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CVE202 Lecture Notes-4 Leveling 1

Elementary surveying, 11e (c) 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 / 19 Leveling: Theory and Methods Definitions of Basic Terms in leveling horizontal line departs from a level line because of curvature of the earth. Proper field procedures can practically eliminate the error due to curvature and refraction.

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Ashok Nirman
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863 views

CVE202 Lecture Notes-4 Leveling 1

Elementary surveying, 11e (c) 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 / 19 Leveling: Theory and Methods Definitions of Basic Terms in leveling horizontal line departs from a level line because of curvature of the earth. Proper field procedures can practically eliminate the error due to curvature and refraction.

Uploaded by

Ashok Nirman
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Leveling: Theory and Methods

Introduction
Leveling: The general term applied to any of the various processes by which elevations of points or differences in elevation are determined. Leveling results are used
To design highways, railroads, canals, sewers, water supply systems etc, having grade lines that best conform the existing topography, To lay out construction projects according to planned elevations, To calculate volume of earthworks and other materials, To investigate drainage characteristics of an area, etc.
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Leveling: Theory and Methods


Definitions of Basic Terms in Leveling

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Leveling: Theory and Methods


Curvature and Refraction
Horizontal line departs from a level line because of curvature of the earth. The deviation DB is expressed approximately by

Cm = 0.0785 K 2
where K is the distance AB in kilometers.
Curvature and refraction

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Leveling: Theory and Methods


Curvature and Refraction
Light rays passing through the earths atmosphere are bent or refracted toward the earths surface. Thus theoretical horizontal line of sight AH is bent to the curved form AR. For a horizontal sight, refraction in meters is expressed approximately by 2

Refraction

Rm = 0.011K

Curvature and refraction

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Leveling: Theory and Methods


Curvature and Refraction
The combined effect of curvature and refraction is expressed approximately by

hm = 0.0675 K 2
where K is the distance AB in kilometers. For sight of 100 m length: hm= 0.00068 m. Proper field procedures can practically eliminate the error due to curvature and refraction.
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Curvature and refraction

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Leveling: Theory and Methods


Determining Differences in Elevation
Measuring vertical distances by taping or EDMs Differential leveling
Differential leveling theory and applications can be expressed by two equations, which are repeated over and over.
HI = elev + BS and elev = HI - FS

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Leveling: Theory and Methods


Determining Differences in Elevation
Differential leveling

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Leveling: Theory and Methods


Determining Differences in Elevation
Barometric Leveling For example: A change of approximately 1000 ft in elevation corresponds to a change of 1 in. of mercury in atmospheric pressure.

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Leveling: Theory and Methods


Determining Differences in Elevation
Trigonometric leveling (short lines)
V = S cos z or V = S sin Alternatively, V = H cot z or V= H tan elev = hi + V - r

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Leveling: Theory and Methods


Determining Differences in Elevation
Trigonometric leveling (long lines) Earth curvature and refraction must be considered.
elev = hi + V + (C - R) - r

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Leveling: Equipment for Differential Leveling


Categories of Levels
Dumpy Levels, Tilting Levels, Automatic Levels, and Digital Levels.

Automatic levels are the type most commonly employed today.

All have two common components:


A telescope to create a line of site and enable a reading to be taken on a graduated rod, and A system to orient the line of site in a horizontal plane
Level vials (dumpy and tilting levels) Automatic compensators (automatic and digital levels)

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Leveling: Equipment for Differential Leveling


Telescopes

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Leveling: Equipment for Differential Leveling


Level Vials
Tube-type level vials Bulls-eye level vials

Tube-type level vials


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Bulls-eye level vials


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Leveling: Equipment for Differential Leveling


Automatic Levels
After the bulls-eye bubble is manually centered, an automatic compensator levels the line of sight, and keeps it level.

Compensator of self-leveling level.


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Leveling: Equipment for Differential Leveling


Tripods
Leveling instruments are all mounted on tripods.

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Leveling: Equipment for Differential Leveling


Hand Level
Used on
low- precision work, or more precise work to obtain quick checks. differential leveling in quickly checking proposed location

It is held in one hand and leveled by rising and lowering the objective end until the cross line bisects the bubble.

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Leveling: Equipment for Differential Leveling


Level Rods (Staff)
a) b) c) d) Philadelphia Rod (front) Philadelphia Rod (rear) Double faced leveling rod Lenker direct reading rod

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Leveling: Equipment for Differential Leveling


Testing and Adjusting the Line of Sight

(RB 2 ) (rA ) = (rB ) (RA 2 )


Solvig for (colimation error) yields : RB rA rB + RA = 2

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Leveling: Equipment for Differential Leveling


Example A horizontal collimation test is performed on an automatic level as in the following figure. With the instrument setup at point 1, the rod reading at A was 1.667 m, and to B it was 1.722 m. After moving and levelling the instrument at point 2, the rod reading to A was 1.543 and to B was 1.586 m. What is the collimation error of the instrument, and the corrected reading to B from point 2?

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Leveling: Equipment for Differential Leveling


Examples: Please solve Example 4.1, 4.2, and 4.3 in your text book.

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