The second is that the FDTD calculations remain stable over a wide bandwidth including frequencies where the plasma permittivity is negative. Other FDTD formulations will become Unstable for certain negative values of permittivity that cause multiplying factors to become singular.

Chapter 2 Theoretical Background

If any transparent solid or liquid is placed in a uniform magnetic eld, and a beam of plane polarized light is passed through it in the direction parallel to the magnetic lines of force (through holes in the pole shoes of a strong electromagnet), it is found that the transmitted light is still plane polarized, but that the plane of polarization is rotated by an angle proportional to the eld intensity. is called the Faraday rotation or Faraday Eect. This "optical rotation" The Faraday Eect or Faraday

rotation is a Magneto-optical phenomenon, that is, an interaction between light and a magnetic eld in a medium. The Faraday Eect causes a rotation of the plane of polarization which is linearly proportional to the component of the magnetic eld in the direction of propagation. We will assume that the plasma is linear and isotropic and that its plasma properties (absorbance, refractive index, conductivity, tensile strength, etc.) can be expressed by a complex frequency dependent permittivity

().

The fundamental advantage in dealing with plasma in the frequency domain

is that at each single frequency the constitutive parameters are constant. For each frequency of interest a separate calculation is made with the appropriate parameter values.

2.2

Frequency Dependent Permittivity and Susceptibility

In the time domain, all of the frequency domain permittivity information is Fouriertransformed into a time domain susceptibility function. We have incorporated the necessary convolution into the FDTD formulation. We assume familiarity with the basic Yee algorithm [1]. In the time domain we have

D(t) = 0 E(t) + 0
0
Where, where

E(t )( )d

(2.1)

is permittivity of free space,

is the relative permittivity as

( ) is the electric susceptibility, and . Actually, = 1 for all materials

[5] but inclusion of this factor allows for approximate susceptibility functions that

are not valid at innite frequency, and also allows for comparison with traditional FDTD. In this project for FDTD we need to use Maxwell curl equations. Which are

E = H =

B t D t

(2.2)

(2.3)

D = E = 0 r E
and

(2.4)

B = H

Using  Yee notation, let t=n

(2.5)

t in previous equation and each vector compo-

nents of eld D and E can be expressed by

D(t) D(n t) = D = 0 E + 0
Also we can quantize space by x=i

E(n t )( )d
0

(2.6)

x, y=j

y, z=k

z.

Figure 2.1:  Yee cell with notation.

From  Yee cell we can write, for electric eld Dx (x)

n+1 n Dx(i,j,k) Dx(i,j,k)

t
For magnetic eld

n 2 Hz(i,j+1,k) Hz(i,j,k)

n+ 1

y Dz .

n 2 Hy(i,j,k+1) Hy(i,j,k)

n+ 1

(2.7)

Similarly we can nd forDy and

Hx
n 1 n n n n Ey(i,j,k) Ey(i,j,k1) Ey(i,j,k) Ey(i,j1,k) = z y
(2.8)

2 2 Hx(i,j,k) Hx(i,j,k)

n+ 1

Similarly we can nd forHy and

Hz .

We spatially quantize the susceptibility in each cell, so that

(, x, y, z) = (, i, j, k)
Plasma Susceptibility [5]: The complex permittivity for anisotropic plasma are given by

(2.9)

() and susceptibility ( )

2 p ) = 0 (1 + ()) () = 0 (1 + (jc )
where,

(2.10)

is the collision frequency and

is the radiant plasma frequency.

For nonconductive (at zero frequency) materials, the real and imaginary parts of

()

satisfy the Kramers-Kronig relationship and

()

and

( )

are Fourier

transform pairs.

For conducting materials, including plasmas, due to the pole at a causal expression

= 0,
for

the Kramers-Kronig relationship must be modied. For the same reason the with

Fourier transform of

( )

() will yield a non-causal () However, Fourier transform equal to () except at = 0. ( ) =

(2.11)

U ( )

is the unit step function.

Chapter 3 Simulation Results

To demonstrate the accuracy of FDTD is computing transient electromagnetic interactions with plasma in a straight forward manner a one-dimensional problem of a plane wave incident on a plasma slab will be considered. direction variation, and consider only If we allow only x-

Ey

and

Hz

components, then for a plasma

with susceptibility as given by above equations 2.10 and 2.11,

= 1 and

E n+1 (i) = y

1 (i) + 0 (i) n E (i) (i) + 0 (i) y (i) + (i)

n1

E nm (i) m (i) y
0

1 n+ 1 n+ 1 2 [Hz(i+1) Hz(i)2 ] ( (i) + (i))0 x

and where, x=i

2 Hz(i+1) Hz(i)2

n+ 1

n 1

t n [E n+1 (i) Ey (i)] x y

(3.2)

x as before.

For the plasma susceptibility, we readily nd from above equation of 2.11

0 (i) =

2 p c

2 p [1 exp(c )] c

(3.3)

and

m (i) = (

2 p )exp(mc t)[1 exp(c )]2 c

(3.4)

At rst glance, it appears that evaluation of the summation (convolution) term n of will require storing a large number of past times values of Ey . But since the susceptibility function is an exponential, the summation can be updated recursively, and only one additional number need be stored for each electric eld component at each spatial index [2]. Thus we dene

n1 n y (i) = m=1
Where

nm Ey (i) m (i)
The value of

(3.5)

n y (i) is a single real variable.

n y (i) at the present time step

is related to that at the previous time step by

n n1 n1 y (i) = Ey (i) 1 (i) + [exp(c t)]y (i)

(3.6)

Using this recursive approach to evaluate the convolution summation, calculations were made for a plasma slab 1.5 cm thick. The one-dimensional problem space consists of 800 spatial cells each 75

thick, with the plasma slab occupying cells

300 through 500. The time step is 0.125 ps. The plasma considered has a plasma 10 frequency of 28.7 GHz and a collision frequency c of 2.0 10 Hz. In order to eliminate zero frequency incident energy, calculations were made for a normally incident plane wave with a time behavior given by the derivative of a Gaussian pulse. Absorbing boundaries [3] were used at the terminations of the problem space to eliminate unwanted reections.

3.2

Results

In order to establish the accuracy we took the number of 04 snapshots for dierent value of time steps such as for 400, 800, 1100 and 1600. Since we can observe that in gure 3.1 for free space propagation and when it turns to enter plasma (anisotropic) medium it polarization automatically changes after that in gure 3.4 it will continues with changed polarization. If we did not use absorb boundary condition we will get unwanted reection. We can see the code and gures below.

Time Step = 400 1.5 Free Space Plasma (Anisotropic) Material Free Space

0.5 Electric Field (v/m)

0.5

1.5

100

200

300

400 Cell Index

500

600

700

800

Figure 3.1: Wave propagation for time step 400

Time Step = 800 1.5 Free Space Plasma (Anisotropic) Material Free Space

0.5 Electric Field (v/m)

0.5

1.5

100

200

300

400 Cell Index

500

600

700

800

Figure 3.2: Wave propagation for time step 800

Time Step = 1100 1.5 Free Space Plasma (Anisotropic) Material Free Space

0.5 Electric Field (v/m)

0.5

1.5

100

200

300

400 Cell Index

500

600

700

800

Figure 3.3: Wave propagation for time step 1100

Time Step = 1600 1.5 Free Space Plasma (Anisotropic) Material Free Space

0.5 Electric Field (v/m)

0.5

1.5

100

200

300

400 Cell Index

500

600

700

800

Figure 3.4: Wave propagation for time step 1600

3.3

MATLAB Code

Faraday Rotation with Plasma (anisotropic) Eect and augment 1D FDTD clear all; %Initialization of values SC=800; % Number of spatial cells %kc=x(SC/2); Eo=8.854e-12; % Value of epsilon dx=75e-6; % Thickness of each cell % Total thickness 800x75e-6 = 6 cm dt=0.125e-12; % Time step PcS=300; % Plasma cell eect start from 300 PcE=500; % Plasma cell eect end at 500 % Total plasma thickness 200x75e-6 = 1.5 cm fp=28.7e9; % Plasma Frequency Wp=2*pi*fp; % Radiant Plasma Frequency Vc=2e10; % Collision Frequency NS=1600; % Number of time steps % Generation of zero matrixes for eld Ey=zeros(1,SC); Dy=zeros(1,SC); Hz=zeros(1,SC); % Generation of zero matrixes for single real variable "Shi" Sy=zeros(1,SC); Sy1=zeros(1,SC); Sy2=zeros(1,SC); % Initial condition t0=100.0;

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spread=25.0; % pulse width % Initial values for Absorbing boundary conditions to avoid reection Ey_low_m1=0.0; Ey_low_m2=0.0; Ey_high_m1=0.0; Ey_high_m2=0.0; T=0; %%%%%%Main Loop %%%%%%%%%%%% for n=1:NS T=T+1; % Loop for free space for i=2:SC Dy(i)=Dy(i)+0.5*(Hz(i-1)-Hz(i)); end % Source Pulse % pulse=-2.0*((t0-T)./spread).*exp(-1.*((t0-T)./spread)^2); Dy(5)=Dy(5)+pulse; % loop for plasma eect % for i=2:SC if (i >= PcS & i <= PcE) Ey(i)=(Dy(i)-Sy(i)); Sy(i)=(1+exp(-Vc.*dt)).*Sy1(i)-exp(-Vc.*dt).*Sy2(i)+ ((Wp^2).*dt/Vc).*(1-exp(-Vc.*dt)).*Ey(i); Sy2(i)=Sy1(i); Sy1(i)=Sy(i); else Ey(i)=Dy(i); end ; end % Absorbing boundary conditions to avoid reection Ey(1)=Ey_low_m2; Ey_low_m2=Ey_low_m1; Ey_low_m1=Ey(2); Ey(SC)=Ey_high_m2; Ey_high_m2=Ey_high_m1; Ey_high_m1=Ey(SC-1); for i=1:SC-1 Hz(i)=Hz(i)+0.5*(Ey(i)-Ey(i+1)); end plot(Ey,'b','LineWidth',1.5) %plot(Hz,'b','LineWidth',1.5) rectangle('Position',[300, -1.5, 200, 3],'LineWidth',1.5) grid on text((301),1.4,' Plasma (Anisotropic) Material'); text((101),1.4,' Free Space'); text((601),1.4,' Free Space'); title(['Time Step = ',num2str(n)]); xlabel('Cell Index'); ylabel('Electric Field (v/m)'); pause(0.002) ; end

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Chapter 4 Conclusion
Transient electromagnetic interactions with isotropic plasma have been explicitly calculated in the time domain using a FDTD formulation. This technique involves convolution of the time domain plasma susceptibility with the electric eld, updated at each time step. Since the susceptibility function is exponential, the convolution summation can be evaluated recursively, with only one additional real variable stored for each electric eld component. In a plasma or any other anisotropic medium, the permittivity is a tensor (a matrix, not a scalar), which causes the dierent components of the E eld to be coupled.

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Bibliography
[1] K. S . Yee,  Numerical solution of initial boundary value problems involving Maxwell's equations in isotropic media, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol. AP-14, pp. 302-307, May 1966. [2] A. Bayliss and E. Turkel,  Radiation boundary conditions for vol. AP-22, pp. 819- 821, NOV. 1974. wave-like equations, Comm. Pure. Appl. Maih., vol. AP33, pp. 707-725, 1980. [3] G. Mur,  Absorbing boundary conditions for nite-dierence approximation of the time-domain electromagnetic-eld equations, IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., vol. EMC-23,pp. 1073-1077, NOV. 1981. [4] R. Luebbers, F. Hunsberger, K. Kunz, R. Standler, and M. Schneider,  A frequency- dependent nite dierence time domain formulation for dispersive materials, IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., vol. 32, pp. 222-227, Aug. 1990. [5] L. D. Landau et al., Electrodynamics of Continuous Media, 2nd ed. Elmsford, NY:Pergamon, 1984.

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