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Conditional Sentence

Conditional sentences discuss hypothetical or factual implications and contain two clauses: a condition (protasis) and a consequence (apodosis). There are three types of conditionals that vary based on the tense used in each clause: [1] Zero conditional uses present tense in both clauses to discuss general truths. [2] First conditional uses present tense in the condition and future tense in the consequence to discuss present or future possibilities. [3] Second conditional uses past tense in both clauses to discuss unreal present or future situations. Wish sentences express a desire to change the present situation by using the simple past tense or "would" in the consequence clause.

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263 views

Conditional Sentence

Conditional sentences discuss hypothetical or factual implications and contain two clauses: a condition (protasis) and a consequence (apodosis). There are three types of conditionals that vary based on the tense used in each clause: [1] Zero conditional uses present tense in both clauses to discuss general truths. [2] First conditional uses present tense in the condition and future tense in the consequence to discuss present or future possibilities. [3] Second conditional uses past tense in both clauses to discuss unreal present or future situations. Wish sentences express a desire to change the present situation by using the simple past tense or "would" in the consequence clause.

Uploaded by

Liwanto Lee
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Conditional Sentence

In grammar, conditional sentences are sentences discussing factual implications or hypothetical situations and their consequences. Languages use a variety of conditional constructions and verb forms (such as the conditional mood) to form such sentences. Full conditional sentences contain two clauses: the condition or protasis, and the consequence or apodosis. If it rains [condition], (then) the picnic will be cancelled [consequence]. Syntactically, the condition is the subordinate clause, and the consequence is the main clause. However, the properties of the entire sentence are primarily determined by the properties of the protasis (condition) (its tense and degree of factualness). There are three type of conditional and here it is :

1. The Zero Conditional (Type 0)


The zero conditional is a structure used for talking about general truths, or scientific facts -- things which always happen under certain conditions. A zero conditional sentence consists of two clauses, an "if" clause and a main clause (note that most zero conditional sentences will mean the same thing if "when" is used instead of "if"). For example: If the "if" clause comes first, a comma is usually used. If the "if" clause comes second, there is no need for a comma. The simple present tense is the tense use in both clauses. Examples: If you cross an international date line, the time changes. Phosphorus burns if you expose it to air.

2. First Conditional (Type I)


The first conditional (also called conditional type 1) is a structure used for talking about possibilities in the present or in the future.Type 1: if + present + future. Example: If I have the money, I will buy this car. If it's sunny, we'll go to the park. Peter will be sad if Susan leaves. If you cook dinner, I'll wash the dishes. Among other variations the structure if + present + present is also possible. It is used when the results are habitual or automatic. Example: If a commodity is in short, supply prices tend to rise.

3. Second Conditional (Type II)


The second conditional (also called conditional type 2) is a structure used for talking about unreal situations in the present or in the future.Type 2: if + past + conditional

Example: If I had the money, I would buy this car. (Since I do not have the money I cannot buy any new car). The action in type 2 is characterized by unreality. If I were you, I would drive more carefully in the rain. If dogs had wings, they would be able to fly. Paula would be sad if Jan left.

4. Third Conditional (Type III)


The third conditional (also called conditional type 3) is a structure used for talking about unreal situations in the past. In other words, it is used to talk about things which DID NOT HAPPEN in the past. Type 3: if + past perfect + perfect conditional Full form : If I had studied harder, I probably would have passed the exam. Contracted form :If I'd studied harder, I probably would've passed the exam. Example: If I had had the money, I would have bought this Audi. (But I did not have it, and so did not buy). If you had driven more carefully, you would not have had an accident. (You had an accident because you didn't drive carefully enough.) If we had played a little better, we could have won the game.(We didn't play well, so we lost the game.) The action in type 3 is characterized by impossibility. While type 1 and type 2 focus on the present or future, the time in type 3 is the past and signifies a completed action in the past. The condition, therefore, cannot be fulfilled because the action in the if-clause did not happen.

Summary
IF-CLAUSE simple present verb If it rains, If it gets cold enough, If I don't do my homework, If Marie doesn't eat dinner, If I exercise, If someone calls, simple present verb If it rains, RESULT CLAUSE simple present verb my car window leaks. water becomes ice. I learn nothing. she gets hungry at midnight. I look great! take a message please. modal + simple present verb my window might leak. I will answer it. Explanation if-clause uses simple present result clause uses simple present <-expresses an established or predictable fact, or it expresses a general truth

<-expresses a habitual situation or a habitual activity. <-gives a command if-clause uses simple present result clause uses modal + verb <-expresses a fact <-expresses a future situation <-expresses a future activity

If the phone rings, If the weather is we can go to the sunny, beach Sunday.

5. Wish Sentences
The verb wish expresses a desire for a situation that does not exist right now in the present. A wish is a desire to change a real situation into an unreal one. The unreal situation is expressed in the simple past. For example: I wish I lived in a house. I live in an apartment. Wish sentences often express regret about a situation that you would like to change e.g. A:Can you help me? B: No, I'm sorry. I wish I could, but I have an appointment. In order to express future actions that you want to happen , you use would e.g. I wish the bus would come. I'm cold. I wish you'd have a car to take me to the beach. I wish I were thin. I wish I hadn't said that. (If fact, I said it)

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