WIRELESS ELECTRICITY
- English full -V e r o n a meeting version a p r i l 15, 2011-
Wireless electricity & longitudinal electric waves L.M.D. L.M.D.
p rr e s e n tt e d b y p esen ed by
Dr. Eng. Roberto Handwerker
DELTA Ingegneria -- Milan, Italy -- 2011 All rights reserved DELTA Ingegneria Milan, Italy 2011 All rights reserved
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Presentation
DELTA Ingegneria of engineer Roberto Handwerker, a consulting professional in advanced electrotechnics, thermodynamics & energetics, also technical advisor to italian Judges
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Disclaimer: Disclaimer:
The following experiments make use of electrical energy: please dont try to replicate them unless You are trained and welltrained and wellexperienced in electrotechnics: the presence of high voltages and currents could cause You serious injuring and may even be fatal ! Replication of presented experiments or circuits at Your own risk ! However, the shown experiments are verifiable and replicable by the are verifiable and replicable by someone who has the right means and know-how. someone who has the right means and know-how. The term Cold electricity is arbitrary, meaning only that the here The is arbitrary, meaning only that the here presented current effects are different from usual AC current ones. presented current effects are different from usual AC current ones.
Warning !
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First some quotes quotes
Each one sees what he carries in his heart. - Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832) Every Truth passes through three stages. First, it is ridiculed. Second, it is violently opposed. And third, it is accepted as self evident. - Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) Be silent, if you choose; but when it is necessary, speak - and speak in such a way that people will remember it. - Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791) The present is theirs; the future, for which I have really worked, is mine. - Nikola Tesla (1856-1943) Dont care about them, just watch and pass by - Dante Alighieri (1265-1321)
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...and a few general notes ...and
Experiments were realised by use of low-budget equipment, small power laboratory apparatus, partially using scrap parts. Electric field: this term includes both dielectric () and field [5] magnetic () fields[5]. All construction and particular design of presented Tesla experiments apparatus by DELTA Ingegneria .
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Brief introduction to Dr.Tesla master of lightning master lightning
Nikola Tesla (1856-1943): forgotten serbian genius, emigrant and later U.S. citizen, great scientist, inventor and phylanthroper invented the XX Century with his AC polyphase system AC induction motor Tesla turbine Radio apparatus More than 700 patents issued
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Question: can an electrical device work by only one wire Question: or even without wires as stated by Nikola Tesla more than a century ago ?
el. wire
neon
motor
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Some analogies in Nature (from physics): (from physics):
Ocean waves:: pressure waves (tsunami)
ETEM TEM water tsunami
v
ELMD LMD
transverse waves B E x(t) oscillation
longitudinal waves E x(t) oscillation
v(t) propagation v(t) propagation oscillation perpendicular oscillation parallel to propagation to propagation
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Seismic waves: primary waves (P) and secondary waves (S)
S v2 2
v1 1 P
earth (slice) S P
S: transverse waves - or shear P: longitudinal waves - or compression
Propagation through core is only for type P waves possible (similar to sound waves), these travel faster than type S waves, that is: VP = ((k + 4/3)/) P , Vs = (/) s
where k: elast. norm.modulus, : elast. tang.mod, : density of means where k: elast. norm.modulus, : elast. tang.mod, : density of means
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Sound waves: pressure waves in fluids or in solids
air Sound speed in different elements at 20C in [m/s]: air: 343 water: 1480 v glass: 5300 ether(*): c
[12] (*) according to N.Tesla[12]
In solids: VL = (E/) L
VT = (G/) T
with E > G (always)
In fluids: VL = (Ea/), in gases: VL = (RT/M) (RT/M gas const.), VT =0 L a L T
2 2 2 1/v2 2 u/t2 = 2 u 2
(wave eq.) where: u(x,t) scalar; v = (k/)
N.B.: SOME TESLA EXPERIMENTS WERE ALWAYS CONSIDERED AS IMPOSSIBLE TO REPLICATE.
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Dielectric waves: charge density variation waves
Some experimental results: results:
electric wire (fragmentation stripes)
longitudinal waves
[8] Test made on electric conductors fragmentation[8] by longitudinal electrodynamic forces: wires showed peculiar stress/break patterns (parallel stripes) rather than heat/fusion patterns. (parallel stripes) rather than heat/fusion
In physics exists the HYDRODYNAMIC ANALOGY between physics exists the HYDRODYNAMIC ANALOGY electrotechnics and hydraulics. and hydraulics.
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Let us begin with the experiments: experiments:
1) Teslas stout bars circuit Teslas stout circuit
This experiment shows curious electricity phenomena, according to Tesla and also called Tesla currents; The validity of
v = R. i
Ohms law
to this case should be closely investigated by the Academic World.
[2] Teslas 1893 original circuit [2]
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The shunted lamps in the circuit light up at full brightness even
Cold electricity: Cold electricity:
12V 230V 1200V
by a heavy copper bar: current evidently doesnt follow the bar path (smaller ) as normal, preferring the lamp filament (greater ). Lamps rated for different voltages work at full brightness at the same time (*)
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with circuit shorted
(*) The Neon tube lights up without usual starter circuit
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The possibile short-circuit possibile short-circuit
Ohms Law : v = R. i (v = Z. i , where Z: impedance) It should be v1= 0 and so even v2= 0 1 2
but it is evidently v2 0 because lamps are lit
v2 0
v1 1
v2 2
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Halogen lamp lit immersed in water
A SPECIAL FEATURE by DELTA Ingegneria: A striking effect is observed by shunting a lamp to the circuit (right) and immersing it in water : the 230V / 100W rated lamp lits at its full brightness (*); the same lamp type (left) is working by ordinary AC household mains (230V/50Hz,1~); the emitted household mains Tesla current light colours are different: the left light is reddish, the right bars one blueish. lamp
(*) some lamp types lit even with broken filament.
water
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2) Flat spiral Tesla Coil Flat Coil
A good Teslas flat spiral [3] Coil (pancake coil)[3] shows striking features:
bulb
lamp emits light and repels the human hand, but attracts a suspended metal strip: The hand feels a kind of pressure coming from the lamp.
GND
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Generator
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The original Tesla 1900 patent n.649621 for Trasmitting electrical Trasmitting energy. energy. Tesla pancake coil
A Tesla lecture - about 1890 A Tesla lecture - about 1890
Dielectric longitudinal waves, devoid of magnetic component, emitted [10] from a spherical antenna have been yet observed in past[10]. from a have
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Transmission of energy with T.C.
Art of transmitting Art energy in the medium medium by only one wire and even without wires: neon
WIRELESS.
lamps
motors
[1] lamps[1] are lit and electric motors run
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L.M.D. and T.E.M. fields of a T.C.: T.C.:
E0 spherical antenna E0 E mV, mA B=0 B=0
Quantitative voltage and current measures voltage and current (mV, mA) with photomultiplier and iron (mV, with photomultiplier and iron cored coil: coil: around the T.C. dielectric field E is E prevailing over magnetic field B, which is B, practically nil. practically nil. Qualitative measures: LED resonance Qualitative measures: resonance detector indicates presence of dielectric field whereas compass indicator stands still. still.
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Original Teslas 1901 patent n.685957 for receiving ENERGY from a metal plate
Tesla stout bars circuit
Teslas lecture before AIEE - 1891 Teslas lecture before AIEE - 1891
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3) Utilizing electrical energy
Apparatus for utilizing WIRELESS energy by an insulated plate and a series-connected-toearth neon lamp (i.e. it transceives POWER, not only a weak signal)
plate
RADIANT ENERGY from T.C.
neon
GND
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Variant of apparatus for utilizing WIRELESS energy by a spherical antenna sferica and an electric motor grounded (only one wire): receives POWER plate
sphere (lamp bulb) current
RADIANT ENERGY from T.C.
motor
GND
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Conversion of WIRELESS energy
L.M.D.waves E sphere GND L.M.D. waves energy is converted in the rectifier to electrical current for the motor
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rectifier
i +
motor
0 motor current
4) Vacuum tube Tesla Coil Vacuum Coil
A special feature from DELTA Ingegneria: flat spiral Tesla coil energized by vacuum tube with an additional drive coil added to the primary, instead of the spark-gap.
additional drive coil
vacuum tube
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The energy field of a T.C.
Tesla Coils energy field lights up a neon tube to power its full brightness without transmission wires, that is
small power coil
WIRELESS:
transmission of ENERGY, not only signal
MAGNETODIELECTRIC: is the dual of ELECTROMAGNETIC
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5) Mutual effects between T.Coils
Mutual effects of XMTR and RCVR: a neon tube near each Tesla coil shows that if RCVR coil is first switched on and then off the corresponding neon tube turns first ON and then OFF whereas the neon of the XMTR turns OFF and then ON.
The two T.C.s are communicating !
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Tesla Coil resonance frequencies
There are two different main resonance frequencies f0 and f1, where f1 = 1,57. f0 ; for instance f0 = 1 MHz 0 1 1 0 0 and f1 = 1,57 MHz; the relationship is therefore: 1
f1 = f0 . / 2
( = 3,141)
Frequencies relationship expressed by wave lenghts : proportional as circle radius to arc proportional as circle radius
/2
1
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Light effects with a T.C. T.C.
The apparatus produces curious beautiful light effects, like brushes and streamers, in the lamp bulb at top terminal of secondary coil showing different [1] colours [1].
sun
lamp
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Tesla discharge coil discharge coil
[1] A peculiar Tesla[1] coil produces curious light effects, not visible by daylight but present and visible in the dark: brushes and streamers; between the terminals, white electric streams appear instead of blue or violet ones as by usual HV air discharges, which are not felt by hand despite voltage rises to hundreds of kiloVolts, and are felt only if the terminals are directly touched.
generator
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A few words about Maxwells equations Maxwells
The original quaternion Maxwells electromagnetism equations were later The original quaternion Maxwells modified and simplified with the introduction of vectors by Heaviside and modified and simplified with the introduction of vectors by Heaviside and Gibbs. Gibbs. Quaternions have 4 terms: Vectors have only 3 terms: have only
q = a+bi+cj+dk v = ai+bj+ck
(by Hamilton) (cartesian space)
instance: - Quaternions have anti-commutative property: i.j= - j.i - Vectors however have commutative property: i.j= j.i i.j= j.i - The sum of quaternions q1=a+bi+cj+dk and q2=a-bi-cj-dk gives - The sum of quaternions q1=a+bi+cj+dk and q2=a-bi-cj-dk gives q=q1+q2=2a which is but a scalar not equal to zero q=q1+q2=2a which scalar not equal to zero - The sum of vectors v1=ai+bj+ck and v2=-ai-bj-ck gives v=v1+v2=0 that is - The sum of vectors v1=ai+bj+ck and v2=-ai-bj-ck gives v=v1+v2=0 that zero; zero; in other words q1+q2=2a but v1+v2=0 as an example, so: in other words q1+q2=2a but v1+v2=0 -> results are not the same and so the involved equations
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Calculation rules are not the same in the two systems, for
Maxwells equations in todays differential form are: .B=0 x E = - /t B x B = j/0 + /t E 0
. E = /0 0
2 c2
Dielectric flux theorem Magnetic flux theorem Faradays law Ampres law
E = dielectric field; B = magnetic field; = charge density; 0 = dielectric constant in vacuum; 0 /t = time partial derivative; j = current density. 2 and Lorenz gauge would then arbitrarily fixed as: .. A + 1/c2. /t = 0 arbitrarily fixed as:
So the equations of scalar potential and vectorial potential A are: So the equations of scalar potential and vectorial potential are:
2 2 2 1/c2 2/ t2 2 2 2 1/c2 2A/ t2 2 = / 2 0 0 2 A = J 2 0 0
where:
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It is observed that, by the so-called gauge freedom in choosing in choosing vectorial potential A e scalar , by introducing a scalar gauge function function (x,t) and the following potentials A e (x,t) potentials A e A=A+ and = - /t it descends that E and B vectorial fields are unvaried; it is therefore possible to choose, instead of former Lorenz gauge, gauge, the Coulomb gauge (in vacuum) that is: the Coulomb gauge (in vacuum) that is: .. A = 0 A=0 And so to obtain for the scalar potential: And so to obtain for the scalar potential:
2 2
= - /0 0
Poissons equation
whose solution, the instantaneous Coulomb potential associated to [11] charge density, would but violate the causality [11] as the variation of such potential would imply everywhere an instantaneous charge variation. The results obtained by two gauges are therefore different. variation. results obtained by two
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Quaternions, by use of informatics, simplify complicated manual
[6] - computer graphics [6]
calculation and allow up to 55% memory space saving, for example in:
q
- aerospace navigation
q = a+bi+cj+dk
Use of quaternions could be made in Maxwells equations Moreover, two well known expressions of Maxwells equations (where B and E are respectively magnetic and dielectric vectorial fields) are: B= xA and E= - /t A
dielectric scalar potential and dielectric vector potential A curiously were often considered to be only mere mathematical abstractions rather than having physical meaning.
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Application of quaternions in Maxwells equations:
According to some physics[7] it would be possible to derive Maxwells According to some physics[7] it would be possible to derive Maxwells equations from a single vector potential quaternion, that is: equations from a single vector potential quaternion, that is:
/c = ( i /c , A )
where: where:
2 2
= 0 J 0
J = ( ic , J )
by respect of Lorenz gauge it descends an extension of by respect of Lorenz gauge it descends an extension of Maxwells equations: this implies the existence, besides transverse Maxwells equations: this implies the existence, besides transverse electromagnetic waves (T.E.M.), also of longitudinal dielectric waves (L.M.D.), electromagnetic waves (T.E.M.), also of longitudinal dielectric waves (L.M.D.), whose scalar potential is related to its own dielectric field E by the following whose scalar potential is related to its own dielectric field E by the following equation: equation:
E=
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By employ of quaternions and adoption of Lorenz gauge, Maxwells employ of quaternions and adoption equations can therefore be reduced to the only two following:
2 2 2 2 2 1/c2 2E/t2 - 2E = -1/ 0 ( + 1/c2 J/t ) 0 2 2 2 2 1/c2 2B/t2 - 2B = 0 ( x J ) 0
Introducing generic scalar field , current intensity is:
J=
be considered following gauge transformation: 2 = + 1/c2 /t and J = J -
be it noted that scalar satisfies following wave equation which [11] propagates with speed c in ether[11]:
2 2 2 1/c2 2 /t2 2 2
= -(
.J + /t )
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This implies that distribution of a scalar wave induces a charge density and current intensity J (having speed c):
2 = - 1/c2 /t and
J=
E
capacitor
even if charge and current J are not present in a particular zone; this would also explain the working principle of the electric electric capacitor by also keeping in capacitor by mind the theories of [5] J.P.Steinmetz[5], according to whom dielectric field between two conductors wouldnt only be confined to its surfaces, but it is distributed in the space between them, such as in the case of opposed capacitors plates.
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- Gods creation is vast: a lot has to be discovered; Gods vast: discovered;
last but not least a quote: The flight of machines heavier than air is not practicable and is insignificant, if not utterly impossible. - Simon Newcomb, 1902.
visit website: www.deltaavalon.com Videos on YouTube: Wireless power 1 & 2 etc. user: HorizonDelta
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Bibliography and references
[1] Dr. Nikola Tesla: Experiments with AC of VHF and their application to methods of artificial illumination, 1891 [2] Dr. Nikola Tesla: On light and other HF phenomena, lecture delivered at Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, feb.1893 [3] Dr. Nikola Tesla: The true wireless, Electrical Experimenter, may 1919 [4] Hugo Gernsback: Faster than light !, Everyday science and mechanics - vol.2 n.12, nov.1931 [5] Dr. Charles P. Steinmetz: Electric discharges, waves etc., 1914 [6] Dr. Eng. Roberto Handwerker et al.: Rotazione di solidi mediante quaternioni for Elements of informatics, Milan Polytechnic, Faculty of Engineering, Milan, Italy, 1990 (in italian) [7] Arbab I.A. & Satti Z.A., On the the generalized Maxwell equations & their prediction of electroscalar,Omdurman Univ.,2009
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Bibliography and references
[8] J. Nasilowski: Phenomena connected with the disintegration of conductors, Przeglad Elektrotechniczny, 1961 (in polnish) Elektrotechniczny, 1961 (in polnish) [9] Dr. Eng. Roberto Handwerker: Longitudinal dielectric waves in a Tesla coil and quaternionic Maxwells equations, revised and enlarged edition, Milan, 2011 [10] G.F. Ignatiev & V.A. Leus: Instantaneous action at a distance in modern physics: pro and contra, Nova Science, Hauppage, N.Y.,1999 [11] Prof. D. Mendeleev: An attempt towards a chemical conception of the ether (trans. from Russian by G. Kamensky (Imperial Mint, St. Petersburg), Longmans, Green & Co. N.Y.,1904 [12] Dr. Nikola Tesla: Nikola Tesla tells of new radio theories, interview with N. Tesla, N.Y. Herald Tribune, 22 Sept.1929. * * *
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Also from the Author (in English):
LONGITUDINAL DIELECTRIC WAVES IN A TESLA COIL LONGITUDINAL AND QUATERNIONIC MAXWELLS EQUATIONS MAXWELLS EQUATIONS
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Thank you for your kind attention !
Dr. Eng. Roberto Handwerker
DELTA Ingegneria - Milan, Italy - 2011 All rights reserved
On website articles of Author, among which: Tesla and cold electricity, Wireless power-, Wonderful lighting.
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