Optical Communication Systems SET 4524

DR SEVIA MAHDALIZA IDRUS

BEE (UTM), MEE (UTM), PhD (Warwick, UK)
P06-210 03-5535451/019-7755038
[email protected]
Photonics Technology Centre, Faculty Of Electrical Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Final Tutorial

Tutorial 1
You are required to design a 100-km digital optical link to transmit data of 400Mbps-NRZ. You are supplied with components having a parameters as given below.

You are given a photodetector for your design, which requires a sensitivity of -40 dBm. The design requires 2 connector each having a loss of 1 dB, a source coupling loss of 3 dB and splice losses of 5dB. Choose suitable components for your design. Verify your choice by using power budget and the rise time budget.
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Property Spectral width (nm) Rise time (ns) Ouput power (mW) Wavelength (nm) Costs Description Multimode Glass SI GRIN PCS SI Plastic ST Single mode Glass Glass Glass

LED 50 400 1 1550 Low Loss (dB/km)

LD 1 0.15 1 3.2 1550 High Wavelength (nm)

LD2 5 75 2 1300 High

5 5 8 200

850 850 800 580

4 0.5 0.25 DrSMI

850 1300 1550 4

Solution Tutorial 1

Given L=100km Data rate 400Mbps(NRZ) Minimum sensitivity -40 dBm 2 connectors; total loss=2dB Source coupling loss=3dB Splice loss=5dB
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Solution T1
Tsystem=0.7/BT=0.7/400M=1.75ns From the system risetime calculated it can be concluded that the only suitable source for this design is Laser Diode 1 with a risetime of 1 ns. Others will make it impossible to achieve the required system risetime as they have a risetime of 400ns and 75ns respectively. Since LD 1 emits at a wavelength of 1550nm, the suitable fiber for it is the single mode glass fiber having an attenuation of 0.25 dB/km at 1550nm.
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Solution T1 Assuming that material dispersion dominates, the value for it can be approximated as;
ZD Dm = 122(1 ) ps / nmkm
1300 = 122(1 ) ps / nmkm 1550 = 19.68 ps / nmkm

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Risetime Budget;
TSys = 1.1 T + T + TD
2 S 2 F 2

The risetime for the photodiode is not given. Therefore it is logical to calculate the limits for this value TS=1ns TF=DmxxL=19.68x0.15nmx100km=295.2ps Thus TSys TS2 TF2 = 1.2ns TD = 1.1

Therefore, the photodiode must have a risetime of 1.2ns or lower.

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Power Budget;
Input power, Pi=3.2mW=5.05dBm Losses =connectors + source coupling + splice loss +cable loss =2+3+5+(0.25x100) =35dB Minimum sensitivity, Po=-40dBm Pi-Po=Losses+ safety margin, Ma Hence, Ma= 5.05-(-40)-35= 10.05dB

Since the safety margin is positive, the choice of components are SUITABLE with the condition that the photodiode has a risetime of 1.2ns or LOWER.
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Tutorial 2
a)

The advantages of single mode SI fiber over the multimode SI fiber.

[3]

b)

Why multimode SI fiber are more favorable compared to single mode SI fiber at lower bandwidth application.
[3]

c)

Explain the advantages of a multimode GRIN index fiber compared to a multimode SI fiber.
[4]

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d)

A multimode step index fiber with a core diameter of 50m large enough to be considered by ray theory. It has a core refractive index of 1.50 and a relative index difference of 1%. If the operating wavelength is 850nm, estimate;
i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. the critical angle at the core-cladding interface. [2] the numerical aperture for the fiber [2] the acceptance angle in air for the fiber [2] the total number of guided modes [3] new core size to decreased the total number of guided modes obtained above by 50%. [3] Determine the cut-off wavelength for the fiber to exhibit single mode operation corresponding to the new core size. Is it practical? [3]

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Sol. Tutorial 2
a)

The advantages of SMF/SI over MMF/SI

The SMF/SI has an advantage of low intermodal dispersion (broadening of transmitted light pulses), the signal dispersion caused by the delay differences between different modes in a MMF may be avoided.
[1.5]

The MMF/SI has higher intermodal dispersion due to the differing group velocities of the propagating modes. This restricts the maximum bandwidth attainable with MMF/SI, when compared to the single mode fibers. [1.5]
b)

The advantages of MMF/SI over SMF/SI at lower bandwidth application.

The use of spatially incoherent optical sources (e.g. most light emitting diodes) which cannot be efficiently coupled to single mode fibers. [1] Larger numerical apertures & core diameters, facilitating easier coupling to optical sources. [1] Lower tolerance requirements on fiber connectors.
[1]
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c)

The advantages of a MMF/GRIN compared to MMF/ SI. [4] The advantage of the GRIN fiber compared to MMF/SI fiber is the considerable decrease in modal dispersion. The most common refractive index profile for a graded-index fiber is very nearly parabolic. The parabolic profile results in continual refocusing of the rays in the core, and minimizes modal dispersion. A GRIN fibers do not have a constant refractive index in the core but a decreasing core index n(r) with a radial distance from the axis the cladding.Thus, light rays follow sinusoidal paths down the fiber.

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d)

Specification given; Type: MMF/SI; diameter, d = 50x10-6m; radius, a=25x10-6m; n1=1.5; =0.01; =0.85x10-6; i. the critical angle at the core-cladding interface 2 n12 n 2 2 2 2 2 n 2 = n1 2n1 = 1.5 2(0.01)1.5 = 1.48 = 2n12 n 1.48 [2] c = sin 1 2 = sin 1 = 80.6 o n1 1.50 ii. the numerical aperture for the fiber
1 2 1 2

NA = n1 (2 ) = 1.5(2 x0.01) = 0.21

iii.

[2]

the acceptance angle in air for the fiber

a = sin 1 NA = 12.24 o
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[2]
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iv.

the total number of guided modes the normalised frequency;

2 (25 x10 6 ) x0.21 V = ( NA) = = 38.81 6 0.85 x10 2a

Total number of guided modes

[2]

V 2 38.812 M = = = 753 2 2
v.

[1]

new operating wavelength to decreased the total number of guided modes obtained above by 50%. M2=377 ;

V = 2(377) = 27.46

[1]

New core size;

V 27.46(0.85 x10 6 ) a= )= = 1.77 x10 5 = 177 nm 2NA 2x0.21

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[2]
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vi.

Determine the cut-off wavelength for the fiber to exhibit single mode operation corresponding to the new core size. For single mode, Vc=2.405

2aNA 2 (1.77 x10 5 ) x0.21 c = = = 9.71m. [2] Vc 2.405

Not practical because the c is in the outside communication windows. [1]

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Tutorial 3
a)

Briefly describe how light is generated in an injection laser diode (ILD).

[4 marks]

b)

Compare the various properties of light generated by an ILD with that generated by a light emitting diode (LED). [3 marks]
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c)

A 150-km digital optical link was implemented using a single mode fiber and a suitable light source. The light source has a spectral width of 2 nm and output power of 0 dBm. By making reasonable assumption(s) answer the following questions. i. ii. iii. Estimate the bit rate achievable by the fiber. [4 marks] Estimate the power emitted at the output end of the fiber. [3 marks] List the assumptions made to solve (i) and (ii). [3 marks]

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Sol. Tutorial 3 a) ILDs light generation [4] recombination of the injected carriers by the provision of an optical cavity in the crystal structure for the feedback of photons; where in general feedback process; a photon colliding with an atom in the excited energy state causes the stimulated emission of a second photon and then both these photons release two more. Creates avalanche multiplication. When the electromagnetic waves associated with these photons are in phase, amplified coherent emission is obtained
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b)

ILD vs LED sources Power

[3]

BW; ILD> LED LED emits spontaneous radiation, the speed of modulation is limited by the spontaneous recombination time of the carriers and not very large (a few hundred megahertz). ILD has very fast modulation (up to 10 GHz). Spectra: ILDs have narrower spectra than LEDs. The spectrum of an LD remains more stable with temperature than that of an LED.
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ILDs advantages (will be considered). High radiance due to the amplifying effect of stimulated emission. Injection lasers will generally supply milliwatts of optical output power. Narrow linewidth of the order of 1 nm or less which is useful in minimizing the effects of material dispersion. Modulation capabilities which at present extend up into the gigahertz range and will undoubtedly be improved upon. Relative temporal coherence which is considered essential to allow heterodyne (coherent) detection in high capacity systems, but at present is primarily of use in single mode systems. Good spatial coherence permits efficient coupling of the optical output power into the fiber even for fibers with low numerical aperture.
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c)

Calculation i. Dispersion =

1.3 Dm = 1221 = 19.68 ps / nmkm 1.55

Since the fiber is SMF, there is no modal dispersion; Thus Total Dispersion=

Dm xxL = 19.68 x 2 x150 = 5.904ns

[2]

Using Gaussian approximation Bit rate, BT=0.2/=0.2/5.904ns=33.87Mb/s [2] ii. Power emitted at the fiber end 4 4 0.85 0.85 = 1 .7 = 1 .7 = 0.154dB / km 1.55 Total attenuation=0.154x150=23.1dB
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iii.

Assuming the odBm is the power coupled into the fiber, the power emitted at the output end of the fiber, PR is PR=0dBm-23.1dB= 23.1dBm= 4.89W [3] Assumptions made [3] It is a long distance link; therefore we require the fiber to contribute the lowest attenuation. This is achieved by assuming =1550nm. Assume the major attenuation mechanism is Raleigh scattering and the value of the attenuation is approximately given by 4 0.85 = 1. 7
dB/km

The major dispersion contributing factor is the material dispersion and can be approximated by Dm = 1221 ZD ps/nmkm
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Tutorial 4
a) Compare the signal to noise ratio (SNR) achievable between optical receivers using PIN photodiode and avalanche photodiode (APD).
[5 marks]

b)

An optical link was implemented using a silica single mode fiber between Skudai and Yong Peng 100 km apart. The light source is a laser diode emitting at a wavelength () of 1550 nm. The power coupled into the fiber was found to be 1 dBm. Calculate the signal to noise ratio (SNR) of the link for both cases below. You are required to state any assumption(s) made

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i.

Using PIN photodiode as given in Table Q3(A)

[6 marks]

Parameter Spectral response range Peak sensitivity wavelength Responsivity Cut-off frequency Dark current Capacitance

Symbol P R fc Ip Cj

Test Condition -- = 1550 nm = 1300 nm VR = 5V RL = 50ohm VR = 5V --

Min Typical 900 -------1550 0.95 0.9 2 0.02 1

Max 1700 ----0.4 1.5

Unit nm nm A/W GHz nA pF

Table Q3(A) PIN photodiode I specifications

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ii.

Using avalanche photodiode (APD) as given in Table Q3(B) [6 marks]

Symbol V BR R APD BW Prmin Test Condition -I D =10A =1550 nm, M=10 =1310 nm, M=10 -Min 1250 40 8 7.5 -Typical -60 8.5 8.5 1950 -34 Max 1620 80 ----33 Unit nm V A/W MHz dBm

Parameter Wavelength APD breakdown voltage APD responsivity Bandwidth Sensitivity

RL=50ohm, M=10 1650

Table Q3(B) Avalanche photodiode (APD) specifications

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Sol. Tutorial 4
a)

SNR achieved by PD vs APD SNR PIN

S = N
2 Ip

[2.5]
or
2 Ip

4 KTB 2 2eB (I p + I d ) + + i amp RL

2eB (I p + I d ) +

4 KTBFn RL

The SNR obtained contributions.

by

summing

all

the

noise

Main sources are dark current noise and quantum noise, both regarded as shot noise on the photocurrent thermal noise from the detector load resistor and active elements tends to dominate because the dark currents in well-designed silicon photodiodes can be made very small.
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SNR APD

[2.5]
2

Ip S = N 2eB (I + I )M x + 4 KTBFn M 2 p d RL
The random gain mechanism introduces excess noise into the receiver in terms of increased shot noise. The photocurrent is increased by a factor M, then the shot noise is also increased by an excess noise factor Mx
b)

Tx :

P coupled =1dBm

SMF

: Rx (Using PIN or APD)

Pin=1dBm e=1.6 x10-19C

L=100km =1550nm K=1.38x10-23 J/K h=6.66 x10-3 Js T=27oC =300K

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i.

SNR using PIN photodiode

S = N
2 Ip

[6]
or
2 Ip

4 KTB 2 2eB(I p + I d ) + + iamp RL

2eB(I p + I d ) +

4 KTBFn RL

From the data sheet Q3(A) R=0.95A/W Ct=1.5pF (use max)

S = N
2 Ip

RL=50

2eB(I p + I d ) +

4 KTB RL

Use

B=

1 1 = = 2.12GHz 2R L C t 2 50 1.5 p
4 4

Estimated attenuation at 1550nm

= 1. 7

0.85 0.85 = 1. 7 = 0.1537 dB / km 1.55

Total attenuation=0.1537x 100 km =15.37 dB

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Power arriving at the detector is, PR=1dB-15.37dB = -14.37dB=0.0366mW Photocurrent; Ip=RPR=0.0366mW x 0.95=0.0347mA =34. 7A Given the photodiode current, Id=0.02-0.4nA (take the max. value of 0.4nA) Assume in ideal case with the noise figure, F=1 Thus the SNR are given by
S = N
2 Ip

2eB(I p + I d ) +

(34.7 A)2 [2 x1.6 x10 19 x 2.12G(34.7 + 0.4n)] +

4 KTBFn RL

[2 x1.6 x10

19

[4 x1.38x10 x 2.12G (34.7 + 0.4n)] + +

23

x300 x 2.12Gx1 50

(34.7 A)2
2.34 x10 14 + 7.02 x10 13

=1641 = 32.2dB
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ii.

SNR using APD

S = N 2eB (I + I )M x + 4 KTBFn M 2 p d RL

2 Ip

[6]

Photocurrent, Ip=PRR=0.0366mW x 8.6=0.3111mA Assume negligible excess noise, i.e x=0 and F=1 From the datasheet: M=10, B=1.950GHz The dark current Id not available thus normally Ip>>>Id Thus the SNR
S = N
2 Ip

2eB(I p + I d )1 +

4 KTBFn RL M 2

[2 x1.6 x10

19

[4 x1.38x10 x1.950G (0.3111m)] +

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(0.3111m )2

23

x300 x1.950Gx1 50 x10 2

(0.3111m )2
1.94 x10 13 + 6.45 x10 15

= 482830 = 56.83dB
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If x=1
S = N
2 Ip

2eB(I p )M +

4 KTBFn RL M 2

[2 x1.6 x10

19

[4 x1.38x10 x1.950G (0.3111m)10] +

(0.3111m )2

23

x300 x1.950Gx1 50 x10 2

(0.3111m )2
1.94 x10 12 + 6.45 x10 15

= 49723 = 46.97dB

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Tutorial 5
a) Describe the techniques normally carried-out in verifying a particular design of optical fiber communication link or network. [4 marks] You are given specifications of various different optical components that can be used to implement an optical communication link. They include optical fiber cable as given in Table Q4(A), laser diode as given in Table Q4(B), PIN photodiode II as given in Table Q4(C) and Avalanche photodiode (APD) as given in Table Q4(D). Study the specification carefully. i. Choose any suitable components to implement a point-to-point optical link and draw the block diagram of your optical link clearly naming the chosen component in the diagram. [3marks]

b)

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ii.

By using suitable method(s) determine the specifications of the link. You are required to state any assumption(s) made. [10 marks]
Parameter Attenuation Condition = 1310 nm = 1550 nm = 1625 nm - = 1310 nm = 1550 nm = 1550 nm = 1625 nm Typical 0.35 0.20 0.23 1250.3 9.20.4 10.40.5 18.0 22.0 Unit dB/km

Cladding diameter Mode field diameter Dispersion

m m ps/nm-km

Table Q4(A) Optical fiber specifications

POWER OPTION 0.5 1 1520-1580 1520-1580 3 3 0.5 0.5 40 40 2 2
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Wavelength range Spectral width Risetime Threshold current Maximum forward voltage

Unit mW nm nm ns mA V
34

Table Q4(B) Laser diode specifications

Parameter Spectral response range Peak sensitivity wavelength Responsivity Bandwidth Sensitivity

Symbol P R BW Prmin

Test Condition -- = 1550 nm = 1310 nm RL=100ohm --

Min 1250 -0.75 0.70 ---

Typical -1550 0.80 0.75 875 -27

Max 1620 ------

Unit nm nm A/W MHz dBm

Table Q4(C) PIN photodiode II specifications

Parameter Wavelength APD breakdown voltage APD Responsivity Bandwidth Sensitivity Symbol V BR R APD BW Prmin Test Condition -I D =10A =1550 nm, M=10 =1310 nm, M=10 RL=50ohm, M=10 -Min 1250 40 8 7.5 1650 -Typical -60 8.5 8.5 1950 -34 Max 1620 80 ----33 Unit nm V A/W MHz dBm

Table Q4(D) Avalanche photodiode (APD) specifications

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Sol. Tutorial 5
a) The basic system design verification can be done through 2 methods: i. Power budget [2] involves the power level calculations from the transmitter to the receiver. Which the parameters that considered are Attenuation, Coupled power, Other losses (splices, reflection losses, connectors etc), Equalization penalty (DL), SNR requirements, Minimum power at detector, BER, Safety margin (Ma). The optical power budget calculation; Pi = (Po + CL + Ma + DL) dB

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ii.

Risetime budget [2] the calculations involve the BW, which the following parameters involves. Risetime of the source, TS Risetime of the fiber (dispersion), TF Risetime of the amplifier, TA Risetime of the detector, TD The risetime budget is assembled as: Tsyst= 1.1(TS2 + TF2 + TD2 + TA2) 1/2

b)

System design with the given datasheets

[3]

Transmitter Laser diode =1550nm Po=1mW =3nm Fiber SMF, 0.20dB/km D=18 ps/nmkm L=1km
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Receiver PIN Diode p=1550nm Sensitivity=-27dBm R=0.80A/W

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i.

Rise time budget [5] Tsys(NRZ)=0.7/BT or Tsys(RZ)=0.35/BT Risetime of the source, laser: TS= 0.5ns=500ps Risetime of the fiber, TF=18x xL=18x3nx1km=54ps Risetime of the detector PIN, Tr=2.19RLCD Bandwidth, BW=1/2 RLCD = 875MHz=1/ 50CD Hence CD=1.82pF Thus, Tr=2.19x100x1.82pF=398ps Total system risetime, Tsys=1.1(TS2+ TF 2+ TD2) 1/2 = 1.1(542+5002+3982) 1/2 = 705.5ps Bit rate (NRZ)=0.7/705.5=992.2Mbps Bit rate (RZ)=0.35/705.5=496.1Mbps

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If we use T=0.35/BT=and assume T=Tpin Then Tpin=0.35/875M=400ps If we use NRZ, then T=0.7/BT But BT=2xBW=1750MHz Thus T=0.7/1750=400ps Which is same rise time. If we use Tr=2.19RLCD and BW=1/2 RLCD Then CD=1.82pF= 1/2 100X 875M And Tr=400ps=Tpin Then Tsys=1.1(TS2+ TF 2+ TD2) 1/2 = 1.1(542+5002+4002) 1/2 = 706.8ps Bit rate (NRZ)=0.7/706.8 =990.4Mbps Bit rate (RZ)=0.7/706.8 =495.2Mbps
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ii.

Power budget [5] We can also determint te maximum length of the link with power budget Assume power into the fiber = P emitted into the fiber, Pcouple=1mW=0dBm And given, attenuation=0.2dB/km and sensitivity=-27dBm Allowable attenuation is 27dB Maximum distance considering power budget only is 27/0.2=135km. Remember, with the length, the bit rate achievable will be less than 990Mbps because TF will then be 18x3x135=7290ps and BT=87.5Mbps.

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Tutorial 6
a) Fiber links are limited in path length by attenuation and if this is the major problem, the link is said to be power limited. A number of mechanisms are responsible for the signal attenuation within optical fibers. These mechanisms are influenced by the material composition, the preparation and purification technique, and the waveguide structure. Please discuss the following matters;
i. ii. Two major types of linear scattering losses that contribute to the fiber attenuation. [4 marks] Four effective methods to reduce the linear scattering losses [2 marks]

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b)

Fiber bandwidth is determined by an effect called dispersion. Dispersion causes distortion of digital and analog signals, and was a major characteristic to be considered when choosing a fiber. Thus, please briefly explain; i. an effective intramodal dispersion for a single mode fiber at longer wavelength. [3 marks] ii. the main dispersion type that contribute to pulse spreading for a multimode fiber. [3 marks] iii. Two methods to reduce pulse broadening due to intramodal dispersion. [2 marks]
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c)

A 10 km fiber optic link of MMF/SI fiber with a core refractive index of 1.5 and a relative refractive index difference of 1.5%. Calculate; i. The delay difference between the fundamental mode to the highest mode at the fiber output [3 marks] ii. The rms pulse broadening due to intermodal dispersion. [3 marks] iii. The maximum bit rate using calculated rms by (ii). [3 marks] iv. The bandwidth-length product corresponding to (iii). [2 marks]
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Sol. Tutorial 6
a)

Atthenuation i. Two major types of linear scattering losses Rayleigh Scattering: the dominant intrinsic loss mechanism in the low absorption window between the ultraviolet and infrared absorption tails. It results from inhomogeneities of a random nature occurring on a small scale compared with the wavelength of the light. These inhomogeneities manifest themselves as refractive index fluctuations and arise from density and compositional variations which are frozen into the glass lattice on cooling. The scattering due to the density fluctuations, which is in almost all directions, produces an attenuation proportional to l/4 following the Rayleigh scattering formula. [2] Mie Scattering: Occur at inhomogeneities which are comparable in size to the guided wavelength. These result from the nonperfect cylindrical structure of the waveguide and may be caused by fiber imperfections such as irregularities in the core-cladding interface, core-cladding refractive index differences along the fiber length, diameter fluctuations, strains and bubbles. The scattering created by such inhomogeneities is mainly in the forward direction. [2]

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ii.

Any four effective methods to reduce the linear scattering losses [2] Rayleigh scattering reduced by operating at the longest possible wavelength. The theoretical attenuation due to Rayleigh scattering in silica at wavelengths of 0.63, 1.00 and 1.30 m. Improving fabrication process i.e cooling and heating removing imperfections due to the glass manufacturing process carefully controlled extrusion and coating of the fiber increasing the fiber guidance by increasing the relative refractive index difference.
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b)

Dispersion i. an effective dispersion for a single mode fiber at longer wavelength. Waveguide dispersion: an intramodal dispersion. This results from the variation in group velocity with wavelength for a particular mode. Pulses of same mode but different wavelengths need to travel at different angle therefore have different velocities. Waveguide dispersion occurs because the effective refractive index, neff for any one mode varies with . DW depends on the V parameter of the fiber. For a SMF whose propagation constant is the fiber exhibits waveguide dispersion when d2/d2 0. for MMF, where the majority of modes propagate far from cutoff, are almost free of waveguide dispersion and it is generally negligible compared with material dispersion. However, with SMF where the effects of the different dispersion mechanisms are not easy to separate, waveguide dispersion may be significant. [3]
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ii.

the main dispersion for a multimode fiber.

in MMF all three dispersion mechanism exist simultaneously that is material dispersion, waveguide dispersion, and multimode dispersion. However intermodal dispersion is unique to MMF. Intermodal dispersion occurs due to different modes propagating through the fiber will have different net velocities and will arrive at different time at the output. This causes the waveform to spread. Depend on . Therefore even if the source has = 0, then DM and DW will be zero, but it will still suffer multimode dispersion. The amount of modal dispersion or spreading is easily developed by the difference in travel time between mode propagating at the steepest angle with respect to the axis. [3]

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iii. methods to reduce intramodal dispersion.

[2]

Dispersion shifted fiber: The waveguide dispersion is exploited to interact with the material dispersion to shift the zero dispersion wavelength to a value which will have the lowest attenuation. Dispersion flattened fiber: The fiber is modified to achieve low dispersion window over the low loss wavelength region between 1.3 m and 1.6 m. Depressed cladding fiber : The fiber is made so that the core is surrounded by a thin inner cladding whose index is low and an outer cladding whose index is slightly higher.

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c)

A 10 km fiber optic link of MMF/SI fiber with a core refractive index of 1.5 and a relative refractive index difference of 1.5%. i. The delay difference

Ln1 10 x10 3 x1.5 x0.015 T = = = 750ns 8 c 2.998 x10

ii.

[3]

The rms pulse broadening due to intermodal dispersion.

s =

Ln1 2 3c

T
2 3

750ns 2 3

= 216.5ns

[3]

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iii.

The maximum bit rate using calculated rms by (ii).

BT (max)
iv.

0 .2 = = = 0.92 Mbits 1 [3] s 216.5ns

0. 2

The bandwidth-length product corresponding to (iii).

Bopt xL = 0.92 MHzx10km = 9.2 MHzkm

[2]

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Tutorial 7
You are required to verify the capability of an optical link designed by your colleague. Table XX shows the components used in the implementation of the link. The link is to be used for distribution of high-speed data from a data terminal to three remote terminals each of them 80-km away from the data terminal. The splitting of the optical signal is done through a 1: 3 optical splitter. You are required to suggest the most suitable optical fiber for this application. Draw the block diagram of the link clearly labelling the various components. Estimate the maximum bit rate achievable for this link. Determine whether the components chosen are suitable.
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Table XX
Parameter
Avalanche photodiode

Symbol RAPD Prmin Tdet Idark

Test Condition - =1550 nm =1310 nm ----

Min

Typical Max Unit -10 8.5 -34 0.1 20 1620 nm -- A/W --dBm ns nA

Wavelength APD Responsivity Sensitivity Rise time Dark current

Laser diode

1250 ----

Output power Wavelength range Spectral width Risetime Threshold current

Pout tsource Ith

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0.5 15201580 3 0.5 40

mW nm nm ns mA
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Solution T7
data terminal

Laser Drive Circuit OPTICAL SPLITTER

INPUT 0.5 mW or 3.01 dBm

Node 1

LASER

Node 2
80 km
Optical Splitter Splits optical input equally to the output ports.

Node 3
APD and receiver circuit

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ii.

Output at each nodes of splitter is 0.5/3 mW = 0.1667mW or -7.781 dBm. Alternatively, the splitting loss is 10 log(1/3)=-4.771 dB. Therefore the output at each nodes of the splitter is 3.01 dBm 4.771 = -7.781 dBm. The best wavelength is at 1550 nm to achieve lowest attenuation. Assuming silica singlemode fiber, the attenuation coefficient can be estimated as dB/km. This will then be 0.154 dB/km. The total attenuation for each link will then be 0.154 x 80-km =12.32 dB.
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The estimated power arriving at each APD will then be 7.781 dBm 12.32 dB = -20.101 dBm. Since the sensitivity of the APD is given as 34 dBm, the components chosen has no problem with the power budget. It is not mentioned in the description of the system on the data rate required, therefore verification could be done by estimating the maximum bit rate achievable by the system. Dispersion can be estimated by assuming that the only dispersion present is material dispersion since modal dispersion is zero for singlemode fiber and waveguide dispersion is negligible. Therefore the material dispersion is DM=122(1-lZD/l) = 122(1-1.276/1.550) = 21.57 ps/nmkm.
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For the link, total dispersion is Tfiber = 21.57 ps/nmkm x 3 nm x 80 km = 5.177 ns.
1 2 +T 2 +T 2 2 Tsys = 1.1 Tsource fiber det

Tsys = 1.1(0.5 ns2 + 5.177 ns2 + 0.1 ns2)1/2= 5.722 ns For non-return-to-zero (NRZ) data: For return-to-zero (RZ) data: Therefore, Bit rate, BT = 0.7/5.722 ns = 122.4 Mb/s for a NRZ data format. BT = 61.2 Mb/s for RZ data format.
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BT =

0.7 Tsys

BT =

0.35 Tsys

The estimated power arriving at each APD will then be 7.781 dBm 12.32 dB = -20.101 dBm. Since the sensitivity of the APD is given as 34 dBm, the components chosen has no problem with the power budget. It is not mentioned in the description of the system on the data rate required, therefore verification could be done by estimating the maximum bit rate achievable by the system.
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TUTORIAL 8
(a)Discuss the two main reasons why optical fiber is a favored communication channel for long-haul communications compared to copper channels. (4marks) (b) Draw a typical block diagram for a high-speed optical communication link indicating clearly the various components. (3 marks) (c) You are required to prepare a proposal for the selection of a suitable optical fiber for a particular application. Describe in detail what are the factors that you will consider in making your decision. (10 marks (d) A 20-km optical link was implemented utilizing a light emitting diode (LED) with an optical output of 0 dBm at 1300 nm. By making reasonable assumption(s), estimate the power at the output of the fiber for these two cases: (8 marks) i. The fiber used is a multimode graded index fiber an NA of 0.20. ii. The fiber used is a multimode step index fiber with an NA of 0.32. DrSMI 58

Answer T8
a) b) c)

Refer Note Refer Note Similar to answer T5-(b) but limits to

-rise time budget -power budget
Transmitter Receiver Fiber SMF, 0.20dB/km D=18 ps/nmkm L=1km PIN Diode p=1550nm Sensitivity=-27dBm R=0.80A/W

Laser diode =1550nm Po=1mW =3nm

d)

Refer tutorial and note.

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Presentation 26 March 2009 World Undersea Fiber Optic System Long Haul Optical Fiber Communication Systems Technology Review on The Optical Source Photonics in Medical Application Photonics Sensor Optical Power Budget Analysis

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

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