2.

EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCE SYSTEMS

EQUILIBRIUM OF - CONCURRENT COPLANAR FORCE SYSTEMS

Definition:If a system of forces acting on a body, keeps the body in a state of rest or in a state of uniform motion along a straight line, then the system of forces is said to be in equilibrium. ALTERNATIVELY, if the resultant of the force system is zero, then, the force system is said to be in equilibrium.

EQUILIBRIUM OF - CONCURRENT COPLANAR FORCE SYSTEMS

Conditions for Equilibrium : A coplanar concurrent force system will be in equilibrium if it satisfies the following two conditions: ) Fx = 0; and ii) Fy = 0

i.e. Algebraic sum of components of all the forces of the system, along two mutually perpendicular directions, is ZERO.
Y X

Graphical conditions for Equilibrium Triangle Law: If three forces are in equilibrium, then, they form a closed triangle when represented in a Tip to Tail arrangement, as shown in Fig 2.1
F1 F3
F
3

F2 Fig 2.1

F2

F1

Polygonal Law: If more than three forces are in equilibrium, then, they form a closed polygon when represented in a Tip to Tail arrangement, as shown in Fig. 2.2. F F4
3

F3 F4

F5

F2 F1 F5 Fig 2.2

F1

LAMIS THEOREM

If a system of three forces is in equilibrium, then, each force of the system is proportional to sine of the angle between the other two forces (and constant of proportionality is the same for all the forces). Thus, with reference to Fig.2.3, we have,

F3

F2

F3 F3 F3 = = Sin Sin Sin

F1

Fig. 2.3

Note: While using Lamis theorem, all the three forces should be either directed away or all directed towards the point of concurrence.

EQUILIBRIUM OF NON-CONCURRENT COPLANAR FORCE SYSTEM

When a body is in equilibrium, it has neither translatory nor rotatory motion in any direction. Thus the resultant force R and the resultant couple M are both zero, and we have the equilibrium equations for two dimensional force system Fx = 0; Fy = 0 M = 0

These requirements are both necessary and sufficient conditions for equilibrium.

SPACE DIAGRAMS & FREE BODY DIAGRAMS

Space Diagram (SPD) : The sketch showing the physical conditions of the problem, like, the nature of supports provided; size, shape and location of various bodies; forces applied on the bodies, etc., is known as space diagram. eg, Fig 2.4 is a space diagram
Weight of sphere = 0.5 kN, Radius = 1m

3m

Cable P = 2kN
30
Sphere

wall

Fig. 2.4 SPD

Free Body Diagram (FBD) : It is an isolated diagram of the body being analyzed (called free body), in which, the body is shown freed from all its supports and contacting bodies/surfaces. Instead of the supports and contacting bodies/surfaces, the reactive forces exerted by them on the free body is shown, along with all other applied forces.

A Few Guidelines for Drawing FBD 1) Tensile Force: It is a force trying to pull or extend the body. It is represented by a vector directed away from the body. 2) Compressive Force: It is force trying to push or contract the body. It is represented by a vector directed towards the body. 3) Reactions at smooth surfaces: The reactions of smooth surfaces, like walls, floors, Inclined planes, etc. will be normal to the surface and pointing towards the body. 5) Forces in Cables (Strings or Chords): These can only be tensile 4)Forces in Link rods/connecting rods: These forces will be acting forces. Thus, these forces will be along the cable and directed along the axis of the rod, either towards or away from the body. away from the body.

Free Body Diagrams of the sphere shown in Fig. 2.4 T = Tension in the cable

P = 2kN
30

Rw = Reaction of the wall W = self weight of the sphere P = external load acting on the sphere

Rw
Sphere

W=0.5kN Fig. 2.5 F B D of Sphere

Detach the sphere from all contacts and replace that with forces like: Cable contact is replaced by the force tension = T Contact with the smooth wall is replaced by the reaction Rw.

Supports: A structure is subjected to external forces and transfers these forces through the supports on to the foundation. Therefore the support reactions and the external forces together keep the structure in equilibrium. There are different types of supports. a) Roller Support b) Hinged or pinned support c) Fixed or built in support

Supports Types of Supports (a) Flexible cable ,belt ,chain, rope Action on body

BODY
T Force exerted by cable is always a tension away from the body in the direction of cable

BODY

(b) Smooth surfaces 900 F 900 F

Contact forces are normal to the surfaces

Supports

A (c) Roller support Contact force is normal to the surface on which the roller moves. The reaction will always be perpendicular to the plane of the roller . Roller support will offer only one independent reaction component. (Whose direction is known.)

Supports

(d) pinned Support / hinged support A

A Rv

This support does not allow any translatory movement of the rigid body. There will be two independent reaction components at the support. The resultant reaction can be resolved into two mutually perpendicular components. Or it can be shown as resultant reaction inclined at an angle with respect to a reference direction.

Supports

(e) Fixed or Built-in Support A

RAV

This type of support not only prevents the translatory movement of the rigid body, but also the rotation of the rigid body. Hence there will be 3 independent reaction components of forces. Hence there will be 3 unknown components of forces, two mutually perpendicular reactive force component and a reactive moment as shown in the figure.

TYPES OF BEAMS

A member which is subjected to predominantly transverse loads and supported in such a way that rigid body motion is prevented is known as beam. It is classified based on the support conditions. A beam generally supported by a hinge or roller at the ends having one span (distance between the support) is called as simply supported beam. A beam which is fixed at one end and free at another end is called as a cantilever beam. A
span

A
span

(a) Simply supported beam

TYPES OF BEAMS

span
RH M A Rv B

(b) Cantilever beam

TYPES OF BEAMS

If one end or both ends of the beam project beyond the support it is known as overhanging beam.

(c) Overhanging beam (right overhang)

Statically determinate beam Using the equations of equilibrium given in Eq. 2.1,if all the reaction components can be found out, then the beam is a statically determinate beam

the equations of equilibrium Fx = 0; Fy = 0 M = 0

FRICTION Friction is defined as the contact resistance exerted by one body upon another body when one body moves or tends to move past another body. This force which opposes the movement or tendency of movement is known as frictional resistance or friction. Friction is due to the resistance offered by minute projections at the contact surfaces. Hence friction is the retarding force, always opposite to the direction of motion. Friction has both advantages & disadvantages. Disadvantages ---- Power loss, wear and tear etc. Advantages ---- Brakes, traction for vehicles etc.

FRICTION

W P

F (Friction)

Hills & Vales

Magnified Surface

Frictional resistance is dependent on the amount of wedging action between the hills and vales of contact surfaces. The wedging action is dependent on the normal reaction N.

FRICTION

Frictional resistance has the remarkable property of adjusting itself in magnitude of force producing or tending to produce the motion so that the motion is prevented. When P = 0, F = 0 block under equilibrium When P increases, F also increases proportionately to maintain equilibrium. However there is a limit beyond which the magnitude of this friction cannot increase.

FRICTION

When the block is on the verge of motion(motion of the block is impending) F attains maximum possible value, which is termed as Limiting Friction. When the applied force is less than the limiting friction, the body remains at rest and such frictional resistance is called the static friction. Further if P is increased, the value of F decreases rapidly and then remains fairly a constant thereafter. However at high speeds it tends to decrease. This frictional resistance experienced by the body while in motion is known as Dynamic friction OR Kinetic Friction.

FRICTION

Sliding friction friction experienced when a body slides over another surface. Dynamic Friction

Rolling friction friction experienced by a body when it rolls over a surface.

FRICTION

W P Fmax N = R Fmax N

FN Fmax = N
Where Fmax = Limiting Friction N= Normal Reaction between the contact surfaces =Coefficient of friction

Note : Static friction varies from zero to a maximum value. Dynamic friction is fairly a constant.

Angle of Friction The angle between N & R depends on the value of F. This angle , between the resultant R and the normal reaction N is termed as angle of friction. As F increases, also increases and will reach to a maximum value of when F is Fmax (limiting friction) i.e. tan = (Fmax )/N = Angle is known as Angle of limiting Friction.

FRICTION

Fmax
R

FRICTION

Angle of limiting friction is defined as the angle between the resultant reaction (of limiting friction and normal reaction) and the normal to the plane on which the motion of the body is impending.

Angle of repose When granular material is heaped, there exists a limit for the inclination of the surface. Beyond that angle, the grains start rolling down. This limiting angle upto which the grains repose (sleep) is called the angle of repose of the granular material.

FRICTION

Significance of Angle of repose: The angle that an inclined plane makes with the horizontal, when the body supported on the plane is on the verge of motion due to its self -weight is equal to the angle of repose. Angle of repose is numerically equal to Angle of limiting friction

Laws of dry friction

FRICTION

1. The magnitude of limiting friction bears a constant ratio to the normal reaction between the two surfaces. (Experimentally proved) 2. The force of friction is independent of the area of contact between the two surfaces. 3. For low velocities the total amount of friction that can be developed is practically independent of velocity.

(Q 2.1)

Numerical Problems & Solutions

A sphere of 100N weight is tied to a wall by a string as shown in Fig.Q2.1. Find the tension in the string and the reaction of the wall.

150

Fig Q2.1

(Q 2.1)

Using Lamis theorem,

T R

T
15 105 165 90

T W R = = Sin3 Sin33 Sin33 3 3 3 33 3 T= Sin3 = 11 N 3 1.3 Sin33 3 33 3 R= Sin33 3.3 3= 3 N Sin3 3

FBD of sphere

(Q 2.2)

Numerical Problems & Solutions

Determine the magnitude and nature of the forces in the bars AB and AC shown in Fig.Q2.2. Neglect size and weight of the pulley.

B 30 D 60 C 40 kN
Fig. Q2.2

(Q 2.2) B
30

FBD of 40kN weight T

D C

T 60

A
T T

40 kN

40 kN
If the pulley is frictionless then tension in the rope on either side of it is same

(Q 2.2) B
30

FBD of joint A FAB

D C

T 60

A
T T

600 300

40 kN
The AB and AC may be subjected to either tension or compression Hence initially assume one direction

FAC

Angle between FAB and F AC = 90 0

(Q 2.2) The joint A is under equilibrium and hence sum of all forces acting at joint A is zero.
Taking FAC as X-axis and FAB as Y axis

FAC WX TX = 3 FAC = 3Cos3 3Cos3 = 3.33 3 3 3 3 3 3kN

From + FX = 3 ,

FAB is +ve.

F is towards A, So it is Tensile.
AB

(Q 2.3) Two cylinders A & B of weight 400N and 200N respectively, rest on smooth planes as shown in Fig.Q2.3. Find the force P required for equilibrium.

15 B

60

60
Fig Q2.3

45

(Q 2.3)
A

15 B

60

RA

60

45 60

RB

Fig Q2.3

45

300

15 F AB

FAB
15

60 B 45

RB

Weight Weight

(Q 2.3) WA=400N Fig Q2.3b FBD OF B

120
60

Y
WB=200N

105
15

FBA FAB
15

P
60

RA

135

X
45

Fig Q2.3a FBD OF A

RB

(Q 2.3)

Considering FBD of A and Using Lamis theorem,

RA WA FBA = = Sin33 Sin33 Sin33 3 3 3 33 3 FBA = Sin11 11 N 1 = 1.3 Sin33 3 33 3 ( RA = Sin11 33 3 ) 1 = 3.3N Sin11 1

(Q 2.3) Considering FBD of B, We have,

PY + RBY WB FABY = 3 PCos3 RB Cos3 = 33 33 Sin3 3 3 3 3.3 3 + FABX PX RB X = 3 PSin 3 + RB Sin 3 = 33 Cos3 3 3 3.3 3
Adding Eqn(1) and Eqn(2), We get,

From FY = 3 +, ,

From FX = 3+ ,

-------Eqn(1)

-----------------Eqn(2)

P(Cos3 + Sin 3) = +11.3 3 3 11 3 P = 11 3 1.3 N ( RB = 33 3 ) 3.3 N

(Q 2.4) Determine, the tension in the strings AB, BC, CD and inclination of the segment CD to the vertical, in the system shown in Fig Q2.4.

30 B 50 20 kN 30 kN C

Fig Q2.4 SPD

(Q 2.4)
TBA 30
150

Y +VE
TCB 160 50 TCD

+VE

50 20 kN

TBC 30 kN

Fig Q2.4a FBD of Joint B Fig Q2.4b FBD of Joint C

(Q 2.4) Considering FBD of Joint C, We have,

TCD Sin = 3.3Sin 3 33 3 From FY = 3 ,+

From FX = 3+ ,

------Eqn (1)

TCD Cos = 3 1.3Cos3 ------Eqn (2) 3 13 3

3.3 33 tan = 3.3 33 = 3.3o 33 TCD = 3.3kN 33

(NOTE: For this FBD, if we use Lamis Theorem,we have to expand Sin(50+) and solve for , which can take more time.)

(Q 2.5) A wire is fixed at two points A and D as shown in Fig Q 2.5. Determine inclination of the segment BC to the vertical and the tension in all the segments.

A
30

B
20kN

60 C
25 kN

Fig Q2.5 SPD

(Q 2.5)
TBA 30
150

(210- )

TCB

(60+)

TCD

TBC (180- )

60 120

20 kN

30 kN

Fig Q2.5a FBD at Joint B Fig Q2.5 FBD at Joint C

(Q 2.5) Considering FBD of Joint B and Using Lamis theorem,

TBA 3 3 TBC = = Sin Sin(3 3 ) Sin3 3 3 3 3 3 ---------Eqn(1) TBC = Sin1 1 1 Sin(33 ) 3 3 3 ------------Eqn(2) TBA = Sin Sin(33 ) 3

(Q 2.5) Considering FBD of Joint C and Using Lamis theorem,

TCD 3 3 TCB = = Sin (11 ) Sin (3 + ) Sin33 1 3 3 3 3 TCB = TBC = Sin33 ---------Eqn(3) 3 Sin (3 + ) 3 3 3 TCD = Sin ---------Eqn(4) Sin (3 + ) 3

(Q 2.5) Equating R.H.S. of Eqns (1) and (3), we get, 3 3 3 3 Sin 3 = 3 3 Sin 3 3 3 Sin ( 3 ) 3 3 Sin (3 +) 3

3( Sin 3Cos +Cos 3 Sin ) 3 3 3 = 3.3( Sin 3 Cos Cos 3 Sin ) 33 3 3 3 3 1.3Sin =3.3Cos 13 33

(Continued in next slide)

(Q 2.5) (Continuation)

3.3Sin = 3.3Cos 33 33 Sin 3.3 33 = tan = = 1.3 o 13 Cos 3.3 33 TBC = TCB = 3.3kN 33 TBA = 3.3 kN 33 TCD = 3.3kN 33

(Q 2.6) A beam AB of span 12m shown in the figure is hinged at A and is on rollers at B. Determine the reactions at A and B for the loading shown. 20kN A 25kN 30 30kN 45 B 4m 3m 3m 2m

(Q 2.6) Solution
FBD of Beam AB HA VA 4m 3m 20kN 30 3m 45 B 2m VB 25kN 30kN

Fx = 0 Fy = 0 MA = 0

HA 25cos 30 30cos45 = 0 VA 20 25 sin30 30sin45 +VB = 0 -204 - 25 sin307 - 30 sin 4510+ VB 12=0

(Q 2.6) Solution
FBD of Beam AB HA
A

25kN 20kN 30

30kN

45

VA 4m

25 sin 30

30 sin 45

VB

3m

3m

2m

MA = 0 0 = -204 - 25 sin307 - 30 sin 4510+ VB 12

(Q 2.6) Solution(contd.) HA=42.86kN, VA=22.07kN, VB=31.64kN

RA =

(H
3

3 A

+V

3 A

)
RA

HA VA

VA = tan H A
RA= 48.21 kN = 27.25

(Q 2.7) Find the Support reactions for the given beam loaded as shown in the figure.

0.5m A

60kN

40kN/m B 2m

1m 5m

60

(Q 2.7)
Solution HA A VA 1m C 60kN 30kNm 2m 2m 40kN/m RBH=RBCos30 B 60 FBD RB

RBv = RBCos60

Fx = 0 Fy = 0 MA = 0

HA + 60 RB Cos30 = 0 VA + RB Cos60 40 x 2 = 0 -30 - 4024 + RB Cos605 = 0 HA

[Ans: RB=140kN HA=61.24 = 9.3]

VA=10 RA= 62.05kN

RA VA

(Q 2.8) Find the Support reactions for the given beam loaded as shown in the figure. 30kN 0.5m
A B 2m

80kN/m 100kN

1m

3m

(Q 2.8) Solutions

30kN A HA VA 2m 15kNm 1m FBD 3m

80kN/m B VB 100kN

(Q 2.8)
HA A VA

30kN

120kN 15kNm

1m
B VB

FBD 100kN

2m

C 6m

Fx = 0 Fy = 0 MA = 0

HA + 100 = 0 VA + VB 30 120 = 0 - 302 - 15 - (120)x5 + VBx6 = 0

[ Ans: VB= 112.5kN VA =37.5kN HA= 100kN RA= 106.8kN = 20.56]

(Q 2.9) Find the Support reactions for the beam loaded as shown in the figure.
30kN 15kN/m 23kN 20kN

3m

2m

2m

(Q 2.9) Solution

45kN HA

A
MA VA 1.5m 1.5m

30KN

23kN

20kN

FBD 2m 2m

Fx = 0 Fy = 0 MA = 0

HA = 0 VA 45 30 23 20 = 0 MA 45x1.5 30x3 23x5 20x7=0

(Q 2.10) Find reactions at A,B,C and D

(Q 2.10) Solution
10kN/m 10kN/m 10kN/m

Rc

A 2m

C 3m

B 1m 2m

(Q 2.10) Solution
C 2.0m Rc A VA 2m C 3m .67m B VB 1.33m 2m VD 40kN 20kN D

FBD of top beam

FBD of bottom beam

(Q 2.10) Solution
40kN 2m RC 0.67 20kN 3.33m VD

For top Beam : Fy = 0; MD = 0; Rc 40 20+VD = 0

- Rc 6 + 40 4 + 20 3.33 = 0

Solving the above eqns RC=37.77kN; VD=22.23kN

(Q 2.10) For bottom beam : Fy = 0 MB = 0 VA 37.77VB=0 -VA 5 +37.77 3=0 Solving the above eqns VA=22.66kN; RC=37.77kN VA 2m 3m VB VB=15.10kN

(Q 2.11)X A ladder of length 5m has a weight of 200N. The foot of the ladder rests on the floor and the top of it leans against the vertical wall. Both the wall and floor are smooth. The ladder is inclined at 60 with the floor. A weight of 300N is suspended at the top of the ladder. Find the value of the horizontal force to be applied at the foot of the ladder to keep it in equilibrium.

(Q 2.11) Solution
2.5 m

300N HB
FBD OF LADDER

200N
2.5 m

600 HA VA

(Q 2.11)
Fy = 0 MA = 0 HB x 5 sin60 200 2.5 cos 60 300 5cos60=0 :: HB=230.94N Fx = 0 ,
2. 5m

VA 200 300=0

::VA=500N
2.5 m

300N HB

200N

HA HB=0 HA=230.94N(Ans.)

600 HA VA

(Q 2.12) Find the reactions at the supports A and C of the bent

20 kN/m A 2m

3m

(Q 2.12) Solution B 20 kN/m C Y VC X FBD HA VA 2m

(Q 2.12) Solution (contd.) B C

3m

60kN

VC

Fx = 0 Fy = 0

60 HA=0 VA+VC=0

HA VA FBD 2m

MA = 0

VCx2-60 1.5=0

(Q 2.12)
Solving the above Ans: VA = - 45kN C B VC = 45 kN HA = 60kN RA=75 kN 36.90

3m

60kN

VC FBD after finding reactns

VA

HA 2m

- ve sign for VA indicates, reaction is downwards and not upwards as assumed initially.

(Q 2.13) A roller (B) of weight 2000N rests as shown in the fig. on beam CD of weight 500N.Determine the reactions at C and D. Neglect the weight of beam AB.

C A B
1m
4m

30

(Q 2.13) Solution:

2000N RAB
300
D BC

FBD of Roller

C Hc
R BC
D

Vc
1m

500N
m .5

FBD of beam CD

30 D VD

m .5 2

(Q 2.13) Solution: 2000N RAB FBD of Roller

300 FBD of Roller : Fy = 0 Fx = 0 RBCD cos 300 2000=0 RAB RBCD sin 300 =0

Solving above eqns : RBCD=2309.4N; RAB=1154.7N

(Q 2.13) For bottom beam : Fy = 0 MC = 0 -VD 5cos30 + 500 2.5 cos30-2309.4 1=0 Solving the above eqns: VD=783.33N; VC=1716.67N Fx = 0 2309.4 sin 30 HC =0 Hc=1154.7 N
500N 30
2. 5m
m .5 1
.4N 9 30 300 2

VD 500+Vc 2309.4cos30=0

Hc Vc
1m

FBD of beam CD

D V

(Q 2.14)X Compute the reactions for the bent beam shown in the figure at A and F. 300Nm B C 50 N/m D

45

3m

4m

4m

3m

(Q 2.14)

Solution
MF = 0 VA=50N FX=0 FY=0 HF=0 VA +VF = 200;
A VA 3m 4m FBD 4m

VA 14 +200 5 300=0
300Nm B 45

200 N 2m C D

VF = 200 50 =150N

HF

3m VF

(Q 2.15) X Determine the support reactions for the shown truss

4m

4m

4m

(Q 2.15)
Solution

HA VA 4m

3KN G

FBD 3KN F 3KN

B HB 4m C 4m D 4m E

(Q 2.15)
MA = 0 HB 4 3 4 3 8 3 12=0 HB=18kN FX=0 : HA+HB=0 HA=18kN FY=0 VA 3 3 3=0; VA=9kN 18kN 9kN 26.570 RA=20.12kN HB 4m 4m 4m 4m HA VA A 3KN 3KN

3KN

(Q 2.16)

FRICTION

If coefficient of friction is 0.20 between the contact surfaces a) Find the force P just to cause motion to impend up the plane b) Find the force P just to prevent motion down the plane c) Determine the magnitude and direction of the friction if P = 80N.
200N

P 30

(Q 2.16) a)
Y +ve

I
0 s3 o

m p. m

tion o
X + ve

FRICTION

200N
300

0 20

3 si n

c 00 2

F1

N 1 =

0. 2 =

0N 1

30

N1

Fy = 0 N1 200 cos30 = 0 Fx = 0 P 200sin30 F1 = 0 P = 134.64 N N1= 173.2 N F1 = 0.20N1 = 0.20 1173.20 = 34.64N

(Q 2.16) b)
Y +ve

FRICTION

p. Im
0 s3 o

tion mo
X + ve

0 20

3 si n

0 20

P
=0 0N 1 .2

F1

N 1 =

N1

Fx = 0 P 200 sin30 + 0.20 3173.2 = 0 P = 65.36 N

(Q 2.16)

FRICTION

C) Block will be under rest for the value of P between 134.64 & Y +ve X + ve 65.36N..
3 si n 0 0 20 c 0 s3 o

0 20

Given, P = 80N Assume direction of friction

P
F1

N1

Fx = 0 80 200Cos60 + F1 = 0 F1 = 20 N

(Q 2.17)

FRICTION

Compute the magnitude of P that will cause the motion to impend up the plane. Coefficient of friction, = 0.20

200N

0 n3 i 0S 20

C 00 2

3 os

F1

0 0.2

N1

30

N1

(Q 2.17)
0 n3 i 0S 20 0 s3 o

FRICTION

0 20

P 300

F1

N1 20 0.

= 3 .3 3 cos 3 Fx = 3 + P cos 3 3 N 3 33 3 = 3 3 cos 3 Fy = 3 N 3 P sin 3 33 3 P = 33 N 3.3

(Q 2.17)

FRICTION

200
600 78.70

OR tan = = 0.20 = 11.3

N 1

N1

33 3 P R = = sin 33 sin 33 sin 3 3.3 3.3 3

11.30

(Q 2.17) X

FRICTION

Block A weighing 1000N rests over block B of weight 2000N as shown in fig. Block A is tied to the wall with a horizontal string. If coefficient of friction between A & B is 0.25 and between B and the floor is 0.33, what should be the value of P just to move the block B ?

A B P

(Q 2.17)
RELATIVE MOTION

FRICTION

FBD of Block A 1000N Imp. motion F1 A

FBD of Block B N1 =1000 B 2000 F2 P

Y +ve

T
X +ve

F1

N1

Block A: Fy = 0

Fx = 0 F1 T = 0 T= 250 N

N1 - 1000 = 0 N1 = 1000 N F1 = 1 N1 = 0.251 1000 = 250 N

N2

(Q 2.17)
FBD of Block B Imp. motion F1 B N1 =1000 2000 P
X +ve Y +ve

FRICTION

N2

F2

Block A: Fy = 0

Fx = 0

N2 - N1 - 2000 = 0 N2 - 1000 -2000 = 0 N2 = 3000 N P - F1 -F2 = 0 P- 250 - 0.33 1N2 = 0 P - 250 -0.33 3 3000 = 0

(Q 2.18)

FRICTION

The bodies shown in the following figure are separated by an uniform strut weighing 100N which is attached to the bodies with frictionless pins. Coefficient of friction under each body is 0.30. Determine the force P that will just start the system rightward. Weight of block A= 400 N, B= 200N

P A

30

45

(Q 2.18)

FRICTION

tan = 0.30 = 16.7

FBD of the Strut B 100 N

P A

30

45

50 N T 100/2 = 50 N

(Q 2.18)
200+50

FRICTION

FBD of B

250 R 250 30 61.7 R 60 T 45+16.70 R 61.7 58.3 60 T

30 T 45 N2

F2 16.70

250/Sin58.3 = T/Sin61.70 T = 258.72N

(Q 2.18)
FBD of A 400+50 P T = 258.72 30
X +ve Y +ve

FRICTION

N1

F1 = 0.30N1

Fy = 0 Fx = 0

N1 - 450 - 258.72Sin30 = 0 N1 = 579.36N P - F1- 258.72Cos30 = 0 P-0.30 3579.36-258.72cos30=0 P- 173.81- 224.06=0 P = 397.87 N

(Q 2.19) X

FRICTION

What horizontal force P is required on the wedges B and C just to raise the weight 1000N resting on A. Angle of limiting friction between all contact surfaces is 10o.

A P B 15 15 C P

(Q 2.19)

FRICTION

FBD of A
1000N 1000N 25 1000N F1 R1 10 N1 15 F2 10 15 N2 R2 10+15 R1 =25 25 R2 25 R1 R2

130

1000/Sin130 = R1/ Sin25 = R2/ Sin25 R1 = R2 = 551.69N

(Q 2.19)

FBD of B
N1 15 10 R = 551.69 1

FRICTION

25 P 65 80 10 R3

=5 51 .69

F1

R1=551.69 35 R3 80 P

65

F3 10 N3 R3

P/Sin35 = 551.69/ Sin80 P = 321.32N Note: FBD of Block (C) can also be considered. No need to consider the FBD of both the blocks (B) & (C).

(Q 2.20)

FRICTION

Determine the force P required just to start the wedge A shown in the figure. Angle of limiting friction between all contact surfaces is 15. P = 15

2000N A B 500N

(Q 2.20) FBD of B
F2 = 0.27N2 N2

FRICTION

Y +ve = 15 tan = 2000N = 0.27 X +ve 500 N Fx = 0 N2 - 500- 0.27N1 = 0 N2 = 500 + 0.27N1 ---------(1)

F1 = 0.27N1

Fy = 0 N1 N1- 2000 - 0.27N2 = 0 From (1) & (2) 0.27N2 = N1 -2000 500 + 0.27N1 = 3.70N1 7407.41 N = 3.70N -7407.41 ------(2) 2 1 3.43N1 = 7907.41 N1 = 2305.37 N N2=1122.45N

(Q 2.20) FBD of Wedge A

FRICTION

P
N2=1122.45 15 N3 15 R3 F3

R2= 1122.452 + 303.062 = 1162.64 R2=1162.64 P 75 45 R3

=15

R2=1162.64 F2=0.27N2 =303.06 30 R3 60 15 75

P
60 R2=1162.64

P/Sin45 = 1162.64/ Sin60 P = 949.29N

(Q 2.21)X Determine the minimum value of P to prevent the blocks from slipping. Neglect the weights of the link rods. Co-efficient of friction for all contact surfaces is 0.25.Find the frictional force under the block B and comment on the result. WA= WB=2000N A Pin Joint
30 60 B
C

FRICTION

Pin Joints

(Q 2.21) FBD of A
2000 N1 30 T1 F1=0.25 N1
Y +ve

FRICTION

Fx = 0 N1 - T1 Cos30= 0 N1 = T1 Cos30 = 0.866T1-------(1) Fy = 0 - 2000 + F1 + T1Sin30 = 0 -2000 +0.25N1 + 0.5T1= 0------(2) From (1) & (2) -2000 + 0.25(0.866T1 )+ 0.5T1 = 0 T1 = 2791.32 N

X +ve

(Q 2.21) Joint (C)

FRICTION

T1 = 2791.32 30 60 T2 P T2
90 60

T1
30

P/Sin90 = 2791.32/Sin60 = T2/Sin30 P=3223.14 N T2 = 1611.57N

(Q 2.21) FBD of B Fy = 0 2000 T =1611.57 N - 2000 1611.57Sin60 = 0 2 2 N2 =3395.60

FRICTION

Y +ve

F2 N2

Fx = 0 F2 1611.57Cos60 = 0 F2 = 805.79 N (Friction Developed under block B)

X +vet

Limiting friction = N2 = 0.25 x 3395.60 = 848.92N Limiting friction is greater than Friction developed. Hence the block B is at rest.

(Q 2.22)

FRICTION

An uniform ladder of length 7m rests against a vertical wall with which it makes an angle of 45o. Coefficient of friction between the ladder and the wall is 1/3 and between ladder and the floor is 1/2. If a person whose weight is half that of the ladder ascends it, how high will he be when the ladder just slips?
Y +ve

Fx=0 FA-NB=0 Fy=0 0.5NA-NB=0 NB=0.5NA--------(1) NA-W-0.5W+FB=0

NB FB

a 7m 0.5W 3.5m W 45 A 7cos45 NA

7sin45

NA+0.33NB=1.5W------(2)

(Q 2.22) From (1) & (2) NA+0.33(0.5NA)=1.5W NA=1.29W NB=0.64W

FRICTION

MB=0 (FA 7sin45)-(NA 7cos45)+(W 3.5cos45)+(0.5W acos45)=0 a = 2m from the top

(Q 2.23)

FRICTION

An uniform ladder 3m in length and weighing 180N is placed against a wall with its end A at the floor and the other end B on the wall, ladder AB making 60 with the floor. Coefficient of friction between the wall and ladder is 0.25 and between floor and ladder is 0.35. In addition to the self weight, the ladder has to support a person weighing 900N at its top B. To prevent slipping, a force P is applied horizontally at A at the level of the floor. Find the minimum force P required for this condition. Find also the minimum angle at which the above ladder with the person at the top should be placed to prevent slipping without the horizontal force P.

(Q 2.23) FBD of Ladder

Y +ve

FRICTION

X +ve

900N
B

NB FB 3sin

3m

P
FA

1. 5m

180 N

3cos

NA

(Q 2.23) a) When = 60 Fx = 0, FA+P-NB=0 0.35NA+P-NB=0 NB=P+0.35NA---------(1) Fy=0, NA-180-900+FB=0 NA+0.25NB=1080----(2)

FRICTION

Y +ve

X +ve

900N
B

NB FB

1.5 m

180 N

3sin

P
FA

3cos

(Q 2.23)
Y +ve

FRICTION

MB=0 = 0.35NA 1 3sin60 + P 3 3sin60 + 180 x 1.5cos60 -NA3 3cos60 = 0 --------(3)

X +ve

900N
B

NB FB 3sin

From(1),(2)&(3) NB=499.16N NA=955.21N P=164.80N

1.5 m

180 N

P
FA

3cos

NA

(Q 2.23) (b) Force P is removed, =? Fx=0 FA-NB=0 0.35NA-NB=0 0.35NA=NB---(1) Fy=0 NA-180-900+FB=0 NA+0.25NB=1080-----(2) MB=0

FRICTION

Y +ve

X +ve

0.35NA 33sin+180 31.5cos-NA 33cos=0----(3) From(1), (2) &(3) =68.95

EXERCISE PROBLEMS
2. EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCE SYSTEMS

Q1. A 10kN roller rests on a smooth horizontal floor and is held by the bar AC as shown in Fig(1). Determine the magnitude and nature of the force in the bar AC and reaction from the floor under the action of the forces applied on the roller. [Ans:FAC=0.058 kN(T),R=14.98 kN] 7kN C A 300 Fig(1) 450 5kN

EXERCISE PROBLEMS
2. EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCE SYSTEMS

Q1. A 10kN roller rests on a smooth horizontal floor and is held by the bar AC as shown in Fig(1). Determine the magnitude and nature of the force in the bar AC and reaction from the floor under the action of the forces applied on the roller. [Ans:FAC=0.058 kN(T),R=14.98 kN] 7kN C A 300 Fig(1) 450 5kN

2. EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCE SYSTEMS

EXERCISE PROBLEMS

Q2. A 10 kN weight is suspended from a rope as shown in figure. Determine the magnitude and direction of the least force P required to pull the rope, so that, the weight is shifted horizontally by 0.5m. Also, determine, tension in the rope in its new position. [Ans: P= 2.43 kN, = 14.480 ; T= 9.7kN.]

2m 10kN P

2. EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCE SYSTEMS

EXERCISE PROBLEMS

Q3. Determine the value of P and the nature of the forces in the bars for equilibrium of the system shown in figure. [Ans: P = 3.04 kN, Forces in bars are Compressive.] 60 45 P

45 75 2kN

2. EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCE SYSTEMS

EXERCISE PROBLEMS

Q4. A cable fixed as shown in Fig. supports three loads. Determine the value of the load W and the inclination of the segment BC. [Ans: W=25kN, = 54.780]

A 30 B 60 C W

20 Loads are in kN

22.5

2. EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCE SYSTEMS

EXERCISE PROBLEMS

Q5. Find the reactions at A,B,C and D for the beam loaded as shown in the figure. (Ans.RA=RB =34kN;RC=28.84kN;
MC=-140kNm ; C=-33.69 )

12kN/m 4kN/m A

20 kN 4kN/m

12kN/m 30kN 4 3 C
1m 2m

B 40kNm

1m

2m

1m

1m

2m

1m

2. EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCE SYSTEMS

EXERCISE PROBLEMS

Q6. A uniform bar AB of weight 50N shown in the figure supports a load of 200N at its end. Determine the tension developed in the string and the force supported by the pin at B. (Ans. T=529.12N;RB=807.15N, B=64.6)

B A 200N
2.5m

60 2.5m

2.5m

string

2. EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCE SYSTEMS

EXERCISE PROBLEMS

Q7. Find the position of the hinged support (x),such that the reactions developed at the supports of the beam are equal.. (Ans.x=2m.) 10kN/m 15kN

18kN/m x

2.0m

1.0m 0.6 1.4m

3.0m

2. EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCE SYSTEMS

EXERCISE PROBLEMS

Q8. A right angled bar ABC hinged at A as shown in fig carries two loads W and 2W applied at B &C .Neglecting self weight of the bar find the angle made by AB with vertical (Ans: =18.44)

Lm

B W 0.5L C 2W

2. EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCE SYSTEMS

EXERCISE PROBLEMS

Q9. For the block shown in fig., determine the smallest force P required a) b) to start the block up the plane to prevent the block moving down the plane.
[Ans.:

Take = 0.20 100N 25

= 59.2N Pmin = 23.7N

(b)

= 11.3o]

2. EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCE SYSTEMS

EXERCISE PROBLEMS

Q10. A block of weight 2000 N is attached to a cord passing over a frictionless pulley and supporting a weight of 800N as shown in fig. If between the block and the plane is 0.35, determine the unknown force P for impending motion (a) to the right (b) to the left
[Ans.: (a) P = 132.8N (b) P = 1252N]

2000N

30

800N P

2. EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCE SYSTEMS

EXERCISE PROBLEMS

Q11. Determine value of angle to cause the motion of 500N block to impend down the plane, if for all contact surfaces is 0.30.

200N 500N =? [Ans.: = 28.4]

2. EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCE SYSTEMS

EXERCISE PROBLEMS

Q12. A horizontal bar 10m long and of negligible weight rests on rough inclines as shown in fig. If angle of friction is 15o, how close to B may the 200N force be applied before the motion impends.

100N A 2m 30

200N X=? B 60 [Ans.: x = 3.5m]

2. EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCE SYSTEMS

EXERCISE PROBLEMS

Q13. Determine the vertical force P required to drive the wedge B downwards in the arrangements shown in fig. Angle of friction for all contact surfaces is 12o.Weight of block A= 1600 N.

P B 20

A
[Ans.: P = 328.42N]

2. EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCE SYSTEMS

EXERCISE PROBLEMS

Q14. Determine the force P which is necessary to start the wedge to raise the block A weighing 1000N. Self weight of the wedge may be ignored. Take angle of friction, = 15o for all contact surfaces.

A P
[Ans.: P = 1192N]

20 wedge

2. EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCE SYSTEMS

EXERCISE PROBLEMS

Q15. A ladder of weight 200N, 6m long is supported as shown in fig. If between the floor and the ladder is 0.5 & between the wall and the ladder is 0.25 and it supports a vertical load of 1000N, determine a) the least value of at which the ladder may be placed without slipping b) the reactions at A & B [Ans.: (a) = 56.3o (b) RA = 1193 N, RB = 550N]

1000N 5m

2. EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCE SYSTEMS

EXERCISE PROBLEMS

Q16. An uniform ladder of weight 250N is placed against a smooth vertical wall with its lower end 5m from the wall. between the ladder and the floor is 0.3. Show that the ladder remains in equilibrium in this position. What is the frictional resistance on the ladder at the point of contact between the ladder and the floor?
Smooth wall B 12m [Ans.: FA = 52 N] A

2. EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCE SYSTEMS

EXERCISE PROBLEMS

Q17. A ladder of length 5m weighing 500N is placed at 45o against a vertical wall. between the ladder and the wall is 0.20 & between ladder and ground is 0.50. If a man weighing 600N ascends the ladder, how high will he be when the ladder just slips. If a boy now stands on the bottom rung of the ladder, what must be his least weight so that the man can go to the top of the ladder. [Ans.: (a) x = 2.92m (b) Wboy = 458N]