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EXCRETORY SYSTEM

CHAPTER 3 PMR

Chapter Review: Human's excretory organs Excretory product of the organs The importance of excretion Kidney and other parts of excretory system Function of kidney Maintaining healthy kidneys Dialysis process Plant excretory system

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1. 2. 3. 4. Human Excretion Metabolism refers to all the chemical processes that take place in the body. Metabolism may result in the production of waste products, which are often toxic. The elimination of the metabolic waste products from the body is called excretion. This is done by excretory organs Defecation is not excretion process because faeces contain undigested food, which has not been absorbed into the cells or taken part in the metabolism Skin The Skin not only protects our body, but is also an excretory organ The skin has many sweat glands, which produce sweat when the body is hot. Each sweat gland is a long coiled tube. The sweat glands to a sweat duct which opens on the skin's surface as a sweat pore. Sweat is extracted from the blood capillaries surrounding the sweat gland Sweat contains water, mineral salts and urea. Lungs During cell respiration, the cells produce carbon dioxide and water as waste products. Carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood capillaries into the alveolus Carbon dioxide and water vapor are expelled from the lungs by exhalation Kidney Kidneys are the main organs in the excretory system. Kidneys filter the blood and produce urine Urine is yellowish liquid that contains water, mineral salts and urea.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3.

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Excretion

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The importance of excretion

1. To maintain health excretory products like urea can poison living cells if left to accumulate in the body. 2. To regulate blood concentration high concentration of salts in the body can increase blood concentration. 3. To regulate body temperature evaporation of sweat at the skin surface can cool the body.

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The Urinary system The urinary system consists of a pair of kidneys, a pair or ureters, the urinary bladder and the urethra. 2. Blood is carried to each kidney by the renal artery and away from it by the renal vein 3. The kidneys are located on either side of the spine at the back of the abdominal cavity. They lie just above the waistline and left kidney is slightly higher than the right kidney 4. The blood is filtered in the kidney 5. Waste product (e.g. urea) and excess substances (e.g. mineral salts and water) are converted into urine. 6. The ureters carry the urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder 7. The urinary bladder stores urine and gradually expands like a balloon 8. When the muscles in the wall of the bladder contract, urine is expelled to the exterior via the urethra. This process is called urination. 9. The human kidneys are bean-shape and are reddish brown, due to their enormous blood supply. 10. Structure of kidney; i. the cross section of a kidney shows that the kidney is made up of three parts, which are cortex, medulla and pelvis. ii. The cortex is the outer layer of the kidney and is darker in iii. The medulla is the section below the cortex and is brighter in colour. iv. The medulla projects inwards to form a pyramid. The pyramid in turn slants into the pelvis. v. The pelvis is the funnel-shaped cavity. It connects to the ureter. Living with Kidney Failure 1. Kidney failure happens when they do not work properly. This could be due to infections caused by microorganisms. 2. A blockage in ureter and urethra can cause damage to the kidneys because urine cannot flow out of the body. 3. A person who has only one kidney still can live normally. 4. If both kidneys fail, the person will have to rely on an artificial kidney machine called the dialysis machine to remove wastes from the blood. 1. Dialysis 1. The process of filtering and cleansing the blood using a dialysis machine. 2. Dialysis removes excess water and wastes through a semi- permeable membrane. 3. A semi-permeable membranes has pores which allow urea and salts to go through. Larger particles such as blood cells, bacteria, viruses or protein cannot pass through this membrane. 4. The common dialysis method is hemodialysis where waste products and excess water are separated artificially from the patients blood by diffusion and ultrafiltration. Excretory products of plants 1. Plants also perform excretion to remove excretory materials such as water, oxygen and carbon dioxide. 2. Water is excreted during transpiration and cellular respiration, oxygen during photosynthesis, while carbon dioxide during cellular respiration 3. Other excretory products of plants are found in the form of secretions, alkaloids, oils and crystals. 4. some excretory materials are toxic, while some are beneficial to human. Excretion Excretion Location of colour. The cortex is made up of many blood capillaries.

Through Photosynthesis Respiration

By Product

Transpiration Withered leaves Stem

Oxygen Carbon Dioxide and water vapour Water Calcium Oxide Latex, Gum Resin

excretion Leaves Leaves

Leaves and Stem Dead leaves Stem/barks

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