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Polymers: Daipayan Banerjee XII Science A 4

The document provides an introduction and classification of polymers. It discusses polymers as large molecules formed from the repeated combination of monomers. It classifies polymers based on their source of origin as natural or synthetic, based on structure as linear, branched or cross-linked, and based on synthesis as addition or condensation polymers and chain growth or step growth polymers. Examples are provided for each classification.

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81 views

Polymers: Daipayan Banerjee XII Science A 4

The document provides an introduction and classification of polymers. It discusses polymers as large molecules formed from the repeated combination of monomers. It classifies polymers based on their source of origin as natural or synthetic, based on structure as linear, branched or cross-linked, and based on synthesis as addition or condensation polymers and chain growth or step growth polymers. Examples are provided for each classification.

Uploaded by

Daipayan Banerjee
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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TOPIC-

POLYMERS
NAME -

DAIPAYAN BANERJEE
CLASS -

XII 4

DIVISION-

SCIENCE A
ROLL NO.-

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

CERTIFICATE

INDEX

INRODUCTION OF POLYMERS
Polymers are giant molecules having very high molecular masses. They may have molecular masses as high as 50,000 amu or even more. Such molecules occur in nature and can also be synthesized in laboratory. Cellulose, starch, proteins, rubbers, resins, etc. are some common examples of naturally occurring polymers. These polymers find a variety of applications in our daily life. Besides the natural polymers, we have a variety of synthetic polymers which have become a part of our day to day life. Synthetic fibers, e.g. nylons, terylene , saran, vinyon, orlon, darlan, etc. are all synthetic polymers that are used for making clothes, ropes, nets, etc. Plastics and synthetic resins, e.g. polyethylene, teflon, Styron, PVC, etc. find a variety of applications in our daily life.

DEFINITION OF
1. POLYMER- A polymer is a large molecule of very
high molecular mass formed by the repeated combination of a very large number of one or more types of small molecules called monomers.

2. POLYMERIZATION- According to W.H.


Carothers (who succeeded in synthesizing a large number of polymers by the polymerization of small monomers), polymerization is the chemical combination of a number of similar or different molecules to form a single large molecule.

3. REPEAT UNIT- The structural unit, which on


repetition gives the entire chain of a polymer molecule, is called the repeat unit of the Polymer.

CLASSIFICATION OF POLYMERS
1. On the basis of their source of origin. 2. On the basis of structure. 3. On the basis of synthesis. 4. On the basis of molecular

CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF THE SOURCE OF ORIGIN


1. NATURAL POLYMERSI. Starch- It is a polymer of -D-glucose. In a starch molecule, hundreds of -D-glucose molecules are joined together a particular type of linkage called -glycosidic linkage. Starch is the main food reserve for plants. Cellulose- It is a polymer of -D-glucose and consists of hundreds of -D-glucose units joined together through glycosidic linkages. It is the main structural material of plants. Proteins- Proteins are polypeptides and are formed by the polymerization of amino acids. They are long chained polymers and may be cross-linked also. A protein molecules is composed of 20-1000 amino in a highly organized arrangement. Proteins act as building blocks in animals. Rubber- Natural rubber, obtained from rubber tree, is a polymer of 2-methylbuta-1,3-diene, which is commonly known as isoprene. It occurs as latex(milky juice of plants)in the bark of the rubber trees.

II.

III.

IV.

2. SYNTHETIC POLYMERS
The polymers which are synthesized in the laboratory are called synthetic polymers. They are mostly man-made and find a variety of applications in our day to day life. Most of the synthetic are long chain organic molecules containing thousands of monomer units. Some important synthetic polymers are polyethylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), bakelite, nylon, Teflon, synthetic rubbers, etc.

CLASSIFICATION OF POLYMERS ON THE BASIS OF STRUCTURE


1. LINEAR POLYMERSThe polymers in which the constituent monomeric units are joined together to form long straight chains are called linear polymers or straight chain polymers. In a linear polymer, the polymeric chains are usually stack over one another and form a well packed structure . Due to the close packing of polymeric chains, linear chains have high densities, high tensile strength and high melting point. High density polythene is an important example of a linear polymer.

2. BRANCHED POLYMERS-

The

polymers

which

consist of side chains attached to the main (linear chain) chain are called branched chain polymers. Due to the the presence of branching, branched chain polymer molecules are unable to pack themselves in a compact manner. They are usually irregularly packed. This is why branched chain polymers have lower densities, melting points and tensile strength as compared to linear polymers. Low density polythene is an important example of this type of polymers .

3. CROSS-LINKED POLYMERS- The polymers in


which the adjacent polymeric chains link together through side chains to form a three-dimensional network structure are called cross-linked polymers. Due to the presence of cross-links, cross-linked polymers are hard rigid and brittle. Some important examples of cross-linked polymers are bakelite, melamine formaldehyde resins, ureaformaldehyde resins, etc.

CLASSIFICATION OF POLYMERSON THE BASIS OF SYNTHESIS


1. ADDITION AND CONDENSATION POLYMERS ADDITION POLYMERS The polymers formed by
addition polymerization are called addition polymers. The monomers involved in the process are unsatured compounds, commonly derivatives of ethane. This type of polymerization doesnt involve the elimination of small molecules like H20, NH3 , alcohol etc. Therefore, the repeating unit is the same as the monomer unit. In other words, addition polymers have the same empirical formula as their monomers. Some examples of addition polymerization and addition are as follows. (Ethylene) nCH2=CH2 (CH2CH2)n (Polyethylene) (Propylene) nCH3CH=CH2 (CH-CH2)n (Polypropylene)

CONDENSATION POLYMERS The polymers


formed by condensation polymerization are called condensation polymers. In condensation polymerization, a series of condensation reactions takes place. The polymerization usually occurs between monomers containing two or more functional

groups. Each step in this type of polymerization involves the loss of small molecules such as H2O, NH3, alcohol etc. Therefore, the repeating unit in a condensation polymer is not the same as the monomer. Some examples of condensation polymerization and condensation polymers are as follows. (Hexamethylenediamine) nH2N(CH2)6NH2 + nHOOC(CH2)4COOH (Adipic Acid) (N(CH2)6NC(CH2)4--C)n (Nylon-66)

2. CHAIN GROWTH AND STEP GROWTH POLYMERS


The polymers are classified on the basis of the mode of addition of monomer units to the growing chain. The classified two categories are :-

1. Chain growth polymers: The polymers


formed by the successive addition of monomer units to the growing chain having a reactive intermediate (a free radical, carbocation, carboanion) are called chain growth polymers and the process involved is termed as chain growth polymerization. Chain growth polymerization takes place through a chain reaction mechanism via certain reactive intermediates. The mechanism involves following sequence.

a. Initiation- The chain growth


polymerization requires an initiator which could produce a reactive intermediate such

as a free radical (or a carbocation or a carboanion). Organic peroxides such as benzoyl peroxide are usually used for this purpose. Initiator is added in very small quantity and is decomposed by heat, light or oxidation-reduction reaction to produce reactive species, a free radical. The free radical thus produced attacks on a monomer molecule to form a reactive intermediatemonomer with active center.

b. Chain propagation: The monomer with


the active center now attacks on monomer molecules to successively form dimer, trimer,, polymer units having active centers.

c. Chain termination: The growth of the


polymer chain is terminated through a certain mechanism which involves the removal of the active center from the living polymer , i.e. polymer with an active center.

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