Control Statements

Autumn Semester 2009

Programming and Data Structure

What do they do?

Allow different sets of instructions to be executed depending on the outcome of a logical test.
Whether TRUE or FALSE. This is called branching.

Some applications may also require that a set of instructions be executed repeatedly, possibly again based on some condition.
This is called looping.

Autumn Semester 2009

Programming and Data Structure

How do we specify the conditions?

Using relational operators.
Four relation operators: Two equality operations: Two logical connectives: Unary negation operator: <, <=, >, >= ==, != &&, | | !

Using logical operators / connectives.

Autumn Semester 2009

Programming and Data Structure

Examples
count <= 100 (math+phys+chem)/3 >= 60 (sex==M) && (age>=21) (marks>=80) && (marks<90) (balance>5000) | | (no_of_trans>25) ! (grade==A) ! ((x>20) && (y<16))

Autumn Semester 2009

Programming and Data Structure

The conditions evaluate to

Zero
Indicates FALSE.

Non-zero
Indicates TRUE. Typically the condition TRUE is represented by the value 1.

Autumn Semester 2009

Programming and Data Structure

Branching: The if Statement

Diamond symbol (decision symbol) indicates decision is to be made.
Contains an expression that can be TRUE or FALSE. Test the condition, and follow appropriate path.

Single-entry / single-exit structure. General syntax:

if (condition) { .. }

If there is a single statement in the block, the braces can be omitted.

Autumn Semester 2009

Programming and Data Structure

The if Selection Structure

true grade >= 60

print Passed

A decision can be made on any expression.

false

zero - false nonzero - true

if (grade>=60) printf(Passed \n);

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Example
#include <stdio.h> main() { int a,b,c; scanf (%d %d %d, &a, &b, &c); if ((a>=b) && (a>=c)) printf (\n The largest number is: %d, a); if ((b>=a) && (b>=c)) printf (\n The largest number is: %d, b); if ((c>=a) && (c>=b)) printf (\n The largest number is: %d, c); }

Autumn Semester 2009

Programming and Data Structure

Branching: The if-else Statement

Also a single-entry / single-exit structure. Allows us to specify two alternate blocks of statements, one of which is executed depending on the outcome of the condition. General syntax:
if (condition) { block 1 . } else { .. block 2 .. }

If a block contains a single statement, the braces can be deleted.

Autumn Semester 2009

Programming and Data Structure

The if/else Selection Structure

false grade >= 60

true

print Failed

print Passed

if ( grade >= 60 ) printf( "Passed\n"); else printf( "Failed\n");

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if-else syntax
if ( expression ) { statement1; statement2; . statement_n; } if ( expression ) { statement_1; statement_2; . statement_n; } else { Statement_1; . Statement_m; }

if (grade>=60) printf(Passed \n);

Autumn Semester 2009

if ( grade >= 60 ) printf( "Passed\n"); else printf( "Failed\n"); Programming and Data Structure 11

Nesting of if-else Structures

It is possible to nest if-else statements, one within another. All if statements may not be having the else part.
Confusion??

Rule to be remembered:
An else clause is associated with the closest preceding unmatched if.

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Programming and Data Structure

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if e1 s1 else if e2 s2 if e1 s1 else if e2 s2 else s3 if e1 if e2 s1 else s2 else s3 if e1 if e2 s1 else s2

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if e1 s1 else if e2 s2 if e1 s1 else if e2 s2 else s3 if e1 if e2 s1 else s2 else s3 if e1 if e2 s1 else s2

Autumn Semester 2009

if e1 s1 else if e2 s2 if e1 s1 else if e2 s2 else s3 if e1 if e2 s1 else s2 else s3 if e1 if e2 s1 else s2

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Example
#include <stdio.h> main() { int a,b,c; scanf (%d %d %d, &a, &b, &c); if (a>=b) if (a>=c) printf (\n The largest number is: %d, a); else printf (\n The largest number is: %d, c); else if (b>=c) printf (\n The largest number is: %d, b); else printf (\n The largest number is: %d, c); }
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Example
#include <stdio.h> main() { int a,b,c; scanf (%d %d %d, &a, &b, &c); if ((a>=b) && (a>=c)) printf (\n The largest number is: %d, a); else if (b>c) printf (\n The largest number is: %d, b); else printf (\n The largest number is: %d, c); }

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Confusing Equality (==) and Assignment (=) Operators

Dangerous error
Does not ordinarily cause syntax errors Any expression that produces a value can be used in control structures Nonzero values are true, zero values are false

Example:
if ( payCode == 4 ) printf( "You get a bonus!\n" ); Checks paycode, if it is 4 then a bonus is awarded

Equality check improper Equality check proper if ( payCode = 4 ) if ( payCode == 4 ) printf( "You get a bonus!\n" ); printf( "You get a bonus!\n" );
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Generalization of expression evaluation in C Assignment (=) operation is also a part of expression.

i=3; int i=4, j ; j? if(i=3) j=0; else j=1; Returns the value 3 after assigning it to i. int i=4, j ;

if(i==3) j=0; Whatever be the value of i, else j is always 0. j=1;

Programming and Data Structure

j=1

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More about expressions

Increment (++) and Decrement (--)Operations Prefix operation Postfix operation ++i; i++; --i; i--;

First increment / decrement and then used in evaluation

increment / decrement operation after being used in evaluation

int t,m=1; t=++m;

m=2; t=2;

int t,m=1; t=m++;

m=2; t=1;

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Programming and Data Structure

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Some More Examples

Initial values :: a = 10; b = 20; x = 50 + ++a; a = 11, x = 61 x = 50 + a++; x = 60, a = 11 x = a++ + --b; b = 19, x = 29, a = 11 x = a++ ++a; Undefined value (implementation dependent)
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Autumn Semester 2009

Ternary conditional operator (?:)

Takes three arguments (condition, value if true, value if false) Returns the evaluated value accordingly. grade >= 60 ? printf( Passed\n ) : printf( Failed\n ); (expr1)? (expr2): (expr3); Example: interest = (balance>5000) ? balance*0.2 : balance*0.1; Returns a value
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The switch Statement

This causes a particular group of statements to be chosen from several available groups.
Uses switch statement and case labels. Syntax of the switch statement:
switch (expression) { case expression-1: { .. } case expression-2: { .. } case expression-m: { .. } default: { } }
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The switch Multiple-Selection Structure

true case a false true case b false . . . case b action(s) break case a action(s) break

true case z false default action(s) case z action(s) break

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Example
switch ( letter ) { case 'A': printf("First letter\n"); break; case 'Z': printf("Last letter\n"); break; default : printf("Middle letter\n"); break; }

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Example
switch (choice = toupper(getchar())) { case R: case G: case B: default: } printf (RED \n); break; printf (GREEN \n); break; printf (BLUE \n); break; printf (Invalid choice \n);

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Example
switch (choice = getchar()) { case r: case R: case g: case G: case b: case B: default: }
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printf (RED \n); break; printf (GREEN \n); break; printf (BLUE \n); break; printf (Invalid choice \n);

The break Statement

Used to exit from a switch or terminate from a loop.
Already illustrated in the switch examples.

With respect to switch, the break statement causes a transfer of control out of the entire switch statement, to the first statement following the switch statement.

Autumn Semester 2009

Programming and Data Structure

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The Essentials of Repetition

Loop
Group of instructions computer executes repeatedly while some condition remains true

Counter-controlled repetition
Definite repetition - know how many times loop will execute Control variable used to count repetitions

Sentinel-controlled repetition
Indefinite repetition Used when number of repetitions not known Sentinel value indicates "end of data"

Autumn Semester 2009

Programming and Data Structure

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Counter-Controlled Repetition
Counter-controlled repetition requires
name of a control variable (or loop counter). initial value of the control variable. condition that tests for the final value of the control variable (i.e., whether looping should continue). increment (or decrement) by which the control variable is modified each time through the loop. int counter =1; //initialization

while (counter <= 10) { //repetition condition for (counter=1;counter<=10;counter++) printf( "%d\n", counter ); printf(%d\n,counter); ++counter; //increment }
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int counter;

while Statement
while (condition) statement_to_repeat; while (condition) { statement_1; ... statement_N; } int digit = 0;
while (digit <= 9) printf (%d \n, digit++);
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/* Weight loss program */ while ( weight > 65 ) { printf("Go, exercise, "); printf("then come back. \n"); printf("Enter your weight: "); scanf("%d", &weight); }

C true statement(s)

false Single-entry / single-exit structure

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do-while Statement
do { statement-1 statement-2 . . statement-n } while ( condition ); At least one round of exercise ensured.
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/* Weight loss program */ do { printf("Go, exercise, "); printf("then come back. \n"); printf("Enter your weight: "); scanf("%d", &weight); } while ( weight > 65 ) ;

statement(s) Single-entry / single-exit structure

int digit = 0;

C true

false

do printf (%d \n, digit++); while (digit <= 9);

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for Statement
for (initial; condition; iteration) statement_to_repeat;

for (initial; condition; iteration) { statement_1; ... statement_N; fact = 1; /* Calculate 10 ! */ } for ( i = 1; i < =10; i++) fact = fact * i;

All are expressions. initial expr1 condition expr2 iteration expr3

No semicolon after last expression

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 How it works?
expression1 is used to initialize some variable (called index) that controls the looping action. expression2 represents a condition that must be true for the loop to continue. expression3 is used to alter the value of the index initially assigned by expression1.
int digit; for (digit=0; digit<=9; digit++) printf (%d \n, digit);
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 How it works?
expression1 is used to initialize some variable (called index) that controls the looping action. expression2 represents a condition that must be true for the loop to continue. expression3 is used to alter the value of the index initially assigned by expression1.

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Programming and Data Structure

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int digit;

expression1

for (digit=0; digit<=9; digit++) printf (%d \n, digit);

expression2 true statement(s) expression3

Autumn Semester 2009

false

Single-entry / single-exit structure

Programming and Data Structure

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The For Structure: Notes and Observations

Arithmetic expressions Initialization, loop-continuation, and increment can contain arithmetic expressions. e.g. Let x = 2 and y = 10 Increment
for ( j = x; j <= 4 * x * y; j += y / x ) is equivalent to

Initialization Loop continuation

for ( j = 2; j <= 80; j += 5 )

"Increment" may be negative (decrement) If loop continuation condition initially false Body of for structure not performed Control proceeds with statement after for structure

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for :: Examples
int fact = 1, i; for (i=1; i<=10; i++) fact = fact * i; int sum = 0, N, count; scanf (%d, &N); for (i=1; i<=N, i++) sum = sum + i * i; printf (%d \n, sum);

Autumn Semester 2009

Programming and Data Structure

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 The comma operator

We can give several statements separated by commas in place of expression1, expression2, and expression3.
for (fact=1, i=1; i<=10; i++) fact = fact * i; for (sum=0, i=1; i<=N, i++) sum = sum + i * i;

Autumn Semester 2009

Programming and Data Structure

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Specifying Infinite Loop

while (1) { statements } for (; ;) { statements }

do { statements } while (1);

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Programming and Data Structure

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break Statement
Break out of the loop { } can use with while do while for switch does not work with if {} else {}

Causes immediate exit from a while, for, do/while or switch structure Program execution continues with the first statement after the structure Common uses of the break statement Escape early from a loop Skip the remainder of a switch structure
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A Complete Example
#include <stdio.h> main() { int fact, i; fact = 1; i = 1; while ( i<10 ) { /* run loop break when fact >100*/ fact = fact * i; if ( fact > 100 ) { printf ("Factorial of %d above 100", i); break; /* break out of the while loop */ } i ++ ; } }

Autumn Semester 2009

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continue Statement
continue Skips the remaining statements in the body of a while, for or do/while structure
Proceeds with the next iteration of the loop

while and do/while

Loop-continuation test is evaluated immediately after the continue statement is executed

for structure
Increment expression is executed, then the loopcontinuation test is evaluated.

expression3 is evaluated, then expression2 is evaluated.

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An Example with break & continue

fact = 1; i = 1; while (1) { fact = fact * i; i ++ ; if ( i<10 ) continue; break; } /* a program to calculate 10 !

/* not done yet ! Go to loop and perform next iteration*/

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ANNOUNCEMENT REGARDING CLASS TEST 1

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Time and Venue

Date: August 20, 2009 Time: 6:00 PM to 7:00 PM
Students must occupy seat within 5:45 PM, and carry identity card with them.

Venue:

VIKRAMSHILA COMPLEX / MAIN BUILDING

Section 7 :: Section 8 :: Section 9 :: Section 10 :: Section 11:: Section 12::

Room V1 Room V2 Room V3 Room V4 F 116 F 142

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Autumn Semester 2009

Programming and Data Structure

Syllabus
Variables and constants Number system Assignments Conditional statements Loops Simple input/output

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Some Examples

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Example 1: Test if a number is prime or not

#include <stdio.h> main() { int n, i=2; scanf (%d, &n); while (i < n) { if (n % i == 0) { printf (%d is not a prime \n, n); exit; } i++; } printf (%d is a prime \n, n); }

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More efficient??
#include <stdio.h> main() { int n, i=3; scanf (%d, &n); while (i < sqrt(n)) { if (n % i == 0) { printf (%d is not a prime \n, n); exit; } i = i + 2; } printf (%d is a prime \n, n); }
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Example 2: Find the sum of digits of a number

#include <stdio.h> main() { int n, sum=0; scanf (%d, &n); while (n != 0) { sum = sum + (n % 10); n = n / 10; } printf (The sum of digits of the number is %d \n, sum); }

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Example 3: Decimal to binary conversion

#include <stdio.h> main() { int dec; scanf (%d, &dec); do { printf (%2d, (dec % 2)); dec = dec / 2; } while (dec != 0); printf (\n); }

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Example 4: Compute GCD of two numbers

#include <stdio.h> 12 ) 45 ( 3 main() 36 { int A, B, temp; 9 ) 12 ( 1 scanf (%d %d, &A, &B); 9 if (A > B) { temp = A; A = B; B = temp; } 3 ) 9 ( 3 while ((B % A) != 0) { temp = B % A; 9 B = A; 0 A = temp; } Initial: A=12, B=45 printf (The GCD is %d, A); Iteration 1: temp=9, B=12,A=9 }

Iteration 2: temp=3, B=9, A=3 B%A=0 GCD is 3

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Shortcuts in Assignments
Additional assignment operators:
+ =, =, * =, / =, %=

a += b is equivalent to a = a + b a *= (b+10) is equivalent to a = a * (b + 10) and so on.

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More about scanf and printf

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Entering input data :: scanf function

General syntax:
scanf (control string, arg1, arg2, , argn); control string refers to a string typically containing data types of the arguments to be read in; the arguments arg1, arg2, represent pointers to data items in memory.
Example: scanf (%d %f %c, &a, &average, &type);

The control string consists of individual groups of characters, with one character group for each input data item. % sign, followed by a conversion character.
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 Commonly used conversion characters:

c d f s X single character decimal integer floating-point number string terminated by null character hexadecimal integer

We can also specify the maximum field-width of a data item, by specifying a number indicating the field width before the conversion character.
Example: scanf (%3d %5d, &a, &b);

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Writing output data :: printf function

General syntax:
printf (control string, arg1, arg2, , argn); control string refers to a string containing formatting information and data types of the arguments to be output; the arguments arg1, arg2, represent the individual output data items.

The conversion characters are the same as in scanf.

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 Examples:
printf (The average of %d and %d is %f, a, b, avg); printf (Hello \nGood \nMorning \n); printf (%3d %3d %5d, a, b, a*b+2); printf (%7.2f %5.1f, x, y);

Many more options are available:

Read from the book. Practice them in the lab.

String I/O:
Will be covered later in the class.
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