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Rational and Irrational Numbers

The document discusses rational and irrational numbers. It defines rational numbers as numbers that can be expressed as fractions with integer numerators and denominators, resulting in terminating or repeating decimals. Irrational numbers cannot be expressed as fractions and are not repeating or terminating decimals. It provides examples of rational and irrational numbers. It also discusses rationalizing denominators by multiplying the numerator and denominator by a value to convert an irrational denominator to a rational one. The document then discusses evaluating radicals and provides steps for calculating square roots.

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54 views

Rational and Irrational Numbers

The document discusses rational and irrational numbers. It defines rational numbers as numbers that can be expressed as fractions with integer numerators and denominators, resulting in terminating or repeating decimals. Irrational numbers cannot be expressed as fractions and are not repeating or terminating decimals. It provides examples of rational and irrational numbers. It also discusses rationalizing denominators by multiplying the numerator and denominator by a value to convert an irrational denominator to a rational one. The document then discusses evaluating radicals and provides steps for calculating square roots.

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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Rational and Irrational Numbers

Rational and Irrational Numbers


A rational number is a number that can be expressed as a fraction or ratio. The numerator and the denominator of the fraction are both integers.When the fraction is divided out, it becomes a terminating or repeating decimal. The repeating decimal portion may be one number or a billion numbers.Rational numbers can be ordered on a number line.An irrational number cannot be expressed as a fraction. Irrational numbers cannot be represented as terminating or repeating decimals. Real and imaginary numbers make up the number system of algebra. Imaginary numbers are discussed in chapter 15 of this course. Real numbers are either rational or irrational. The word RATIONAL comes from the word "ratio." A number is rational if it can be expressed as the quotient, or ratio, of two whole numbers. Any whole number is rational. Its denominator is 1. For instance, 8 equals , which is the quotient of two integers.A number like is rational, since it can be expressed as the quotient of two integers in the form . The following are also examples of rational numbers.Any rational number can be expressed as the quotient of two integers in many ways.An IRRATIONAL number is a real number that cannot be expressed as the ratio of two integers. The numbers and are examples of irrational numbers.Expressions such as and have irrational numbers in the denominator. Know More About :- Rational Numbers Definition

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the process of evaluating a fraction becomes an exercise in long division. Such a fraction can be evaluated quickly by first changing the denominator to a rational number. Converting a fraction with an irrational number in its denominator to an equivalent fraction with a rational number in the denominator is called RATIONALIZING THE DENOMINATOR.Multiplying a fraction by 1 leaves the value of the fraction unchanged. Since any number divided by itself equals 1,If the numerator and denominator of are each multiplied by , another fraction having the same value is obtained.The denominator of the new equivalent fraction is 2, which is rational. The decimal value of the fraction is To rationalize the denominator in we multiply the numerator and denominator. EVALUATING RADICALS Any radical expression has a decimal equivalent which may be exact if the radicand is a rational number. If the radicand is not rational, the root may be expressed as a decimal approximation, but it can never be exact. A procedure similar to long division may be used for calculating square root and cube root, and higher roots may be calculated by means of methods based on logarithms and higher mathematics. Tables of powers and roots have been calculated for use in those scientific fields in which it is frequently necessary to work with roots. SQUARE ROOT PROCESS 1. Begin at the decimal point and mark the number off into groups of two digits each, moving both to the right and to the left from the decimal point. This may leave an odd digit at the right-hand or lefthand end of the number, or both. For example, suppose that the number whose square root we seek is 9025. 2. Find the greatest number whose square is contained in the left-hand group (90). This number is 9, since the square of 9 is 81. Write 9 above the first group. Square this number (9) place its square below the left-hand group, and subtract. 3. Multiply the first digit in the root (9) by 20, obtaining 180 as a trial divisor. This trial divisor is contained in the new dividend (925) five times; thus the second digit of the root appears to be 5. However, this number must be added to the trial divisor to obtain a "true divisor." If the true divisor is then too large to use with the second quotient digit, this digit must be reduced by 1. Read More About :- Properties of Multiplication

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