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Air Ingress Calculations

1) The velocity and flow rate of air leaking through a furnace opening was calculated to be 12.4 m/s and 0.8 m3/s respectively based on the given data and assuming turbulent flow. 2) For a brick chimney designed to handle flue gases, the available draft at the bottom was calculated to be 261.55 mm and the maximum flow energy was found to be 89.5 kW. Graphs of draft vs flow rate and flow energy vs flow rate were prepared. 3) For a brick flue discharging 425 m3/min of flue gas over 100 m length, the pressure drop, energy consumption, and minimum cross-sectional area were calculated based

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390 views

Air Ingress Calculations

1) The velocity and flow rate of air leaking through a furnace opening was calculated to be 12.4 m/s and 0.8 m3/s respectively based on the given data and assuming turbulent flow. 2) For a brick chimney designed to handle flue gases, the available draft at the bottom was calculated to be 261.55 mm and the maximum flow energy was found to be 89.5 kW. Graphs of draft vs flow rate and flow energy vs flow rate were prepared. 3) For a brick flue discharging 425 m3/min of flue gas over 100 m length, the pressure drop, energy consumption, and minimum cross-sectional area were calculated based

Uploaded by

Mallinatha PN
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture26

Contents:
Exercise1
Exercise2
Exercise3
KeyWords:Fluidflow,MacroscopicBalance,FrictionalLosses,TurbulentFlow,Venturimeter,Orifice
Meter,PitotTube,Stack,Chimney,Draft,Naturaldraft

Exercise1
Calculatevelocityandflowrateofairleakingthroughanopeningofrectangularcrosssectionina
furnacewall(asshownbelowinthefigure)fromthefollowingdata:

Figure1:Airleakagethroughfurnaceopening

Crosssectionoftheopeningu .1u m u.1S m


mm watei
.S2 m
Assumeturbulentflowandf = u.uu64
Draftacrosstheopening1.S
Wallthickness u
Frictionlossesduetocontractionandexpansionare0.5and1respectively.
N:
rgybalanceatplane1and2
z = u tal
N = u
v
1
= v
Airisat1.u1SS 1u
5
Nm
2
pressureand298 Ktemperature
SOLUTIO
Applyingene
P
1
= P
2
(Atmosphericpressure)
Sinceopeningishorizon
Nofan
2
= u atbothplanes1and2 = u.
d
2
- d
1
p
h
Velocity
= -F (1)
u
2
= u u
Or
d
1
p
h

1
=
h
F(2)
= v

2
j2f
L
Dc
+
1
2
ef
1
+
2
1
ef
2
[ (3)

isvelocityofairinduct.Beisequivalentdiameter
Be =
20.10.15
v
0.25
= u.12
u
1
= 1.S 9.86u 1u
-3
m
2
s2
aii = 1.19 kg m
3

Substitutingthevaluesineq3
12.4S = u.8uS v

Aii flow iate = u S 9 m


3
s.
Nowwecanshowthattheflow turbulent.
Re =
Dc V

= S.9S ms .
.u
is
= u.S 1u
5
;the wisturbulent.
Abrickchimney3.5minsi 45mhighistohandlefluegases(averagemolecular
weight30)at603K.Theatmosphericpressureoutsidethechimneyis734mmHgandoutsideairisat
ybeassumedthatthegasesdonotcoolastheyriseinthechimney.Makethenecessary
calculationsandpreparethefollowinggraphs:
flo
Exercise2
dediameter(round)and
300K.Itma
a) Draftatthebottomofthechimneyvs.flowrateofwastegasesand

b) Horsepowerequivalentoftheflowenergyavailablefordraftatthebottomofthestackvs.flo
rateoffluegases,Ignorethelossesdue
w
tocontractionandexpansesofgases.

chimneyflowratesfrom0
totheflowrateatwhichtheavailabledraftatthebottomofthechimneyisnil
ereTisinK.
Solu
a)M
2 1
) -
p aIr
p
I
Forboththeplotsanaandb,thegraphshouldcovertheentirerangeof
Usef = u.u4SS (Re)
-0.2
andViscosityofgas = 19.S 1u
-7
T
0.8
g cm
-1
s
-1
wh
tion
echanicalenergybalanceforflowofgases
g (z - z (z
2
- z
1
p
I
) g +
DraIt
+ F = u.

I
= u.S86 kg m
-3
and aii = 1.178 kg m
-3

Substitutingvaluesandaftersimplification
Biaft = 261.SS -
I
F
F = 2f [
L
D
v

2
= 2 SS [
p
I
V D

u.u4
-0.2

L
D
v
2

Puttingv =

Q
D
2
and = S.2S 1u kg m
-1
s
-1
andothervaluesofvariablesweget.
Biaft = 261.SS 1.27 1u
-3
Q
1.8

WenoteatQ = u,uiaft = 261.SS.
= 89S
-1
uiaft = u
b)Flowenergyin(W) = 261.SSQ .27 1u
-3
Q
2.8

Thisequationshowsthatflowenergy illbemaximumat Q = SuS.9S m
3
s.andzeroatQ =
89S.119
s.
-5
AndatQ m
3
s
1
w
m
3

Exercise3
Abrickfluemustbedesignedtodischarge42S m
3
min and1atm)offluegasfromfurnaceto
ndthefoursharp9 ds(L/Dforone
sharpbensis20). eflueisrectangularincrosssectionwitha2:1ratioofheighttowidth.Theaverage
temperatureofthefluegasis350degreeC.
efollowing:
(300K
a stack.Theflueishorizontalwithatotallengthof100m 0degreeben
Th
Calculateth
a) Pressuredropinmmwatertobeex einternalcrosssectionofthefluewere
12ucm 6u cm,
b) Energyconsumedbyfrictionintheflue(watts)
c) Whatwouldbetheminimumcrosssectional
pectedifth
dimensionaloftheflueifthepressuredropis
limitedto2.5mmofwastegases.
efollowing values:
ularweight s29,e
I1
= u.4ande
I2
= 1.u
Uni 4SS (Re)
-0.2

Viscosit hereTisinK, 1 Nm
2
= u.1u2 mmofwater
egives
2
Useth
Molec of flue ga
versalgasconstant8S14k}kg mol K anu f = u.u
y19.Sx 1u
-7
T
0.8
g cm
-1
sec
-1
,w
SOLUTION:
a) Mechanicalenergybalanc
(P
1
-P
2
) =
V

2
[ef
1
+ 4f [
L
D
+e
I2
2

D
L
= [
L
e
D
e

pIpc
+ 4 [
L
e
D
e
B
c
=
0
= 8u cm.
100
.8
+ 8u = 2uS
v

= 2u.4 2
m
s
and f = u.uuS71
= u.S6S kg m
-3

Substitutingthevaluesweget
(P
1
-P
2
) = S21.4 N m
2
= SS.18 mm B
2
0
b) Eneigy consumeu by fiiction = W F.


Where F =
V

2
2
2
[ef
1
+4f [
L
D
+ef
2
.
Eneigy =
623
300

425
60
u.S6S
20.4220.42
2
4.4422
= 767uW.
c) Lettheheightoftherectangularcrosssectionish
Wiuth = h2.
2 h
Be =
3

Mechanicalenergybalance
P
1
-P
2
p
= 2
L
D
f v

2
+
3.32 10
S
h

Substituti
24.5
0.563
ngthevalues
=
864.36
h
4
_2 u.u4SS [
3.3210
S
h

-0.2

3205
2h
+ u.7_
h = 2.46 m
Cioss section of flue = 2.46 1.2Sm
ASSIGNMENT:
ityandflowrateofairleakingthroughanopeningofrectangularcrosssectionina
furnacewa shownbelowinthefigure)fromthefollowingdata:
Figure1:Airleak gethroughfurnaceopening
Cioss section of the opening = u 1u m x u.1S, Biaft acioss the opening = 1.S mm watei
Wall thickness = u.S2 m,Assumetur ulentflowandf = u.uu64
Frictionlossesduetocontractionandexpansionare0.5and1respectively.
S m
3
min(300Kand1atm)offluegasfromfurnaceto
stack.Theflueishorizontalwithatotallengthof100mandthefoursharp90degreebends(L/Dforone
sharpbensis20).Theflueisrectangularincrosssectionwitha2:1ratioofheighttowidth.Th average
temperatureofthefluega
Pressuredrop crosssectionofthefluewere
12ucm 6u cm,
e(watts)
f) Whatwouldbetheminimumcrosssectionaldimensionaloftheflueifthepressuredropis
offluegas29, e
I1
= u.4ande
I2
= 1.u,Universalgas
8314k]
Solving,weget,
wiuth = 1.2S m
1)Calculateveloc
ll(as
a
.
b
Airisat1.u1SS 1u
5
Nm
2
pressureand298 Ktemperature
2)Abrickfluemustbedesignedtodischarge42
e
sis350degreeC.
Calculatethefollowing:
u) inmmwatertobeexpectediftheinternal
e) Energyconsumedbyfrictionintheflu

limitedto2.S mmofwastegases.
Usethefollowingvalues:Molecularweight
constant
kg
mol K anu f = u.u4SS (Re)
-0.2
, viscosity 19.Sx 1u
-7
T
0.8
g cm
-1
sec
-1
,whereTis
inkelwin,1 Nm
2
= u.1u2 mmofwater.

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